Pub Date : 2020-07-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-004
O. O. Imadonmwinyi, G. N. Agali, C. U. Edema
The length-weight relationship and condition factor of twelve dominant and subdominant fish species in Ogba River was studied from February 2018 to October 2018. A total of 637 specimens were obtained from the river from fishermen using five types of gears namely gill nets, hook and lines, bamboo traps, mesh net and basket traps. The fishes exhibited negative allometric growth (b<3) and the condition factor (k) varied between species and ranged from 0.83 – 4.06. The correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.065 – 0.68. There was strong correlation between the length and weight of all the species except Xenomystus nigri which was weakly correlated. Only one species Erpetoichthys calabaricus had condition factor (k) less than 1 indicating unhealthy condition. The higher number of fishes in healthy condition shows the river as a favourable habitat for the survival of fishes. Findings from this study will serve as baseline information of these fish species in Ogba River, and will contribute valuably to the existing data to enhance their management and conservation.
{"title":"Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Dominant and Subdominant Fish Species in Ogba River, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"O. O. Imadonmwinyi, G. N. Agali, C. U. Edema","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-004","url":null,"abstract":"The length-weight relationship and condition factor of twelve dominant and subdominant fish species in Ogba River was studied from February 2018 to October 2018. A total of 637 specimens were obtained from the river from fishermen using five types of gears namely gill nets, hook and lines, bamboo traps, mesh net and basket traps. The fishes exhibited negative allometric growth (b<3) and the condition factor (k) varied between species and ranged from 0.83 – 4.06. The correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.065 – 0.68. There was strong correlation between the length and weight of all the species except Xenomystus nigri which was weakly correlated. Only one species Erpetoichthys calabaricus had condition factor (k) less than 1 indicating unhealthy condition. The higher number of fishes in healthy condition shows the river as a favourable habitat for the survival of fishes. Findings from this study will serve as baseline information of these fish species in Ogba River, and will contribute valuably to the existing data to enhance their management and conservation.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"445 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127399280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-003
: The ichthyofauna composition, abundance and diversity of fishes’ study in Ogba River, Edo state, Nigeria was carried out between February 2018and October 2018. Fish samples were collected from fishermen using gill nets, hook and lines, bamboo traps, mesh net and basket traps. 637 fish samples were caught belonging to 8 families and 17 species. Cichlidae, Clariidae and Channidae were the most abundant families with 17.8%, 14.4% and 11.1% and the least abundant family was Mochokidae with 0.4%. The fish biomass investigation showed Cichlidae (35.1%), Clariidae (26.9%) and Channidae (22.5%) as the dominant families. The dominant fish species were Chromidotilapia guentheri (17.8%), Clarias gariepinus (14.4%) and Parachanna obscura (11.1%). Twelve species were subdominant while two species Synodontis nigrita (0.5%) and Gnathonemus senegalensis (0.3%) were occasional, they were no rare species. The highest number of fish catch was in station 2 followed by station 3. This study has contributed to the existing knowledge of the different species of fish in Ogba River.
{"title":"The Icthyofauna Composition, Abundance and Diversity of Fishes in Ogba River, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-003","url":null,"abstract":": The ichthyofauna composition, abundance and diversity of fishes’ study in Ogba River, Edo state, Nigeria was carried out between February 2018and October 2018. Fish samples were collected from fishermen using gill nets, hook and lines, bamboo traps, mesh net and basket traps. 637 fish samples were caught belonging to 8 families and 17 species. Cichlidae, Clariidae and Channidae were the most abundant families with 17.8%, 14.4% and 11.1% and the least abundant family was Mochokidae with 0.4%. The fish biomass investigation showed Cichlidae (35.1%), Clariidae (26.9%) and Channidae (22.5%) as the dominant families. The dominant fish species were Chromidotilapia guentheri (17.8%), Clarias gariepinus (14.4%) and Parachanna obscura (11.1%). Twelve species were subdominant while two species Synodontis nigrita (0.5%) and Gnathonemus senegalensis (0.3%) were occasional, they were no rare species. The highest number of fish catch was in station 2 followed by station 3. This study has contributed to the existing knowledge of the different species of fish in Ogba River.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122641951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-001
Gebremeskel Hagos Gebremedhin, F. Wang
This paper is carefully designed for Ge’ez morphological analyzer. Ge’ez is the classical language of Ethiopia and still used as the liturgical language of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church. Many ancient literatures were written in Ge’ez. The literature includes religious texts and secular writings. The ancient philosophy, tradition, history and knowledge of Ethiopia were being written in Ge’ez. Morphological analyzer is one of the most important basic tools in automatic processing of any human language and analyses the naturally occurring word forms in a sentence and identifies the root word and its features. In this paper, MBL is used to automatically analyze the morphology of Ge’ez verbs via the concept of machine learning for training and analysis. TiMB’s IB2 and TRIBL2 algorithms have been used for the implementation. The performance of the system has been evaluated using 10-fold cross validation technique on the default and optimized parameter settings. The overall accuracy with optimized parameters using IB2 and TRIBL2 was 94.24% and 93.31%, respectively. Similarly, the overall precision, recall and F-score with optimized parameters using IB2 were 55.6%, 56.3% and 59.95%, respectively. In the same manner the precision, recall and F-score using TRIBL2 were 58.8%, 60.3% and 59.54%, respectively. Moreover, a learning curve was drawn. The graph showed that as the number of training dataset increase, the accuracy on unseen data can be increased. Therefore, IB2 algorithm shows better result thanTRIBL2 algorithm for Ge’ez verb morphology.
{"title":"Design and Development of Enhanced Morphological Analyzer for Ge’ez Verbs Using Memory Based Learning Algorithms","authors":"Gebremeskel Hagos Gebremedhin, F. Wang","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i7/st2007-001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is carefully designed for Ge’ez morphological analyzer. Ge’ez is the classical language of Ethiopia and still used as the liturgical language of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church. Many ancient literatures were written in Ge’ez. The literature includes religious texts and secular writings. The ancient philosophy, tradition, history and knowledge of Ethiopia were being written in Ge’ez. Morphological analyzer is one of the most important basic tools in automatic processing of any human language and analyses the naturally occurring word forms in a sentence and identifies the root word and its features. In this paper, MBL is used to automatically analyze the morphology of Ge’ez verbs via the concept of machine learning for training and analysis. TiMB’s IB2 and TRIBL2 algorithms have been used for the implementation. The performance of the system has been evaluated using 10-fold cross validation technique on the default and optimized parameter settings. The overall accuracy with optimized parameters using IB2 and TRIBL2 was 94.24% and 93.31%, respectively. Similarly, the overall precision, recall and F-score with optimized parameters using IB2 were 55.6%, 56.3% and 59.95%, respectively. In the same manner the precision, recall and F-score using TRIBL2 were 58.8%, 60.3% and 59.54%, respectively. Moreover, a learning curve was drawn. The graph showed that as the number of training dataset increase, the accuracy on unseen data can be increased. Therefore, IB2 algorithm shows better result thanTRIBL2 algorithm for Ge’ez verb morphology.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122103271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2021/v9/i6/st2106-013
A. D. Pene, B. Hartiti, L. Bitjoka, G. Nkeng, C. Kapseu, P. Thevenin
In this work, Spin coating and Dip coating techniques are used for the diffusion of phosphorus in silicon in order to realize the emitter of a silicon solar cell which is a very important and critical step in photovoltaic technology. Several techniques are used for the realization of n+p junctions among which the ionic implantation, vapor phase diffusion and diffusion from solid sources are the most common. In this work, the emitter is made by diffusion of solid doping sources that we elaborated by the sol gel method associated with spin coating and dip coating on silicon wafers. The doping solutions were prepared by the sol gel method using tetraethoxysilane "TEOS" and methyltriethoxysilane "MTEOS" and phosphoric acid H3PO4 as a precursor by emulsion of phosphoric acid in isopropanol. This experience allowed us to study the electrical properties of the emitters using the four-point technique. The measurement results showed that the values of the sheet resistance R□ obtained by dip coating are comparable to those obtained with the spin coating technique.
{"title":"Diffusion of Phosphorus in Silicon Thin Films by Spin and Dip Coating","authors":"A. D. Pene, B. Hartiti, L. Bitjoka, G. Nkeng, C. Kapseu, P. Thevenin","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2021/v9/i6/st2106-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2021/v9/i6/st2106-013","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Spin coating and Dip coating techniques are used for the diffusion of phosphorus in silicon in order to realize the emitter of a silicon solar cell which is a very important and critical step in photovoltaic technology. Several techniques are used for the realization of n+p junctions among which the ionic implantation, vapor phase diffusion and diffusion from solid sources are the most common. In this work, the emitter is made by diffusion of solid doping sources that we elaborated by the sol gel method associated with spin coating and dip coating on silicon wafers. The doping solutions were prepared by the sol gel method using tetraethoxysilane \"TEOS\" and methyltriethoxysilane \"MTEOS\" and phosphoric acid H3PO4 as a precursor by emulsion of phosphoric acid in isopropanol. This experience allowed us to study the electrical properties of the emitters using the four-point technique. The measurement results showed that the values of the sheet resistance R□ obtained by dip coating are comparable to those obtained with the spin coating technique.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129587425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-001
Chukwu E. D., Udoh. B. T., Akpan U. S., Nnabuihe E. C., Okoli N. H.
the plantation on the soil. This study provides information that will bridge the gap and aid in conservation and management of oil palm. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to Abstract: The study was to assess the Influence of Seasons on soil properties under oil palm cultivation in a coastal plain sands area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Four locations with the same parent material were identified; oil palm block of 57 years (B-57), 39 years (B-39) and 17 years (B-17) and a no oil palm block (B-0) as control. Three pits were sunk in each location and soil samples collected for both dry season and wet season. The result from the laboratory and statistical analysis showed that 32.3 %, 38.7 %, 29 % and 29 % of the soil properties were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the dry season compared to the wet season, while 6.5%, 6.5%, 12.9 % and 19.4 % of the soil properties were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the wet season than in the dry season in B-0, B-17, B-39 and B-57 respectively. Generally, particle sizes were not significantly different in the two seasons of all the blocks, whereas many of the soil chemical properties significantly changed with change in seasons. Therefore, taking the season and existing cropping system into consideration when soil quality assessment is carried out will produce a more realistic and reliable result.
{"title":"Influence of Seasons on Soil Properties under Oil Palm Cultivation in a Coastal Plain Sands Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"Chukwu E. D., Udoh. B. T., Akpan U. S., Nnabuihe E. C., Okoli N. H.","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-001","url":null,"abstract":"the plantation on the soil. This study provides information that will bridge the gap and aid in conservation and management of oil palm. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to Abstract: The study was to assess the Influence of Seasons on soil properties under oil palm cultivation in a coastal plain sands area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Four locations with the same parent material were identified; oil palm block of 57 years (B-57), 39 years (B-39) and 17 years (B-17) and a no oil palm block (B-0) as control. Three pits were sunk in each location and soil samples collected for both dry season and wet season. The result from the laboratory and statistical analysis showed that 32.3 %, 38.7 %, 29 % and 29 % of the soil properties were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the dry season compared to the wet season, while 6.5%, 6.5%, 12.9 % and 19.4 % of the soil properties were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the wet season than in the dry season in B-0, B-17, B-39 and B-57 respectively. Generally, particle sizes were not significantly different in the two seasons of all the blocks, whereas many of the soil chemical properties significantly changed with change in seasons. Therefore, taking the season and existing cropping system into consideration when soil quality assessment is carried out will produce a more realistic and reliable result.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-007
Martha Mbatia, T. Wamũyũ, Gichuhi
: The purpose of this study was to establish the factors contributing to the effectiveness of the PSSB as a social assistance programme in Borabu Constituency. The bursary normally targets OVCs in public boarding schools. The overall objective of the study was to examine the factors contributing to the effectiveness of the PSSB as a social assistance programme in Borabu Constituency, while the specific objectives of this study was; to examine the influence of distribution logistics on the effectiveness of the PSSB; to assess the influence of the legal frame work on the effectiveness of the PSSB; to evaluate the influence of household socio-economic status on the effectiveness of the PSSB. The study was guided by John Rawls’ theory of social justice and the human capital theory. The study used descriptive research design. The target population for the study was the PSSB beneficiaries for the 2019/2020 FY and the bursary committee members. The sample size was 74 comprising of 70 PSSB beneficiaries and 4 sub-committee members. Data collection was done using interview guide for key informant interview and questionnaires that had both closed and open ended questions that were administered by the researcher with the help of research assistants through a face to face interview. The test-retest technique was used to assess the reliability of the research instruments while validity of the same was assured through the guidance of the supervisor. The researcher undertook a pilot test in Masaba North Sub-county. To analyze the data collected, the statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) was used; whereby frequencies, percentages, were generated from the various data categories, computed and shown in different graphs, tables and figures. Qualitative data was analyzed using key themes which were noted as the most repeated responses. The study found out that PSSB publicity was high within Borabu Constituency and it reached out to the target population of OVC. The timely release of funds from the national treasury had a great bearing in enhancing effectiveness of PSSB in terms of reducing absenteeism. The study also found out that the amount allocated for PSSB was not adequate to cater for all the school fees and beneficiaries still had outstanding fee balances even after getting the PSSB award. The study concluded that PSSB has greatly relieved the burden of school fees on parents/guardians taking care of OVC and has facilitated their attainment of the right to education. The study recommended that the amount allocated for PSSB per beneficiary be increased to cater for all the school fees requirements. Further the study recommends that the national treasury should prioritize timely release of funds to facilitate timely distribution to beneficiaries to avoid being sent home. Finally, the study recommended that the government should consider coming up with a dignity kitty as part of the benefit package for the PSSB beneficiaries to cater for other educatio
{"title":"Factors Contributing to the Effectiveness of Presidential Secondary School Bursary as a Social Assistance Programme: A Case of Borabu Constituency Nyamira County, Kenya","authors":"Martha Mbatia, T. Wamũyũ, Gichuhi","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-007","url":null,"abstract":": The purpose of this study was to establish the factors contributing to the effectiveness of the PSSB as a social assistance programme in Borabu Constituency. The bursary normally targets OVCs in public boarding schools. The overall objective of the study was to examine the factors contributing to the effectiveness of the PSSB as a social assistance programme in Borabu Constituency, while the specific objectives of this study was; to examine the influence of distribution logistics on the effectiveness of the PSSB; to assess the influence of the legal frame work on the effectiveness of the PSSB; to evaluate the influence of household socio-economic status on the effectiveness of the PSSB. The study was guided by John Rawls’ theory of social justice and the human capital theory. The study used descriptive research design. The target population for the study was the PSSB beneficiaries for the 2019/2020 FY and the bursary committee members. The sample size was 74 comprising of 70 PSSB beneficiaries and 4 sub-committee members. Data collection was done using interview guide for key informant interview and questionnaires that had both closed and open ended questions that were administered by the researcher with the help of research assistants through a face to face interview. The test-retest technique was used to assess the reliability of the research instruments while validity of the same was assured through the guidance of the supervisor. The researcher undertook a pilot test in Masaba North Sub-county. To analyze the data collected, the statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) was used; whereby frequencies, percentages, were generated from the various data categories, computed and shown in different graphs, tables and figures. Qualitative data was analyzed using key themes which were noted as the most repeated responses. The study found out that PSSB publicity was high within Borabu Constituency and it reached out to the target population of OVC. The timely release of funds from the national treasury had a great bearing in enhancing effectiveness of PSSB in terms of reducing absenteeism. The study also found out that the amount allocated for PSSB was not adequate to cater for all the school fees and beneficiaries still had outstanding fee balances even after getting the PSSB award. The study concluded that PSSB has greatly relieved the burden of school fees on parents/guardians taking care of OVC and has facilitated their attainment of the right to education. The study recommended that the amount allocated for PSSB per beneficiary be increased to cater for all the school fees requirements. Further the study recommends that the national treasury should prioritize timely release of funds to facilitate timely distribution to beneficiaries to avoid being sent home. Finally, the study recommended that the government should consider coming up with a dignity kitty as part of the benefit package for the PSSB beneficiaries to cater for other educatio","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-023
Sri Mulyani, Nafiatur Rosyidah, Siti Susanti, Y. B. Pramono
is a protein derivative obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, white connective tissue and cartilage. The chemical structure of gelatin is (C 102 H 151 N 31 ) in which there are amino acids such as 14% hydroxyproline, 16% proline, 26% glycine, and depend on the raw material used (Agustin, 2013). Gelatin can increase the viscosity of the dough because it absorbs water 5-10 times its weight, is soluble in hot water and when cooled can swell. Arabic gum is a type of hydrocolloid obtained from the sap of the Acacia Senegal tree which is composed of high amounts of polysaccharides and amino acids in low amounts. Arabic gum can function as a stabilizer because it can encourage the formation of fat emulsions and can prevent sugar crystallization. Arabic gum has good solubility, does not dissolve in alcohol, does not smell or tastes when consumed by humans, has a water content between 12% - 15%, and can produce good viscosity. Based on this, it is necessary to add the right stabilizing agent to produce ice cream that has a high melting time, soft texture, and produces a product that consumers like. This study aims to determine the effect of adding different stabilizers to ice cream enriched with corn oil on overrun values, melting time, total solids, and organoleptic ice cream such as sandness texture, color, creamy taste, and overall preference. Abstract: The purpose of this researched was to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of ice cream enriched with corn oil with the addition of different stabilizers on physical and sensory characteristics such as overrun value, melting time, total solids and organoleptic tests such as of sandness texture, color, creamy taste, and overall preference. This study used 3 treatments and 7 replications with the difference in stabilizers that is without hydrocolloid, arabic gum 0,5%, and gelatin 0,5%. The raw materials used are skim milk, corn oil, whipped cream, sugar, arabic gum, gelatin, and water. The result shows that the addition of stabilizers to ice cream enriched with corn oil has a significant effect on all parameters such as overrun value, melting time, total solids, sandness texture, color, creamy taste, and overall preference. The best treatment was T2 addition of 0,5% gelatin that results in melting time 22,51 minutes, total solids 48,04% and the highest organoleptic score.
{"title":"The Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream Enriched Corn Oil Using Different Stabilizers","authors":"Sri Mulyani, Nafiatur Rosyidah, Siti Susanti, Y. B. Pramono","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-023","url":null,"abstract":"is a protein derivative obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, white connective tissue and cartilage. The chemical structure of gelatin is (C 102 H 151 N 31 ) in which there are amino acids such as 14% hydroxyproline, 16% proline, 26% glycine, and depend on the raw material used (Agustin, 2013). Gelatin can increase the viscosity of the dough because it absorbs water 5-10 times its weight, is soluble in hot water and when cooled can swell. Arabic gum is a type of hydrocolloid obtained from the sap of the Acacia Senegal tree which is composed of high amounts of polysaccharides and amino acids in low amounts. Arabic gum can function as a stabilizer because it can encourage the formation of fat emulsions and can prevent sugar crystallization. Arabic gum has good solubility, does not dissolve in alcohol, does not smell or tastes when consumed by humans, has a water content between 12% - 15%, and can produce good viscosity. Based on this, it is necessary to add the right stabilizing agent to produce ice cream that has a high melting time, soft texture, and produces a product that consumers like. This study aims to determine the effect of adding different stabilizers to ice cream enriched with corn oil on overrun values, melting time, total solids, and organoleptic ice cream such as sandness texture, color, creamy taste, and overall preference. Abstract: The purpose of this researched was to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of ice cream enriched with corn oil with the addition of different stabilizers on physical and sensory characteristics such as overrun value, melting time, total solids and organoleptic tests such as of sandness texture, color, creamy taste, and overall preference. This study used 3 treatments and 7 replications with the difference in stabilizers that is without hydrocolloid, arabic gum 0,5%, and gelatin 0,5%. The raw materials used are skim milk, corn oil, whipped cream, sugar, arabic gum, gelatin, and water. The result shows that the addition of stabilizers to ice cream enriched with corn oil has a significant effect on all parameters such as overrun value, melting time, total solids, sandness texture, color, creamy taste, and overall preference. The best treatment was T2 addition of 0,5% gelatin that results in melting time 22,51 minutes, total solids 48,04% and the highest organoleptic score.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"26 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-030
Uzor Theresa Nkiru, Ujuagu Ann Nonye
{"title":"Optimising University Athletes Cardiovascular Health using Lower and Upper Body Plyometric Training","authors":"Uzor Theresa Nkiru, Ujuagu Ann Nonye","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-016
: Rice is infested with a wide variety of weeds and the losses due to weeds could go as high as 43%, a range of herbicides is being used for the effective management of weeds in upland rice. The experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 raining seasons at Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta research farm in Kano State of Nigeria to evaluate the efficacy of some pre and post emergence herbicides on weed control efficiency in upland rice. The experiment consisted of twenty weed control strategies by the use of Butachlor at two levels i.e. 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i. ha -1 (pre-emergence), Orizo-plus (2,4-D+Propanil) at two levels i.e. 2.8 and 4.5 kg a.i. ha -1 , Rainbow-OD (Penoxsulam) at two levels i.e. 0.025 and 0.030 kg a.i. ha -1 and Solito 320 EC (Pretilachlor+Pyribenzoxim) also at two levels i.e. 0.320 and 0.480 kg a.i. ha -1 (post-emergence). All the post-emergence herbicides were applied in various combinations with Butachlor and in some cases followed by supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 4, 8 and 4 & 8 weeks after sowing (WAS). Weed free and weedy plots were employed to serve as control. The experiments were laid out using randomized complete block design and replicated four times. The result indicated that use of Butachlor at 1.5 kg a.i. ha -1 fb Orizo plus at 4.5 kg a.i. ha -1 to produce significantly lower weed cover score and dry weight, as well as higher weed control efficiency and paddy yield. However, similar result was obtained by manual hoe weeding (MHW at 2, 4, 6 & 8 WAS) treatment, but it was not economically rewarding.
水稻被各种各样的杂草所侵染，由于杂草造成的损失可能高达43%，一系列除草剂被用于有效地管理旱稻杂草。试验于2016年和2017年的雨季在尼日利亚卡诺州的Audu Bako农业学院Dambatta研究农场进行，以评估几种出苗前和出苗后除草剂对旱稻杂草控制效率的影响。试验采用20种防杂草策略，分别为萌发前(1.0和1.5 kg a.i. ha -1)、2.8和4.5 kg a.i. ha -1、0.025和0.030 kg a.i. ha -1和萌发后(0.320和0.480 kg a.i. ha -1)施用丁草胺1.0和1.5 kg a.i. ha -1、Orizo-plus (2,4- d +丙烯醇)2个水平。所有出苗后除草剂与丁草胺以不同的组合施用，在某些情况下，在播种后4周、8周、4周和8周进行补锄草(SHW)。采用无杂草地和杂草丛生地作为对照。实验采用随机完全区组设计，重复4次。结果表明，施用丁草胺1.5 kg a.i. ha -1 fb +施用Orizo 4.5 kg a.i. ha -1显著降低了杂草覆盖评分和干重，提高了杂草防治效率和水稻产量。然而，人工锄草(MHW在2、4、6和8 was)处理也获得了类似的结果，但不具有经济效益。
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Pub Date : 2020-05-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/st2005-028
C. IfemejeJ., Innocent Oghale Ajawobu, J. AjawobuN., A. ApollosO.
Inadequate and poor weaning practices in addition to malnutrition remains a serious public health challenge among the under-five in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive, since the commercial weaning foods are not quite affordable and to some extent not available to the common man. Hence this study is aimed at evaluating the Quality and comparatively assessing nutritional composition of six instant weaning foods formulated from selected staple foods and protein supplements. Six weaning foods formulated: three rice-lentil based (A-C) and three sweet potato-soybeans based (D-F) at the respective ratios of 70:10, 60:20 and 50:30 blended with groundnut, crayfish and smoked fish in varying quantity to make up the 100g. These blends were compared with a reference weaning diet (NutrendMaize-soybean blend). The nutritional composition, sensory acceptability and microbial count of the diets were investigated using standard methods. The results of the investigation showed that fat content of experimental diets ranged between 3.00_+ 0.01% to 7.51+_0.01%, moisture contents 6.58+0.09% to 8.02+0.04%, the protein contents between 9.12+0.07% to 17.73 + 0.02%. The proximate compositions of the experimental diets were within standard range except for diet E when compared with the reference diet. The same trend was observed with carbohydrates contents except for diet A. The assessment showed low fat to high carbohydrate and protein contents. The mineral contents were significantly higher than that of the reference except for phosphorus and potassium contents which were lower for the rice blends while the sweet potato blends were higher making them more fit in comparison to the reference especially diet F. Sensory evaluation panelists generally scored the sweet potato blends higher however, blend F was most preferred as compared to others scoring second to the reference. The microbial screening of the diets shows that all the blends A-F were fungi free even after 28 days of shelf life and it competed favourably with the reference. The study however revealed that the sweet potato – soybean based formulated weaning food may serve as a good substitute for commercial weaning foods for infants in developing countries. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLEDGE ISSN 2321 – 919X www.theijst.com 134 Vol 8 Issue 5 DOI No.: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i5/ST2005-028 May, 2020 with the complete cessation of breast-feeding [7]. When a baby reaches 4 to 6 months of age, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements [8]. As a result, many brands of preparatory weaning foods have been developed and marketed in most countries including Nigeria [9]. In Nigeria, many attempts to produce weaning food which are quite rich in protein and other nutrients by combination of cereals and various sources of rich protein from animals, legumes and oilseeds has been reported [10]. The major risk factors associated with infants and early childhood mortality
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