Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I12/ST2012-014
Chidimma C. Igbokwe, M. Abarike, J. Chukwu, E. Ezaka, U. Osunkwo
{"title":"Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Selected Local Markets in Abuja, North Central Nigeria","authors":"Chidimma C. Igbokwe, M. Abarike, J. Chukwu, E. Ezaka, U. Osunkwo","doi":"10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I12/ST2012-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I12/ST2012-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124025921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I11/ST2011-005
B. Arthur, Christopher Yarkwah, Rosemary Twum
{"title":"Effectiveness of the Use of Whatsapp in the Learning of Mathematics among University Students","authors":"B. Arthur, Christopher Yarkwah, Rosemary Twum","doi":"10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I11/ST2011-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I11/ST2011-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124991369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i10/st2010-006
Entien Darmawati, Sutopo ., Sugiyanto .
The purpose of this research is the application of natural dyes from the extraction of Soga Tingi wood (Cereopcandolleana L) on tanned leather for the process of dyeing colors with jumputan tie technique on color absorption and fastness. The material used is wood from Soga Tingi, the leather of sheep crust.is wood from Soga Tingi, the leather of sheep crust. Using the experiment method, with 4 (four) stages, namely: (1) Extraction of Soga Tingi wood counter current variation method(Dry Soga Tingi and Fermented Soga Tingi),(2) Application of natural dyes of Soga Tingi Through Dyeing method with Jumputan Tie technique, variation: (a) Soga Tingi dye concentration, (b) Dyeing time, (c) pH, dan (d) Rpm Turning and, (3) Absorption test and color fastness test for rubbing (wet and dry), Standard assessment using the gray scale and staining scale and the level of difficulty of the jumputan tie technique on sheep crust leather. Data analysis uses Analysis of variance. The results of the application of Soga Tingi dyes containing tannin for tanning the leather of sheep crust using the Throuds dyeing method. At a high concentration of 12.0% dyestuff, optimal% absorption was obtained in the leather of sheep crust 80.0% (Fermented Soga Tingi) and 76.0% (Dry Soga Tingi), pH 4.8 to 5.3, dyeing time 120 minutes and rpm play drum 12. The results of the color fastness test obtained dryness test dry rubbing 5.0 (good)or not fade and wet rub test 3.5 (good enough) on the dry Soga Tingi, and obtained dry rub test dryness value of 4.5 (good good), or not fade and wet rub test 4.0 (good) on SogaTingi Fermentation. The results of the level of difficulty in the application of the tie belt technique on sheep crust, for a single tie technique 20% (low),double tie technique 40% (medium) andcross-tie technique65% (high).
{"title":"The Application of Natural Dyes Soga Tingi on Tanned Leather for Dyeing with Jumputan Tie Technique","authors":"Entien Darmawati, Sutopo ., Sugiyanto .","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i10/st2010-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i10/st2010-006","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is the application of natural dyes from the extraction of Soga Tingi wood (Cereopcandolleana L) on tanned leather for the process of dyeing colors with jumputan tie technique on color absorption and fastness. The material used is wood from Soga Tingi, the leather of sheep crust.is wood from Soga Tingi, the leather of sheep crust. Using the experiment method, with 4 (four) stages, namely: (1) Extraction of Soga Tingi wood counter current variation method(Dry Soga Tingi and Fermented Soga Tingi),(2) Application of natural dyes of Soga Tingi Through Dyeing method with Jumputan Tie technique, variation: (a) Soga Tingi dye concentration, (b) Dyeing time, (c) pH, dan (d) Rpm Turning and, (3) Absorption test and color fastness test for rubbing (wet and dry), Standard assessment using the gray scale and staining scale and the level of difficulty of the jumputan tie technique on sheep crust leather. Data analysis uses Analysis of variance. The results of the application of Soga Tingi dyes containing tannin for tanning the leather of sheep crust using the Throuds dyeing method. At a high concentration of 12.0% dyestuff, optimal% absorption was obtained in the leather of sheep crust 80.0% (Fermented Soga Tingi) and 76.0% (Dry Soga Tingi), pH 4.8 to 5.3, dyeing time 120 minutes and rpm play drum 12. The results of the color fastness test obtained dryness test dry rubbing 5.0 (good)or not fade and wet rub test 3.5 (good enough) on the dry Soga Tingi, and obtained dry rub test dryness value of 4.5 (good good), or not fade and wet rub test 4.0 (good) on SogaTingi Fermentation. The results of the level of difficulty in the application of the tie belt technique on sheep crust, for a single tie technique 20% (low),double tie technique 40% (medium) andcross-tie technique65% (high).","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128750537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I10/ST2010-004
S. Quansah, Cynthia AgyeiwaaKusi, O. Mefful
{"title":"Exploration of the Factors That Affect the Increasing Number of Students in Fashion Design Programme, Takoradi Technical University (TTU), Ghana","authors":"S. Quansah, Cynthia AgyeiwaaKusi, O. Mefful","doi":"10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I10/ST2010-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I10/ST2010-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127285096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I10/ST2010-012
Joseph Chidiebere Igbo
Water sprays technology was used by some farmers. It is very effective since it physically remove firmly attached pieces of dirt.Spray varies from low pressure wide angle to very high pressure directed jets. The intensity and type of spray distribution must be carefully selected. Flood washing is done by a large quantity of water moving at a moderate to high speed over the product, Dawn C. P et al (2013). Washing efficiency in flood washing is very low due to non removal of thin layer of surface mud coating. Crops may be contaminated with Escherichia coli and hence they should be lifted from water rather than water poured or drained off, in which case soil remains in the container with the crops J. J. Luna-Guevara et al (2019). Relatively little information is available in the research literature on mechanical root crops washers. The literature survey reveals that many designs have been proposed in the past for this problem. Abstract: The laborious cleaning off the soil and clay particles from root crops before transporting them to market causes drudgery and time wastage. This research work handled this by fabrication of root crop washer with locally sourced materials. This innovation was achieved by design, manufacturing process and proper material selection. It can be powered by either electric motor, internal combustion engine (ICE) or Tractor coupled. The machine cleaned root crops at a low time interval, irrespective of the source of power transmission. Here the procedure for production of this highly effective machine is stated.
一些农民使用喷水技术。它是非常有效的，因为它物理去除牢固附着的污垢。喷雾范围从低压广角到高压定向喷射。必须仔细选择喷雾分布的强度和类型。洪水冲洗是由大量的水以中等到高速在产品上移动来完成的，Dawn C. P等人(2013)。由于不能去除表面薄层的泥浆涂层，因此泛洗的洗涤效率很低。作物可能被大肠杆菌污染，因此应将其从水中捞起，而不是将水倒入或排干，在这种情况下，土壤会与作物一起留在容器中。相对较少的信息，可在研究文献中机械根作物洗涤。文献调查显示，过去已经提出了许多设计来解决这个问题。摘要:在块根作物运往市场之前，清除土壤和粘土颗粒是一项繁重的工作，既费时又费力。本研究工作通过使用当地采购的材料制造根茎作物清洗机来解决这一问题。这种创新是通过设计、制造工艺和适当的材料选择来实现的。它可以由电动机，内燃机(ICE)或拖拉机耦合驱动。该机器以较低的时间间隔清洗根茎作物，而不考虑动力传输的来源。这里叙述了这种高效率机器的生产过程。
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Multi Powered Root Crop Washer","authors":"Joseph Chidiebere Igbo","doi":"10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I10/ST2010-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/THEIJST/2020/V8/I10/ST2010-012","url":null,"abstract":"Water sprays technology was used by some farmers. It is very effective since it physically remove firmly attached pieces of dirt.Spray varies from low pressure wide angle to very high pressure directed jets. The intensity and type of spray distribution must be carefully selected. Flood washing is done by a large quantity of water moving at a moderate to high speed over the product, Dawn C. P et al (2013). Washing efficiency in flood washing is very low due to non removal of thin layer of surface mud coating. Crops may be contaminated with Escherichia coli and hence they should be lifted from water rather than water poured or drained off, in which case soil remains in the container with the crops J. J. Luna-Guevara et al (2019). Relatively little information is available in the research literature on mechanical root crops washers. The literature survey reveals that many designs have been proposed in the past for this problem. Abstract: The laborious cleaning off the soil and clay particles from root crops before transporting them to market causes drudgery and time wastage. This research work handled this by fabrication of root crop washer with locally sourced materials. This innovation was achieved by design, manufacturing process and proper material selection. It can be powered by either electric motor, internal combustion engine (ICE) or Tractor coupled. The machine cleaned root crops at a low time interval, irrespective of the source of power transmission. Here the procedure for production of this highly effective machine is stated.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129918914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i9/st2009-011
Muhammad Adamu Kabono, Yahaya Sara Galo
{"title":"Comparative Efficacy of a Locally Made Soap (Sabulun Salo) with Some Conventional Antiseptic Soaps in Checking Bacterial Growth Isolated from Human Skin","authors":"Muhammad Adamu Kabono, Yahaya Sara Galo","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i9/st2009-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i9/st2009-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127776688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i9/st2009-013
Karanja K. Elias, Murungi Jane, H. Nyambaka
Vegetables are a major source of essential nutrients such as minerals, proteins, energy and also a source of roughage. Some vegetables such as tomato and sweet pepper can be eaten raw or cooked. These vegetables are affected by pests and diseases that are controlled using pesticides among which are fungicides such as dithiocarbamates (DTCs) that are toxic to human and animals at high concentrations. DTCs are commonly used in different combinations in Kenya and one of their metabolites ethylenthiourea (ETU) a carcinogenic compound has a long residual time of between five to ten weeks. This study determined the residue levels of propineb, mancozeb and its metabolite ETU on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L) during wet and dry seasons. The analyte was extracted from the vegetable using acetonitrile-dichloromethane-chloroform mixture and analyzed using HPLC together with method validation. The method of analysis had R2 values (0.948-0.999) and recoveries ranging from 91.26-95.89 %. The levels of mancozeb in tomato were ranging from 2.56±0.12 mg/kg in the wet season to below detection limit (BDL) in the dry season while in sweet pepper the levels ranged from 2.69±0.57 mg/kg in wet season to 0.16±0.00 mg/kg in dry season. Propineb levels ranged from 3.97±0.50 mg/kg in wet season to BDL in dry season in tomato while in sweet pepper the range was 6.54±0.72 mg/kg in wet season to BDL in dry season. The ETU levels in tomato samples were significantly higher in dry season than wet season and ranged from 27.94±0.39 mg/kg to BDL in wet season while in sweet pepper the levels ranged from 8.88±1.55 mg/kg in dry season to BDL in wet season. Two out of four markets had propineb residues in tomato above maximum residue limit (MRL) set by WHO/FAO and EU of 3 mg/kg while there were no levels of mancozeb above MRL. ETU mean residue levels exceeding the MRL of 0.05 mg/kg were noted in all vegetable samples. The results from this study indicates high residue levels of mancozeb, propineb and ethylenethiourea with significantly higher levels of dithiocarbamates in wet season and significantly higher levels of ETU in dry season.
{"title":"Dithiocarbamate Fungicides and Ethylenethiourea Residue Levels in Tomato and Sweet Pepper from Markets: Kirinyaga and Nairobi Counties, Kenya","authors":"Karanja K. Elias, Murungi Jane, H. Nyambaka","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i9/st2009-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i9/st2009-013","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables are a major source of essential nutrients such as minerals, proteins, energy and also a source of roughage. Some vegetables such as tomato and sweet pepper can be eaten raw or cooked. These vegetables are affected by pests and diseases that are controlled using pesticides among which are fungicides such as dithiocarbamates (DTCs) that are toxic to human and animals at high concentrations. DTCs are commonly used in different combinations in Kenya and one of their metabolites ethylenthiourea (ETU) a carcinogenic compound has a long residual time of between five to ten weeks. This study determined the residue levels of propineb, mancozeb and its metabolite ETU on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L) during wet and dry seasons. The analyte was extracted from the vegetable using acetonitrile-dichloromethane-chloroform mixture and analyzed using HPLC together with method validation. The method of analysis had R2 values (0.948-0.999) and recoveries ranging from 91.26-95.89 %. The levels of mancozeb in tomato were ranging from 2.56±0.12 mg/kg in the wet season to below detection limit (BDL) in the dry season while in sweet pepper the levels ranged from 2.69±0.57 mg/kg in wet season to 0.16±0.00 mg/kg in dry season. Propineb levels ranged from 3.97±0.50 mg/kg in wet season to BDL in dry season in tomato while in sweet pepper the range was 6.54±0.72 mg/kg in wet season to BDL in dry season. The ETU levels in tomato samples were significantly higher in dry season than wet season and ranged from 27.94±0.39 mg/kg to BDL in wet season while in sweet pepper the levels ranged from 8.88±1.55 mg/kg in dry season to BDL in wet season. Two out of four markets had propineb residues in tomato above maximum residue limit (MRL) set by WHO/FAO and EU of 3 mg/kg while there were no levels of mancozeb above MRL. ETU mean residue levels exceeding the MRL of 0.05 mg/kg were noted in all vegetable samples. The results from this study indicates high residue levels of mancozeb, propineb and ethylenethiourea with significantly higher levels of dithiocarbamates in wet season and significantly higher levels of ETU in dry season.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127823423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2007-008
Obadahun J, Oparah E. N, Agho O. B, Okeh. Q, Enyeribe C. C
Disperse dyes derived from 2-aminothiophene diazo components was synthesized using via Gewald reaction, the intermediate were diazotized, coupled and the dyes were purified by re-crystallization. The melting points were found to span from 163°C209°C and spectroscopic assessment such asFT-IR spectroscopy and GC-MS were carried out to elucidate their structures. The vibrational frequency obtained for the synthesized dyes shows the characteristics absorption peaks due to stretching frequency of the NH-group in the region 3097-3365cm-1. An absorption peak in the region 2217.8, 2221.5, 2214.0, 2206.6cm-1 was observed for dye A, A1, B and B1 due to the presence of cyano group. The IR spectra of the prepared azo dye also showed an absorption peak in the region 1438.8-1599cm-1 ascribed to VN=N, while the observed vibrational frequency in the region 1602.8-1736.9 was due to VC=O.The disperse dye A, A1, B and B1 were applied at 2% depth on polyester and nylon 6,6 fabric and gave purple, deep purple and deep pink hues with brighter and deeper shades, tinctorial strength and excellent levelness on the fabric. All the dyes show good to excellent fastness to washing on polyester fabric and fair to very good fastness to washing on nylon 6,6 fabric respectively. The remarkable degree of levelness and brightness after washing indicate good penetration and excellent affinity of the dyes to the fabric. However, dye C and dye C1 gave yellowish to deep yellowish hues with excellent tinctorial strength and brightness on the nylon 6,6 fabric. However, the light fastness ratings of the dyed polyester and nylon 6,6 fabric shows moderate to very good light fastness.
{"title":"Synthesis and Application of Disperse Dyes Derived from 2-Aminothiophene Using Acetoacetanilide as the 1, 3-Dicarbonyl Compound","authors":"Obadahun J, Oparah E. N, Agho O. B, Okeh. Q, Enyeribe C. C","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2007-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2007-008","url":null,"abstract":"Disperse dyes derived from 2-aminothiophene diazo components was synthesized using via Gewald reaction, the intermediate were diazotized, coupled and the dyes were purified by re-crystallization. The melting points were found to span from 163°C209°C and spectroscopic assessment such asFT-IR spectroscopy and GC-MS were carried out to elucidate their structures. The vibrational frequency obtained for the synthesized dyes shows the characteristics absorption peaks due to stretching frequency of the NH-group in the region 3097-3365cm-1. An absorption peak in the region 2217.8, 2221.5, 2214.0, 2206.6cm-1 was observed for dye A, A1, B and B1 due to the presence of cyano group. The IR spectra of the prepared azo dye also showed an absorption peak in the region 1438.8-1599cm-1 ascribed to VN=N, while the observed vibrational frequency in the region 1602.8-1736.9 was due to VC=O.The disperse dye A, A1, B and B1 were applied at 2% depth on polyester and nylon 6,6 fabric and gave purple, deep purple and deep pink hues with brighter and deeper shades, tinctorial strength and excellent levelness on the fabric. All the dyes show good to excellent fastness to washing on polyester fabric and fair to very good fastness to washing on nylon 6,6 fabric respectively. The remarkable degree of levelness and brightness after washing indicate good penetration and excellent affinity of the dyes to the fabric. However, dye C and dye C1 gave yellowish to deep yellowish hues with excellent tinctorial strength and brightness on the nylon 6,6 fabric. However, the light fastness ratings of the dyed polyester and nylon 6,6 fabric shows moderate to very good light fastness.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129705099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2008-011
Ernest Vijay Oteng, J. R. Dankwah
The circular economy demands that products are reused, recycled or reproduced into another product for a sustainable environment. The rising amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere calls for clean fuels to be used in production. Biomass is known to contain a considerable amount of carbon likewise, epoxy which is a thermosetting plastic. Laboratory studies on the use of waste epoxy, bamboo and coconut shells (CNS) as reductants were performed on reagent grade ferric oxide (96.89 wt. % Fe2O3) using a domestic microwave oven of 1400 W power rating. Composite pellets of 30% and 70% were formed from the mixtures of ferric oxide and carbonaceous materials respectively. The composite pellets were fired in a microwave oven for 30 minutes. The percent mass loss and extent of reduction were then calculated after firing. The results depict that metallic iron can be produced effectively using epoxy, bamboo, CNS and their blends as reducing agents. Analysis of the results indicates a blend of 35 % Bamboo, 35 % CNS and 30 % epoxy attained the highest reduction of 95.41 %, which was closely followed by a blend 30 % epoxy and 70 % CNS of 92.92 %. The individual carbonaceous materials also recorded significant reduction of 74.76 %, 78.22 % and 83.65 % for bamboo, CNS, and epoxy respectively. From the laboratory results obtained, waste epoxy, coconut shells and bamboo can be recycled in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner through their usage as an alternative reductant for ferric oxide. Also, the success achieved with reduction in the microwave environment can catalyse the gradual shift from the conventional blast furnace used in iron production.
{"title":"Sustainable Recycling of Waste Epoxy, Biomass and Its Blends as Alternative Reductants for Hematite Using Microwave Technology","authors":"Ernest Vijay Oteng, J. R. Dankwah","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2008-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2008-011","url":null,"abstract":"The circular economy demands that products are reused, recycled or reproduced into another product for a sustainable environment. The rising amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere calls for clean fuels to be used in production. Biomass is known to contain a considerable amount of carbon likewise, epoxy which is a thermosetting plastic. Laboratory studies on the use of waste epoxy, bamboo and coconut shells (CNS) as reductants were performed on reagent grade ferric oxide (96.89 wt. % Fe2O3) using a domestic microwave oven of 1400 W power rating. Composite pellets of 30% and 70% were formed from the mixtures of ferric oxide and carbonaceous materials respectively. The composite pellets were fired in a microwave oven for 30 minutes. The percent mass loss and extent of reduction were then calculated after firing. The results depict that metallic iron can be produced effectively using epoxy, bamboo, CNS and their blends as reducing agents. Analysis of the results indicates a blend of 35 % Bamboo, 35 % CNS and 30 % epoxy attained the highest reduction of 95.41 %, which was closely followed by a blend 30 % epoxy and 70 % CNS of 92.92 %. The individual carbonaceous materials also recorded significant reduction of 74.76 %, 78.22 % and 83.65 % for bamboo, CNS, and epoxy respectively. From the laboratory results obtained, waste epoxy, coconut shells and bamboo can be recycled in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner through their usage as an alternative reductant for ferric oxide. Also, the success achieved with reduction in the microwave environment can catalyse the gradual shift from the conventional blast furnace used in iron production.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122417811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2020/v8/i8/st2008-012
N. Taiwo, O. Fagbola, O. Akanbi, B. Nduka
A greenhouse trial was conducted at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, to evaluate the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers with and without Mycorrhiza on the dry matter yield and nutrient uptake of CRIN Tc-1 and F3 Amazon cocoa seedling in Ibadan. The treatments consist of cocoa pod husk (CPH), Tithonia diversifolia leaves (TD) , combination of CPH and TD (CPH+TD) and NPK fertilizer which were applied to F3 amazon and Tc1 hybrids of cocoa at two levels of mycorrhiza (with and without) inoculation, to supply 10Kg N/ha respectively and laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) in three replicates. All the fertilizer treatments with mycorrhiza were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the treatments without mycorrhiza for N uptake except for NPK and control. Application of sole CPH under mycorrhiza inoculation significantly (p<0.05) enhanced phosphorus uptake in TC1 relative to the control. Potassium uptake was significantly(p<0.05) enhanced by CPH and CPH+TD without mycorrhiza. CPH with mycorrhiza gave the highest leaf and root dry matter yield (DMY) which were significantly higher than the control for Tc-1, while for F3Amazon, TD with mycorrhiza gave the highest root DMY relative to the control. It can therefore be concluded that optimal and sustainable growth and dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings could be achieved by the use of organic fertilizer materials such as TD and CPH in combination with mycorrhiza.
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