Presents a segmentation on the basis of the overall ethical consumption concept for the first time in Greece. Four segments were identified: Ethical Consumers (18.09%), Boycotters (20.48%), Ecological Consumers (27.86%) and Conventional Consumers (33.57%). The Ethical Consumers’ segment consists of well educated citizens, who adopt all ethical behaviours more frequently. These consumers were found to be more confident they can control politics, less materialists, most attracted by post-materialist goals as well as less sceptical towards ethical products and less indifferent about ethical consumption issues. This segment may be considered as attractive enough to be targeted by business and non for profit organisations.
{"title":"Ethical Consumers In Greece: Who Are They?","authors":"A. Delistavrou, H. Katrandjiev, I. Tilikidou","doi":"10.26458/1734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1734","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a segmentation on the basis of the overall ethical consumption concept for the first time in Greece. Four segments were identified: Ethical Consumers (18.09%), Boycotters (20.48%), Ecological Consumers (27.86%) and Conventional Consumers (33.57%). The Ethical Consumers’ segment consists of well educated citizens, who adopt all ethical behaviours more frequently. These consumers were found to be more confident they can control politics, less materialists, most attracted by post-materialist goals as well as less sceptical towards ethical products and less indifferent about ethical consumption issues. This segment may be considered as attractive enough to be targeted by business and non for profit organisations.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124061749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism is one of the necessary and very important sectors of country economy. Tourism has its appropriate inimitable characteristics that difference this sector from the other sectors. As to be in the other service industrial fields, in tourism sector the tourists come to the tourism destination place where the tourism services are supplied. To my observation and international experiences, it is hard to think of tourism industry without transportation. Transportation is mean where to carry the tourists to the relevant place where tourism services are accomplished. The article contains detailed information about the introduction to the concepts of tourism, theoretical approach to the tourism as service industry, the role of transport in tourism development, international experiences in transport tourism, development of transport tourismin Azerbaijan economy. The article can be considered as a useful resource for experts and researchers conducting research in this field.
{"title":"THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT TURISM IN ECONOMIC GROWTH","authors":"F. Alasgarova","doi":"10.26458/1737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1737","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is one of the necessary and very important sectors of country economy. Tourism has its appropriate inimitable characteristics that difference this sector from the other sectors. As to be in the other service industrial fields, in tourism sector the tourists come to the tourism destination place where the tourism services are supplied. To my observation and international experiences, it is hard to think of tourism industry without transportation. Transportation is mean where to carry the tourists to the relevant place where tourism services are accomplished. The article contains detailed information about the introduction to the concepts of tourism, theoretical approach to the tourism as service industry, the role of transport in tourism development, international experiences in transport tourism, development of transport tourismin Azerbaijan economy. The article can be considered as a useful resource for experts and researchers conducting research in this field.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121246036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents information about risk in tourism and about terrorism as a threat for European tourism. If a terrorist attack occurs in a country, then it might make people think twice about visiting that place, and they may decide to change location. Risk is defined as uncertain event management in order to success. Risk is characteristic of all methods and means by which risk is managed to achieve the objectives described in the technical event, social, human and political analyzed, having as basis the uncertainty major risk factors. Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country.
{"title":"THE RISK IN TOURISM - TERRORISM A THREAT FOR EUROPEAN TOURISM","authors":"B. Sofronov","doi":"10.26458/1738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1738","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents information about risk in tourism and about terrorism as a threat for European tourism. If a terrorist attack occurs in a country, then it might make people think twice about visiting that place, and they may decide to change location. Risk is defined as uncertain event management in order to success. Risk is characteristic of all methods and means by which risk is managed to achieve the objectives described in the technical event, social, human and political analyzed, having as basis the uncertainty major risk factors. Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"73 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127210122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. As well as its direct economic impact, the industry has significant indirect and induced impacts. The outlook for the tourism sector in 2017 remains robust and will continue to be at the forefront of wealth and employment creation in the global economy, despite the emergence of a number of challenging headwinds. In tourism, GDP growth is expected to accelerate to 3.8%, up from 3.1% in 2016. As nations seem to be looking increasingly inward, putting in place barriers to trade and movement of people, the role of tourism becomes even more significant, as an engine of economic development and as a vehicle for sharing cultures, creating peace, and building mutual understanding.
{"title":"THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON GLOBAL TOURISM","authors":"B. Sofronov","doi":"10.26458/1728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1728","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. As well as its direct economic impact, the industry has significant indirect and induced impacts. The outlook for the tourism sector in 2017 remains robust and will continue to be at the forefront of wealth and employment creation in the global economy, despite the emergence of a number of challenging headwinds. In tourism, GDP growth is expected to accelerate to 3.8%, up from 3.1% in 2016. As nations seem to be looking increasingly inward, putting in place barriers to trade and movement of people, the role of tourism becomes even more significant, as an engine of economic development and as a vehicle for sharing cultures, creating peace, and building mutual understanding.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115951683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic efficiency emerges after comparing the effects of some action with the efforts needed to produce it and has general applicability in decision-making in any country. It can be said that economic efficiency is closely related to the use of resources in the economy and its essential feature is the stress/effects causal ratio. In the competitive system of the free market, the activity of the economic agents provides performance to the extent that it has a high efficiency. Any human activity is, at the same time, resources consuming and effects producing. In the economic theory, the concept of efficiency characterizes the activity developed in various fields: economic, social, educational, health, sports, etc. More concretely, it reflects the physical, intellectual and moral (in the deontological sense) effort made to achieve a goal or the pre-established objective, respectively the relationship between two waves: the resources spent and the resulting effects, expressed in physical (pieces, kg, and meter) or value (lei) units of measurement.
{"title":"ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN MARKET ECONOMY","authors":"P. Roșca","doi":"10.26458/1712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1712","url":null,"abstract":"Economic efficiency emerges after comparing the effects of some action with the efforts needed to produce it and has general applicability in decision-making in any country. It can be said that economic efficiency is closely related to the use of resources in the economy and its essential feature is the stress/effects causal ratio. In the competitive system of the free market, the activity of the economic agents provides performance to the extent that it has a high efficiency. Any human activity is, at the same time, resources consuming and effects producing. In the economic theory, the concept of efficiency characterizes the activity developed in various fields: economic, social, educational, health, sports, etc. More concretely, it reflects the physical, intellectual and moral (in the deontological sense) effort made to achieve a goal or the pre-established objective, respectively the relationship between two waves: the resources spent and the resulting effects, expressed in physical (pieces, kg, and meter) or value (lei) units of measurement.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126137244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expanding economic relations and creating an international business environment, international business and the internationalization of the commercial transactions across national borders have become a prerequisite for companies, regardless of the activity they carry. Thus, internationalization is seen as a set of strategic methods, techniques and tools necessary to the companies to function abroad. As the effects of – fiscal and monetary – policies on the global demand and supply are unpredictable in time and space, it appears the requirement to substantiate, develop and put into practice a stabilizing strategy Besides the indexes showing the evolution of the demand and supply, the market can offer economic agents other analysis and decision parameters as well, such as: economic and financial instruments for influencing the behaviour of the business environment. Obviously, the results depend also on how the authorities (legislative and executive, central and local) work for a friendly business environment. There are two mechanisms that can be used for this purpose: fiscal policy (measures to enhance or reduce taxes, dues and public spending) initiated by the Government and approved by Parliament; monetary policy (setting the interest rate and the money supply, respectively of the money stock for a specified period of time) emitted and monitored (supervised) by the National Bank
{"title":"Internationalization of economic activities and government’s involvement in the market economy","authors":"Nicolae Țău","doi":"10.26458/1713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1713","url":null,"abstract":"Expanding economic relations and creating an international business environment, international business and the internationalization of the commercial transactions across national borders have become a prerequisite for companies, regardless of the activity they carry. Thus, internationalization is seen as a set of strategic methods, techniques and tools necessary to the companies to function abroad. As the effects of – fiscal and monetary – policies on the global demand and supply are unpredictable in time and space, it appears the requirement to substantiate, develop and put into practice a stabilizing strategy Besides the indexes showing the evolution of the demand and supply, the market can offer economic agents other analysis and decision parameters as well, such as: economic and financial instruments for influencing the behaviour of the business environment. Obviously, the results depend also on how the authorities (legislative and executive, central and local) work for a friendly business environment. There are two mechanisms that can be used for this purpose: fiscal policy (measures to enhance or reduce taxes, dues and public spending) initiated by the Government and approved by Parliament; monetary policy (setting the interest rate and the money supply, respectively of the money stock for a specified period of time) emitted and monitored (supervised) by the National Bank","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114346548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The financial risk characterises the variability of net profit, subject to the financial structure of the insurance. The capital of the insurance company has two elements (the equity and the borrowed one) that differ fundamentally in the cost they generate. If the company uses loans, it will bear systematically the related financial expenses, too. Through its size and cost, indebtedness leads to the variation and changes the size of financial risk. Resorting to the debt is justified through the high remuneration of equity in relation to borrowed capital, thus increasing the financial return.
{"title":"ETHICS, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CORRUPTION AS RISK FACTORS","authors":"A. Gribincea","doi":"10.26458/1711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1711","url":null,"abstract":"The financial risk characterises the variability of net profit, subject to the financial structure of the insurance. The capital of the insurance company has two elements (the equity and the borrowed one) that differ fundamentally in the cost they generate. If the company uses loans, it will bear systematically the related financial expenses, too. Through its size and cost, indebtedness leads to the variation and changes the size of financial risk. Resorting to the debt is justified through the high remuneration of equity in relation to borrowed capital, thus increasing the financial return.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115527549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that in election years, political parties compete in measures and promises that are more or less extravagant, designed to attract votes from voters. The situation is understandable to a certain extent, this practice being common in other countries as well, important being not to "jump the horse" as unfortunately happens in Romania, where in four years the politicians, in their desire to obtain a mandate in local or parliamentary elections, replete with all kinds of promises, without regard to the impact that their application might have on the stability of the overall economy. As the electoral legislation has become more stringent, attracting voters by giving them attentions and gifts (buckets, packages of food with sugar, oil, etc., or gourmet) was forbidden and election promises have climbed the first rung of the strategy of attracting voters. On the other hand, the old local and central political structures at the end of their mandate try, for the last hundred meters, to adopt populist, hoping both to renew mandates and to solve personal interests relating to special pensions bonuses and all sorts of pecuniary advantages, according to the principle "after us the deluge".
{"title":"ELECTORAL POPULISM VERSUS ECONOMIC STABILITY","authors":"Iliescu Mihai","doi":"10.26458/1714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1714","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that in election years, political parties compete in measures and promises that are more or less extravagant, designed to attract votes from voters. The situation is understandable to a certain extent, this practice being common in other countries as well, important being not to \"jump the horse\" as unfortunately happens in Romania, where in four years the politicians, in their desire to obtain a mandate in local or parliamentary elections, replete with all kinds of promises, without regard to the impact that their application might have on the stability of the overall economy. As the electoral legislation has become more stringent, attracting voters by giving them attentions and gifts (buckets, packages of food with sugar, oil, etc., or gourmet) was forbidden and election promises have climbed the first rung of the strategy of attracting voters. On the other hand, the old local and central political structures at the end of their mandate try, for the last hundred meters, to adopt populist, hoping both to renew mandates and to solve personal interests relating to special pensions bonuses and all sorts of pecuniary advantages, according to the principle \"after us the deluge\".","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"764 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116411248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The level of development of a country is defined based on indicators such as population size, GDP and contry area. Although it’s easy to identify countries like the USA, France and Spain that are part of developed countries and countries such as Senegal, Gabon Greece or China ranked as emerging countries, there is no universally accepted definition of developing contries. The “emerging contries” are often listed in terms of their differentiation from the developed contries; A comun problem is that some organizations dont’t take into consideration all the variables, a country located on a higher position in terms of GDP is possible to not have the same position at the social development or quality of life. For the last 25 years China has known continuous economic expansion, it’s forecasted that in the next 20 years it will become one of the world’s superpower. China encountered a relatively fast development after the deployment of the “cultural revolution”. In China, the long standing cultural tradition influences till today the economic area, more than other countries encounter from this category. The youth’s mentality is to learn and to work very well with the solely interest to serve the country completely. This desire of the Chinese people is positively influenced by the state - the Chinese Communist Party encourages the state of raising the development of education and the level of life.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF THE CULTURE IN THE STYLE OF LEADERSHIP","authors":"M. Gheța","doi":"10.26458/1716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1716","url":null,"abstract":"The level of development of a country is defined based on indicators such as population size, GDP and contry area. Although it’s easy to identify countries like the USA, France and Spain that are part of developed countries and countries such as Senegal, Gabon Greece or China ranked as emerging countries, there is no universally accepted definition of developing contries. The “emerging contries” are often listed in terms of their differentiation from the developed contries; A comun problem is that some organizations dont’t take into consideration all the variables, a country located on a higher position in terms of GDP is possible to not have the same position at the social development or quality of life. For the last 25 years China has known continuous economic expansion, it’s forecasted that in the next 20 years it will become one of the world’s superpower. China encountered a relatively fast development after the deployment of the “cultural revolution”. In China, the long standing cultural tradition influences till today the economic area, more than other countries encounter from this category. The youth’s mentality is to learn and to work very well with the solely interest to serve the country completely. This desire of the Chinese people is positively influenced by the state - the Chinese Communist Party encourages the state of raising the development of education and the level of life.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121472295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The aim of the present paper is to produce a model for the propagation of a forest fire analyzing the influences that the fire zone has on its neighborhoods. The model is aMoore cellular automaton type. It depends on six parameters: the medium slope of the elementary cell, the layer type, and the burning time of the fuel, the fuel type, the wind direction and speed. In order to study the influences of various parameter configurations on the system of vicinities of a fire cell we construct some special directional correlation functions. An application is elaborated based on real data.
{"title":"A MODEL OF THE INFLUENCES OF A FOREST FIRE ON ITS NEIGHBORHOODS AND RELATED RISK MANAGEMENT ASPECTS","authors":"Valentin Posea","doi":"10.26458/1645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26458/1645","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The aim of the present paper is to produce a model for the propagation of a forest fire analyzing the influences that the fire zone has on its neighborhoods. The model is aMoore cellular automaton type. It depends on six parameters: the medium slope of the elementary cell, the layer type, and the burning time of the fuel, the fuel type, the wind direction and speed. In order to study the influences of various parameter configurations on the system of vicinities of a fire cell we construct some special directional correlation functions. An application is elaborated based on real data.","PeriodicalId":231293,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123737955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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