Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101744
Renthlei Lalmalsawmi , Y.S. Ravikumar , M. Mahesh , P.M. Mariyam Shihuna , Madhan Ramesh , Sri Harsha Chalasani
Emamectin Benzoate (EB) is a semi-synthetic insecticide which was primarily created to combat lepidopteron insects. EB disrupts the neurotransmitters Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) through enhancing permeability of membrane chloride ion, resulting in the loss of cell function progressing to irreversible paralysis in invertebrates.
Poisoning with EB in humans is rare; till date with just about five reported cases, two of which resulted in fatalities. Scarcity of treatment management information may cause a delay in the initiation of treatment, which is often general therapy rather than specific. By reporting this rare case of poisoning in human, the researchers wish to add value to the existing information and aid in forming a standard management of EB poisoning in humans.
Here within, we report an acute case of EB poisoning in an adult male with no history of co-morbidities, had allegedly consumed approximately 125 mL of EB 1.9 % and, presented with complaints of vomiting, profuse sweating and drowsiness. The patient was treated with gastric lavage, fluid replenishment, and other supportive as well as symptomatic measures. The prognosis of the patient was guarded and care has been taken not to administer any Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants. Fortunately, the patient was discharged from the hospital by day 4 without any sequelae.
{"title":"Management and prognosis of acute Emamectin Benzoate poisoning in a human","authors":"Renthlei Lalmalsawmi , Y.S. Ravikumar , M. Mahesh , P.M. Mariyam Shihuna , Madhan Ramesh , Sri Harsha Chalasani","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emamectin Benzoate (EB) is a semi-synthetic insecticide which was primarily created to combat lepidopteron insects. EB disrupts the neurotransmitters Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) through enhancing permeability of membrane chloride ion, resulting in the loss of cell function progressing to irreversible paralysis in invertebrates.</div><div>Poisoning with EB in humans is rare; till date with just about five reported cases, two of which resulted in fatalities. Scarcity of treatment management information may cause a delay in the initiation of treatment, which is often general therapy rather than specific. By reporting this rare case of poisoning in human, the researchers wish to add value to the existing information and aid in forming a standard management of EB poisoning in humans.</div><div>Here within, we report an acute case of EB poisoning in an adult male with no history of co-morbidities, had allegedly consumed approximately 125 mL of EB 1.9 % and, presented with complaints of vomiting, profuse sweating and drowsiness. The patient was treated with gastric lavage, fluid replenishment, and other supportive as well as symptomatic measures. The prognosis of the patient was guarded and care has been taken not to administer any Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants. Fortunately, the patient was discharged from the hospital by day 4 without any sequelae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101739
Charissa Alo , Mutsumi J. Kioka
3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) has gained significance over the years, especially at rave festivals, as a recreational drug for its noted effects in mood enhancement and autonomic stimulation. While these effects have been noted, severe adverse outcomes, and even death, following the ingestion of MDMA have been recorded.
We present a 35-year-old male who ingested the drug at the Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC), the largest electronic dance music festival in North America as of 2024 [1]. Every year, many young adults are brought to local hospitals from the festival for drug overdoses, hyperthermia, and dehydration. At the festival, the patient was witnessed to have a seizure, presented with altered mental status and deemed hyperthermic at 109 degrees Fahrenheit. For these reasons, he was rapidly intubated and submerged in an ice bath at the festival’s medical tent. At the county hospital, the patient was diagnosed with multiorgan failure, cerebrovascular ischemia, and coagulopathy. He received life-saving treatment such as continuous renal replacement therapy as well as intubation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. MRI of the brain showed central- embolic infarcts and the patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) for eight days. After twenty days of inpatient treatment, the patient was discharged. He was discharged with his mental status at baseline and without gross neurologic deficits. A permacath was placed for hemodialysis to be continued outpatient.
This case report highlights the importance of prompt medical management which can be crucial for patient survival following a life-threatening overdose with MDMA. It also exemplifies the need for increasing social awareness regarding the severe and detrimental outcomes an MDMA overdose can cause as this drug continues to be widely used in the setting of rave and music festivals.
{"title":"Rave gone wrong: MDMA- induced medical emergency at electrical daisy carnival. A case report","authors":"Charissa Alo , Mutsumi J. Kioka","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) has gained significance over the years, especially at rave festivals, as a recreational drug for its noted effects in mood enhancement and autonomic stimulation. While these effects have been noted, severe adverse outcomes, and even death, following the ingestion of MDMA have been recorded.</div><div>We present a 35-year-old male who ingested the drug at the Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC), the largest electronic dance music festival in North America as of 2024 [1]. Every year, many young adults are brought to local hospitals from the festival for drug overdoses, hyperthermia, and dehydration. At the festival, the patient was witnessed to have a seizure, presented with altered mental status and deemed hyperthermic at 109 degrees Fahrenheit. For these reasons, he was rapidly intubated and submerged in an ice bath at the festival’s medical tent. At the county hospital, the patient was diagnosed with multiorgan failure, cerebrovascular ischemia, and coagulopathy. He received life-saving treatment such as continuous renal replacement therapy as well as intubation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. MRI of the brain showed central- embolic infarcts and the patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) for eight days. After twenty days of inpatient treatment, the patient was discharged. He was discharged with his mental status at baseline and without gross neurologic deficits. A permacath was placed for hemodialysis to be continued outpatient.</div><div>This case report highlights the importance of prompt medical management which can be crucial for patient survival following a life-threatening overdose with MDMA. It also exemplifies the need for increasing social awareness regarding the severe and detrimental outcomes an MDMA overdose can cause as this drug continues to be widely used in the setting of rave and music festivals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101739"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101743
Damilare E. Rotimi , Morayo E. Barnabas , Tobiloba C. Elebiyo , Amarachi B. Iroaganachi , Funmilayo A. Okeniyi , Oluwakemi J. Awakan , Musbau A. Akanji , Oluyomi S. Adeyemi
Objective
Snail slime possesses various pharmacological activities that are becoming attractive for zootherapy, thereby necessitating the profiling of its safety and toxicity. Therefore, using OECD 425 guidelines, this study assessed the acute toxicity of Archachatina marginata slime extract and performed a histological analysis of the vital organs.
Methods
Eighteen (18) Wistar rats were assigned randomly into three groups: control, 2000 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg bw slime extract. The dosing of the animals with 2000 mg/kg bw and 5000 mg/kg bw was done according to the limit test procedure, after which the animals were observed for 14 days. During the observation period, clinical and behavioral changes were recorded. The rats were euthanized after 14 days of monitoring, and their essential organs were excised for gross histological examination.
Results
There was no mortality during the observation period, and the LD50 of A. marginata slime extract was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bw. Although there were no behavioral alterations in the rats after oral exposure to the slime extract, the histological examination revealed mild cellular distortions in the rat organs. Furthermore, a preliminary chemical analysis of the slime extract revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolics.
Conclusion
A. marginata slime extracts may be grouped as low toxic substance based on the results obtained (LD50 > 2000 – 5000 mg/kg). However, the histological distortions in rat organs following acute oral exposure to the snail slime extract not only warrant further, in-depth toxicological investigations but also caution in its use for traditional medicinal purposes.
{"title":"Mild histological distortions in rat organs after a 14-day oral exposure to the slime extract of African giant land snails","authors":"Damilare E. Rotimi , Morayo E. Barnabas , Tobiloba C. Elebiyo , Amarachi B. Iroaganachi , Funmilayo A. Okeniyi , Oluwakemi J. Awakan , Musbau A. Akanji , Oluyomi S. Adeyemi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Snail slime possesses various pharmacological activities that are becoming attractive for zootherapy, thereby necessitating the profiling of its safety and toxicity. Therefore, using OECD 425 guidelines, this study assessed the acute toxicity of <em>Archachatina marginata</em> slime extract and performed a histological analysis of the vital organs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eighteen (18) Wistar rats were assigned randomly into three groups: control, 2000 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg bw slime extract. The dosing of the animals with 2000 mg/kg bw and 5000 mg/kg bw was done according to the limit test procedure, after which the animals were observed for 14 days. During the observation period, clinical and behavioral changes were recorded. The rats were euthanized after 14 days of monitoring, and their essential organs were excised for gross histological examination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was no mortality during the observation period, and the LD<sub>50</sub> of <em>A. marginata</em> slime extract was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bw. Although there were no behavioral alterations in the rats after oral exposure to the slime extract, the histological examination revealed mild cellular distortions in the rat organs. Furthermore, a preliminary chemical analysis of the slime extract revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>A. marginata</em> slime extracts may be grouped as low toxic substance based on the results obtained (LD<sub>50</sub> > 2000 – 5000 mg/kg). However, the histological distortions in rat organs following acute oral exposure to the snail slime extract not only warrant further, in-depth toxicological investigations but also caution in its use for traditional medicinal purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001264/pdfft?md5=fe6fd1596e2d3d1686cf81e6734557d7&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001264-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101736
Ali Hamade
Finfish and shellfish intake (collectively referred to as fish) has been associated with health benefits, although fish often have chemical contaminants that are separately associated with health risks. The presence of chemical contaminants, however, does not inherently pose a health risk and optimizing the benefits is desirable for individual and population health. Reference doses (RfDs) and other comparison values that estimate contaminant or pollutant safety thresholds typically do not account for the benefits of the foods that carry them (e.g., fish, eggs, fruit, vegetables). Rather, these numbers are typically applied uniformly for various media such as food, soil, and water. This paper summarizes principal epidemiology studies on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-associated noncancer health indicators used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop RfDs for PFAS and compares these with the same health outcomes associated with seafood intake. Moreover, it frames these findings in relation to varying human PFAS exposures, fish intake amount, and fish type when the information is available. Further, it presents brief overviews of both general population temporal PFAS exposure trends and PFAS fish contaminant data in the United States. Finally, it discusses approaches that risk assessors and policy makers can consider in developing their fish consumption recommendations in relation to PFAS. In brief, epidemiology studies show that the benefits of fish intake generally counter the risks of PFAS exposure based on four noncancer health endpoints that EPA identified as having the greatest strength of evidence for PFAS health effects.
{"title":"Fish consumption benefits and PFAS risks: Epidemiology and public health recommendations","authors":"Ali Hamade","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finfish and shellfish intake (collectively referred to as fish) has been associated with health benefits, although fish often have chemical contaminants that are separately associated with health risks. The presence of chemical contaminants, however, does not inherently pose a health risk and optimizing the benefits is desirable for individual and population health. Reference doses (RfDs) and other comparison values that estimate contaminant or pollutant safety thresholds typically do not account for the benefits of the foods that carry them (e.g., fish, eggs, fruit, vegetables). Rather, these numbers are typically applied uniformly for various media such as food, soil, and water. This paper summarizes principal epidemiology studies on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-associated noncancer health indicators used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop RfDs for PFAS and compares these with the same health outcomes associated with seafood intake. Moreover, it frames these findings in relation to varying human PFAS exposures, fish intake amount, and fish type when the information is available. Further, it presents brief overviews of both general population temporal PFAS exposure trends and PFAS fish contaminant data in the United States. Finally, it discusses approaches that risk assessors and policy makers can consider in developing their fish consumption recommendations in relation to PFAS. In brief, epidemiology studies show that the benefits of fish intake generally counter the risks of PFAS exposure based on four noncancer health endpoints that EPA identified as having the greatest strength of evidence for PFAS health effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101736"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001197/pdfft?md5=48405a51e82d774de50eb4f9fd827173&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001197-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101742
B.O. Ajiboye , B.E. Ekundayo , A.W. Salami , A.O. Osukoya , K. Komolafe , S. Gaur , B.E. Oyinloye , T.O. Jeje , O.A. Ojo
Background
Studies suggest that medicinal plant extracts can help reduce the neuron degeneration associated with diabetes. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of the alkaloid-rich extract from the leaves of Lannea egregia was assessed in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).
Methods
Lannea egregia alkaloid-rich analysis was carried out via a known procedure. The rats were randomly assigned into five treatment groups (n = 8): normal control, diabetic-induced rats (45 mg/kg STZ), and diabetic rats treated with low doses of Lannea egregia leaf alkaloid-rich extract (50 mg/kg b.w, LEL) and high (100 mg/kg b.w, LEH) (300 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg), and metformin (200 mg/kg). On 22nd day of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and their blood and brains were collected for neuro-biomarker analysis.
Results
Diabetic-induced rats that received metformin, LEL and LEH exhibited considerably reduced levels of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, NO, MDA, and AChE, BChE activities when compared to untreated diabetic animals. Additionally, rats with diabetes that received treatment with metformin, LEL and LEH displayed a noticeable increase in ENTPDase, Na/K ATPase, GST, CAT, GPx, and SOD activities when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Histological examination revealed improved brain architecture in the treated groups in contrast to those in diabetic-induced rats.
Conclusion
The alkaloid-rich extracts of Lannea egregia might be effective in normalizing brain damage caused by complications of diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"Neuroprotective effect of Lannea egregia Alkaloid-rich leaf extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","authors":"B.O. Ajiboye , B.E. Ekundayo , A.W. Salami , A.O. Osukoya , K. Komolafe , S. Gaur , B.E. Oyinloye , T.O. Jeje , O.A. Ojo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Studies suggest that medicinal plant extracts can help reduce the neuron degeneration associated with diabetes. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of the alkaloid-rich extract from the leaves of <em>Lannea egregia</em> was assessed in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><em>Lannea egregia</em> alkaloid-rich analysis was carried out via a known procedure. The rats were randomly assigned into five treatment groups (n = 8): normal control, diabetic-induced rats (45 mg/kg STZ), and diabetic rats treated with low doses of <em>Lannea egregia</em> leaf alkaloid-rich extract (50 mg/kg b.w, LEL) and high (100 mg/kg b.w, LEH) (300 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg), and metformin (200 mg/kg). On 22nd day of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and their blood and brains were collected for neuro-biomarker analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Diabetic-induced rats that received metformin, LEL and LEH exhibited considerably reduced levels of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, NO, MDA, and AChE, BChE activities when compared to untreated diabetic animals. Additionally, rats with diabetes that received treatment with metformin, LEL and LEH displayed a noticeable increase in ENTPDase, Na/K ATPase, GST, CAT, GPx, and SOD activities when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Histological examination revealed improved brain architecture in the treated groups in contrast to those in diabetic-induced rats.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The alkaloid-rich extracts of <em>Lannea egregia</em> might be effective in normalizing brain damage caused by complications of diabetes mellitus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101742"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001252/pdfft?md5=74eeeb1f89233749ecb289a563c000c3&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001252-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer agent, but its clinical application is limited by significant off-target hepatorenal toxicity. Tadalafil (TAD), a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used mainly for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension, has shown potential in reducing oxidative stress. This study investigated TAD's chemoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms in DOX-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats over 12 days. Eight groups of six rats each were orally pretreated with sterile water, silymarin (SIL), or TAD one hour before receiving intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg/kg DOX. On the 13th day, the rats were humanely sacrificed under inhaled halothane anesthesia, and serum was collected for hepatic and renal function tests, while liver and kidney tissues were analyzed for antioxidant enzyme activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines assay, and histopathological evaluation. DOX successfully induced hepatorenal toxicity, evidenced by significant increases (p<0.001, p<0.0001) in serum K+, urea, and creatinine levels, along with decreases in HCO3-, TCa2+, and Cl-. Tissue analysis showed reduced SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx activities, with elevated MDA and GSH levels. TAD pretreatment significantly ameliorated these biochemical alterations (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.0001), suggesting its potential as an effective chemoprophylactic adjuvant in the development of DOX-induced hepatorenal toxicity.
{"title":"Tadalafil pretreatment attenuates doxorubicin-induced hepatorenal toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats","authors":"Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye , Fidaraoluwa Esther Babatope , Ademilayo Eunice Adesiji-Adelekan , Olufunke Esan Olorundare , Ikechukwu Innocent Okoye","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer agent, but its clinical application is limited by significant off-target hepatorenal toxicity. Tadalafil (TAD), a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used mainly for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension, has shown potential in reducing oxidative stress. This study investigated TAD's chemoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms in DOX-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats over 12 days. Eight groups of six rats each were orally pretreated with sterile water, silymarin (SIL), or TAD one hour before receiving intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg/kg DOX. On the 13th day, the rats were humanely sacrificed under inhaled halothane anesthesia, and serum was collected for hepatic and renal function tests, while liver and kidney tissues were analyzed for antioxidant enzyme activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines assay, and histopathological evaluation. DOX successfully induced hepatorenal toxicity, evidenced by significant increases (p<0.001, p<0.0001) in serum K<sup>+</sup>, urea, and creatinine levels, along with decreases in HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, TCa<sup>2+</sup>, and Cl<sup>-</sup>. Tissue analysis showed reduced SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx activities, with elevated MDA and GSH levels. TAD pretreatment significantly ameliorated these biochemical alterations (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.0001), suggesting its potential as an effective chemoprophylactic adjuvant in the development of DOX-induced hepatorenal toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101737"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001203/pdfft?md5=a3e5d18e98b71934148c23b7067c54f0&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001203-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101741
Ji-Eun Park , Jiyeon Kim , MiNa Baek , Hyo-Jin An , Chan-Sung Park , Joon Young Jung , So-Young Kim , Yang Hee Kim
Microbial fermentation has emerged as a pivotal process for sustainable production of essential goods and chemicals. Corynebacterium glutamicum is a proficient platform organism that contributes significantly to amino acid production through microbial fermentation. Despite its recognized safety, challenges persist in efficiently biosynthesizing natural products compared with other organisms. This study evaluated the safety of biomass products from bioengineered C. glutamicum through two different toxicological studies: a bacterial reverse mutation test (AMES test) and an acute oral toxicity test in rats. Three types of dried fermentation biomass products, each engineered for the enhanced production of specific amino acids (L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-tryptophan), were examined. The tests were conducted in compliance with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines and revealed no mutagenicity or acute toxicity at the tested doses. These findings suggest the safety of biomass products from bioengineered C. glutamicum as potential feed materials, although further toxicity studies are recommended for comprehensive evaluation. This study underscores the importance of stringent safety assessments for advancing biotechnological applications and provides valuable insights into the potential utilization of microbial fermentation products in various industries. Moreover, this study highlights the significance of regulatory compliance and adherence to international standards to ensure the safety and efficacy of novel biotechnological products.
{"title":"Assessment of safety: In vitro reverse mutation and in vivo acute oral toxicity tests of three biomass products from amino acid-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum","authors":"Ji-Eun Park , Jiyeon Kim , MiNa Baek , Hyo-Jin An , Chan-Sung Park , Joon Young Jung , So-Young Kim , Yang Hee Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial fermentation has emerged as a pivotal process for sustainable production of essential goods and chemicals. <em>Corynebacterium glutamicum</em> is a proficient platform organism that contributes significantly to amino acid production through microbial fermentation. Despite its recognized safety, challenges persist in efficiently biosynthesizing natural products compared with other organisms. This study evaluated the safety of biomass products from bioengineered <em>C. glutamicum</em> through two different toxicological studies: a bacterial reverse mutation test (AMES test) and an acute oral toxicity test in rats. Three types of dried fermentation biomass products, each engineered for the enhanced production of specific amino acids (L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-tryptophan), were examined. The tests were conducted in compliance with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines and revealed no mutagenicity or acute toxicity at the tested doses. These findings suggest the safety of biomass products from bioengineered <em>C. glutamicum</em> as potential feed materials, although further toxicity studies are recommended for comprehensive evaluation. This study underscores the importance of stringent safety assessments for advancing biotechnological applications and provides valuable insights into the potential utilization of microbial fermentation products in various industries. Moreover, this study highlights the significance of regulatory compliance and adherence to international standards to ensure the safety and efficacy of novel biotechnological products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101741"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001240/pdfft?md5=23378d592a0afdc19e846c5e96b120c3&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001240-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101734
Josiah Aja Nwadibia , Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon , Angela Mumbua Musyoka , Ezebuilo Ugbala Ekpono , Udu Ama Ibiam , Obasi Uche Orji , Ejike Daniel Eze , Olufunke Onaadepo , Peter Chinedu Agu , Patrick Maduabuchi Aja
Patients who are receiving carboplatin therapy for cancer often experience toxic side effects. This study examined the effects of lyophilized aqueous leaf extracts of F. capensis (LALEFC) on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in albino rats with carboplatin-damaged livers. We randomly assigned 35 rats to five experimental groups. Groups 2–5 underwent liver injury induction using carboplatin, while groups 1 and 2 served as the normal and carboplatin control groups, respectively. Groups 3–5 were the treatment groups. Treatments were performed for 17 days. We analyzed the quantitative phytochemical constituents of LALEFC using standard procedures and analyzed the liver oxidative stress and inflammatory markers using liver homogenate. The phytochemical constituents of LALEFC (mg/100 g) occur in the following order: The most abundant compounds were phenols (1577.72 ± 0.008), flavonoids (1253.13 ± 0.007), tannins (878.97 ± 0.007), alkaloids (652.66 ± 0.007), glycosides (314.39 ± 0.011), and terpenoids (261.18 ± 0.154), while steroids (0.573 ± 0.062), saponins (0.370 ± 0.003), and HCN (0.254.00 ± 0.006) were found in trace amount. The study of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers showed that giving carboplatin to rats greatly increased the levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caspase-3 activity. It also decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). D). However, coadministration of LALEFC significantly restored the altered oxidative and inflammatory responses. This finding suggested that carboplatin induced liver injury through redox imbalance, which elevated the expression of inflammatory markers. LALEFC's restoration of altered markers could be relevant in the treatment of carboplatin-induced liver injury.
{"title":"Protective effect of Ficus capensis lyophilized extract against carboplatin-induced liver injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in rats","authors":"Josiah Aja Nwadibia , Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon , Angela Mumbua Musyoka , Ezebuilo Ugbala Ekpono , Udu Ama Ibiam , Obasi Uche Orji , Ejike Daniel Eze , Olufunke Onaadepo , Peter Chinedu Agu , Patrick Maduabuchi Aja","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Patients who are receiving carboplatin therapy for cancer often experience toxic side effects. This study examined the effects of lyophilized aqueous leaf extracts of F. capensis (LALEFC) on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in albino rats with carboplatin-damaged livers. We randomly assigned 35 rats to five experimental groups. Groups 2–5 underwent liver injury induction using carboplatin, while groups 1 and 2 served as the normal and carboplatin control groups, respectively. Groups 3–5 were the treatment groups. Treatments were performed for 17 days. We analyzed the quantitative phytochemical constituents of LALEFC using standard procedures and analyzed the liver oxidative stress and inflammatory markers using liver homogenate. The phytochemical constituents of LALEFC (mg/100 g) occur in the following order: The most abundant compounds were phenols (1577.72 ± 0.008), flavonoids (1253.13 ± 0.007), tannins (878.97 ± 0.007), alkaloids (652.66 ± 0.007), glycosides (314.39 ± 0.011), and terpenoids (261.18 ± 0.154), while steroids (0.573 ± 0.062), saponins (0.370 ± 0.003), and HCN (0.254.00 ± 0.006) were found in trace amount. The study of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers showed that giving carboplatin to rats greatly increased the levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caspase-3 activity. It also decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). D). However, coadministration of LALEFC significantly restored the altered oxidative and inflammatory responses. This finding suggested that carboplatin induced liver injury through redox imbalance, which elevated the expression of inflammatory markers. LALEFC's restoration of altered markers could be relevant in the treatment of carboplatin-induced liver injury.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101734"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001173/pdfft?md5=6f1f01e2722b7c6f5dd3a29e94d1f655&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001173-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101735
Heba Youssef Sayed , Rana Elawady , Mona Ibrahim Elyamany , Mohamed S. Hemeda
Acute poisoning is a prevalent health issue, particularly among children, due to their natural curiosity and tendency to explore. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the characteristics, causes, clinical presentation, and outcomes of acute intoxication in children at Damietta General Hospital, Egypt. We included 106 pediatric patients (aged under 18 years) with a clear history or clinical signs of acute poisoning. Data collection encompassed sociodemographic information, type of poison, mode of poisoning, and clinical outcomes. Poison Severity Score (PSS) was employed to assess the severity. The most affected age group was preschool children (3–6 years), accounting for 41.5 % of cases, with males representing 52.8 %. Accidental poisoning constituted 83 % of cases, with household cleaning products (34 %) and petroleum products (18.9 %) being the most common toxic agents. Clinical outcomes revealed that 33 % of patients experienced morbidity, with electrolyte imbalances being the most prevalent complication. The overall cure rate was 94.3 %, while the mortality rate was 5.7 %. This study highlights the significance of parental education and preventive measures, especially in rural areas, to reduce the risk of pediatric poisoning. The PSS proved useful in guiding clinical care, supporting its further use in pediatric toxicology settings.
{"title":"Assessment of acute poisoning in children using poisoning severity scores: A cross-sectional study at Damietta General Hospital Egypt","authors":"Heba Youssef Sayed , Rana Elawady , Mona Ibrahim Elyamany , Mohamed S. Hemeda","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute poisoning is a prevalent health issue, particularly among children, due to their natural curiosity and tendency to explore. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the characteristics, causes, clinical presentation, and outcomes of acute intoxication in children at Damietta General Hospital, Egypt. We included 106 pediatric patients (aged under 18 years) with a clear history or clinical signs of acute poisoning. Data collection encompassed sociodemographic information, type of poison, mode of poisoning, and clinical outcomes. Poison Severity Score (PSS) was employed to assess the severity. The most affected age group was preschool children (3–6 years), accounting for 41.5 % of cases, with males representing 52.8 %. Accidental poisoning constituted 83 % of cases, with household cleaning products (34 %) and petroleum products (18.9 %) being the most common toxic agents. Clinical outcomes revealed that 33 % of patients experienced morbidity, with electrolyte imbalances being the most prevalent complication. The overall cure rate was 94.3 %, while the mortality rate was 5.7 %. This study highlights the significance of parental education and preventive measures, especially in rural areas, to reduce the risk of pediatric poisoning. The PSS proved useful in guiding clinical care, supporting its further use in pediatric toxicology settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001185/pdfft?md5=1657f6d00fd33ffe32cb3f944e31519e&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001185-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号