Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101778
Rethinam Senthil
The development and characterization of anticancer complex drugs (ACD), specifically Amyloid Beta Peptide (ABP) - Ruthenium III (Ru III) - nivolumab (NB), were explored through analytical techniques. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated the structural transformation of peptides from α-helical to β-sheet formations, aligning with amyloid fibril aggregation. Ruthenium (III) complex synthesis was confirmed through distinct absorption peaks in FTIR analysis. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) revealed the fibrous and smooth morphology of ACD, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the decomposition stages and stability of the ruthenium complexes. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release profile of nivolumab (NB) within ABP-RuIII-NB were investigated, showing a two-phase release over 40 h. Cytotoxicity studies using acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining techniques indicated significant apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) -treated cells. These findings highlight the potential of ABP-RuIII-NB as an effective cancer treatment with controlled drug release and high cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
{"title":"Synthesis and evaluation of amyloid beta peptide/Ruthenium III-based complex drugs as drug delivery and anticancer activity","authors":"Rethinam Senthil","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development and characterization of anticancer complex drugs (ACD), specifically Amyloid Beta Peptide (ABP) - Ruthenium III (Ru III) - nivolumab (NB), were explored through analytical techniques. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated the structural transformation of peptides from α-helical to β-sheet formations, aligning with amyloid fibril aggregation. Ruthenium (III) complex synthesis was confirmed through distinct absorption peaks in FTIR analysis. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) revealed the fibrous and smooth morphology of ACD, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the decomposition stages and stability of the ruthenium complexes. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release profile of nivolumab (NB) within ABP-RuIII-NB were investigated, showing a two-phase release over 40 h. Cytotoxicity studies using acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining techniques indicated significant apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) -treated cells. These findings highlight the potential of ABP-RuIII-NB as an effective cancer treatment with controlled drug release and high cytotoxicity against cancer cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101778"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) in the lungs. Mice were repeatedly treated orally with BaP (50 mg/kg body weight, twice a week for four weeks) to induce a tumour. After 4 months of BaP administration, tumours were visible beneath the skin. The histopathological section of the lungs shows congestion of pulmonary blood vessels, alveolar hyperplasia, and concurrent epithelial hyperplasia with infiltrates of inflammatory cells also seen. Thereafter, a single-cell suspension of lung tissues was stained with fluorescently conjugated antibodies for the demarcation of alveolar epithelial (anti-mouse CD74 and podoplanin) and macrophage (F4/80 and CD11b) cells and measured by flow cytometry. The expression of antioxidant genes was assessed by qRT–PCR. The number of alveolar epithelial cells 1 (AEC1) increased, but the number of alveolar epithelial cells 2 (AEC2) and transitional alveolar epithelial cells (TAEC) was significantly decreased in tumour-bearing mice. The proportion of CD11b+ alveolar macrophages (AM) and interstitial macrophages (IM) was increased, but the proportion of F4/80+ AM cells was reduced. The BaP administration significantly increased the ROS production in alveolar cells. The relative expression levels of antioxidant genes (SOD1, catalase, GPX1, and HIF-1α) were increased, but NRF2 expression was decreased in BaP-treated alveolar cells. The expression of anti-inflammatory (NF-κB) was also significantly increased. In conclusion, BaP exposure induced an inflammatory response, altered alveolar epithelial cell and macrophage diversity, and increased antioxidant responses in the lungs.
{"title":"Benzo (A) pyrene exposure alters alveolar epithelial and macrophage cells diversity and induces antioxidant responses in lungs","authors":"Pooja Chauhan , Nitin Bhardwaj , Sumit Rajaura , Harish Chandra , Ashutosh Singh , Ram Babu , Neelu Jain Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) in the lungs. Mice were repeatedly treated orally with BaP (50 mg/kg body weight, twice a week for four weeks) to induce a tumour. After 4 months of BaP administration, tumours were visible beneath the skin. The histopathological section of the lungs shows congestion of pulmonary blood vessels, alveolar hyperplasia, and concurrent epithelial hyperplasia with infiltrates of inflammatory cells also seen. Thereafter, a single-cell suspension of lung tissues was stained with fluorescently conjugated antibodies for the demarcation of alveolar epithelial (anti-mouse CD74 and podoplanin) and macrophage (F4/80 and CD11b) cells and measured by flow cytometry. The expression of antioxidant genes was assessed by qRT–PCR. The number of alveolar epithelial cells 1 (AEC1) increased, but the number of alveolar epithelial cells 2 (AEC2) and transitional alveolar epithelial cells (TAEC) was significantly decreased in tumour-bearing mice. The proportion of CD11b<sup>+</sup> alveolar macrophages (AM) and interstitial macrophages (IM) was increased, but the proportion of F4/80<sup>+</sup> AM cells was reduced. The BaP administration significantly increased the ROS production in alveolar cells. The relative expression levels of antioxidant genes (SOD1, catalase, GPX1, and HIF-1α) were increased, but NRF2 expression was decreased in BaP-treated alveolar cells. The expression of anti-inflammatory (NF-κB) was also significantly increased. In conclusion, BaP exposure induced an inflammatory response, altered alveolar epithelial cell and macrophage diversity, and increased antioxidant responses in the lungs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101777"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Iran's biggest towns, deaths and hospitalizations from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases have a strong association with PM2.5 pollution concentrations. The WHO recommends assessing the health impacts using the Air Quality and Health Evaluation approach (Air Q 2.2.3). Data of particulates on both clear, dusty days have been provided by the Meteorology Office for Lorestan. Results indicated that in terms of mean AQI, May (162.46), July (121.7), and April (110.23) are the most polluted months in Poldokhtar city in 2022. May (16 days), July (6 days), March (5 days), and April (4 days) are the most contaminated months of the total number of polluted days. The days having the highest amounts of pollution in terms of the daily mean AQI are May 17th (407), April 10th (402), May 24th (393), July 31st (351), and April 18th (341). The maps extracted from HYSPLIT showed that the origin of the dust entering the city of Poldokhtar is the arid and semi-arid regions of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, and Turkey. May shows the maximum amount of pollution in comparison to other months, as shown by the mean AQI of 162.46. Furthermore, with an AQI score of 407 on May 17, it is assumed to be the most polluted day of the year. Hospitalized people who had respiratory diseases were most severely impacted by the short-term adverse effects of fine dust inhalation.
{"title":"Short-term and long-term exposure to particles and their consequences in Poldokhtar City (Iran)","authors":"Bahram Kamarehei , Majid Farhadi , Mohammad Sabzehzari , Arefeh Sepahvand , Fatemeh Hayatolgheib , Marzieh Bayat , Ayda Sepahvand , Masoumeh Sabzian , Narges Seihei , Sara Namdaryan , Ali Farhadi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Iran's biggest towns, deaths and hospitalizations from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases have a strong association with PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution concentrations. The WHO recommends assessing the health impacts using the Air Quality and Health Evaluation approach (Air Q 2.2.3). Data of particulates on both clear, dusty days have been provided by the Meteorology Office for Lorestan. Results indicated that in terms of mean AQI, May (162.46), July (121.7), and April (110.23) are the most polluted months in Poldokhtar city in 2022. May (16 days), July (6 days), March (5 days), and April (4 days) are the most contaminated months of the total number of polluted days. The days having the highest amounts of pollution in terms of the daily mean AQI are May 17th (407), April 10th (402), May 24th (393), July 31st (351), and April 18th (341). The maps extracted from HYSPLIT showed that the origin of the dust entering the city of Poldokhtar is the arid and semi-arid regions of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, and Turkey. May shows the maximum amount of pollution in comparison to other months, as shown by the mean AQI of 162.46. Furthermore, with an AQI score of 407 on May 17, it is assumed to be the most polluted day of the year. Hospitalized people who had respiratory diseases were most severely impacted by the short-term adverse effects of fine dust inhalation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101770"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101769
Muammar Qadafi , Raden Tina Rosmalina , Hanny Meirinawati , Widyarani , Diana Rahayuning Wulan
The presence of nonylphenol (NP) in bromide-containing water contributed to the formation of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs): trihalomethanes-4 (THM4) and haloacetic acids-5 (HAA5). This study investigates the effects of ozonation pH on the degradation of NP, DBP formation, and DBP-estimated cytotoxicity. The ozonation pH was varied to 5, 7, and 9 to determine the effect of acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions. The increase of ozonation initial pH improved the NP degradation. Ozonation of all initial pH conditions could decrease TCM, BDCM, and BDCM formation but increase the TBM formation at alkaline conditions. The formation of mono-HAA5 on the other hand, increased at all ozonation initial pH. Ozonation at acidic and neutral initial conditions can reduce the estimated cytotoxicity of the total formation of THM4 and HAA5 by 74.34 % and 93.31 %, respectively. In contrast, DBP's estimated cytotoxicity was raised by 33.72 % upon ozonation at an initial pH of alkaline. According to the study's findings, lowering the cytotoxicity of DBPs in acidic or alkaline environments can be achieved without changing the ozonation's pH. Based on these findings, pH changes are not required to reduce DBP during ozonation of NP-bromide-containing water. Future research on the impact of natural organic matter is recommended to investigate ozonation's capacity to reduce DBP production during ozonation of NP-containing natural water.
{"title":"Formation and estimated cytotoxicity of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids during ozonation of nonylphenol in bromide-containing water after chlorination process: Impact of ozonation initial pH","authors":"Muammar Qadafi , Raden Tina Rosmalina , Hanny Meirinawati , Widyarani , Diana Rahayuning Wulan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of nonylphenol (NP) in bromide-containing water contributed to the formation of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs): trihalomethanes-4 (THM4) and haloacetic acids-5 (HAA5). This study investigates the effects of ozonation pH on the degradation of NP, DBP formation, and DBP-estimated cytotoxicity. The ozonation pH was varied to 5, 7, and 9 to determine the effect of acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions. The increase of ozonation initial pH improved the NP degradation. Ozonation of all initial pH conditions could decrease TCM, BDCM, and BDCM formation but increase the TBM formation at alkaline conditions. The formation of mono-HAA5 on the other hand, increased at all ozonation initial pH. Ozonation at acidic and neutral initial conditions can reduce the estimated cytotoxicity of the total formation of THM4 and HAA5 by 74.34 % and 93.31 %, respectively. In contrast, DBP's estimated cytotoxicity was raised by 33.72 % upon ozonation at an initial pH of alkaline. According to the study's findings, lowering the cytotoxicity of DBPs in acidic or alkaline environments can be achieved without changing the ozonation's pH. Based on these findings, pH changes are not required to reduce DBP during ozonation of NP-bromide-containing water. Future research on the impact of natural organic matter is recommended to investigate ozonation's capacity to reduce DBP production during ozonation of NP-containing natural water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101772
Septian Hadi Susetyo , Azham Umar Abidin , Taiki Nagaya , Nobuyuki Kato , Yasuto Matsui
The Ijen Crater volcano is one of the geological wonders recognized by UNESCO. Inside it is a blue lake with a high acidity level, and a blue fire phenomenon has formed due to the very high concentration of sulfur. This crater is also one of Indonesia's largest sources of sulfur and is used by locals as a traditional sulfur mine. This study aims to measure SO2 concentrations and assess the health risks of SO2 exposure in traditional sulfur mine workers. The SO2 measurements were taken using impingers at six sample points along the mine workers' path. In addition, anthropometric data, work activity patterns, and health complaints during work were collected through direct interviews with 30 respondents selected based on inclusion criteria. Short-Term Health Impact Method was carried out based on a comparison of threshold level values and acute effects obtained from interviews regarding health complaints. The Hazard Question Index (HQ Index) of SO2 exposure was calculated using the health risk assessment method. The SO2 concentrations between 3.14 and 18.24 mg/m3. All sample points were above the quality standard threshold set by the EPA of 1.97 mg/m3. The most common health complaints workers experienced were eye irritation and coughing while working, followed by headache, shortness of breath, and skin irritation. The HQ index of SO2 exposure in workers was 1.02 for real-time exposure and 2.15 for long-term exposure. An HQ index ≥ 1 indicates a potential health risk for workers. Therefore, it is important to control workers' SO2 exposure.
{"title":"Environmental health risk assessment and acute effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2) inhalation exposure on traditional sulfur miners at Ijen Crater Volcano, Indonesia","authors":"Septian Hadi Susetyo , Azham Umar Abidin , Taiki Nagaya , Nobuyuki Kato , Yasuto Matsui","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ijen Crater volcano is one of the geological wonders recognized by UNESCO. Inside it is a blue lake with a high acidity level, and a blue fire phenomenon has formed due to the very high concentration of sulfur. This crater is also one of Indonesia's largest sources of sulfur and is used by locals as a traditional sulfur mine. This study aims to measure SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and assess the health risks of SO<sub>2</sub> exposure in traditional sulfur mine workers. The SO<sub>2</sub> measurements were taken using impingers at six sample points along the mine workers' path. In addition, anthropometric data, work activity patterns, and health complaints during work were collected through direct interviews with 30 respondents selected based on inclusion criteria. Short-Term Health Impact Method was carried out based on a comparison of threshold level values and acute effects obtained from interviews regarding health complaints. The Hazard Question Index (HQ Index) of SO<sub>2</sub> exposure was calculated using the health risk assessment method. The SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations between 3.14 and 18.24 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. All sample points were above the quality standard threshold set by the EPA of 1.97 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. The most common health complaints workers experienced were eye irritation and coughing while working, followed by headache, shortness of breath, and skin irritation. The HQ index of SO<sub>2</sub> exposure in workers was 1.02 for real-time exposure and 2.15 for long-term exposure. An HQ index ≥ 1 indicates a potential health risk for workers. Therefore, it is important to control workers' SO<sub>2</sub> exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poisoning is a critical health issue caused by exposure to harmful substances, leading to a range of biological effects from mild irritation to severe organ damage and death. Acute poisoning is particularly prevalent in developing countries reliant on agriculture, where agricultural poisons such as organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and aluminum/zinc phosphide are common. This study aims to analyze the histopathological changes in various organs in autopsy of poisoning cases to understand the extent and nature of organ damage.
Methods
Autopsies were performed on cases with an established or suspected history of poison ingestion. Tissue samples from the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, and lungs were examined for histopathological changes.
Results
Out of 52 cases analyzed, aluminum phosphide was the predominant poison, accounting for 76.92 % of cases. Histopathological findings in poisoning cases included significant pulmonary edema (55.77 %), intra-alveolar hemorrhage (48.08 %), liver ballooning degeneration (48.08 %), acute tubular necrosis (51.92 %) in kidney, and universal brain and spleen congestion (100 %). Stomach findings showed partial loss of rugosity (80.77 %), congestion (51.92 %), necrosis of the mucosa (30.77 %), congestion (71.15 %), denudation of the epithelium (48.08 %), and mucosal inflammation (48.08 %) as predominant findings. Aluminum phosphide caused severe histopathological changes across all examined organs.
Conclusion
The study highlights the critical role of histopathological examination in diagnosing and understanding organ damage in poisoning cases. Forensic pathologists can use these histopathological patterns as reference points to differentiate poisoning from other causes of death, aiding in accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.
{"title":"Histopathological changes in the human tissues in various types of poisoning: A cross-sectional autopsy study","authors":"Jayeshkumar Kanani , Mohammed Iliyas Sheikh , Sudha Jain , Swati Mesuriya","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Poisoning is a critical health issue caused by exposure to harmful substances, leading to a range of biological effects from mild irritation to severe organ damage and death. Acute poisoning is particularly prevalent in developing countries reliant on agriculture, where agricultural poisons such as organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and aluminum/zinc phosphide are common. This study aims to analyze the histopathological changes in various organs in autopsy of poisoning cases to understand the extent and nature of organ damage.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Autopsies were performed on cases with an established or suspected history of poison ingestion. Tissue samples from the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, and lungs were examined for histopathological changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 52 cases analyzed, aluminum phosphide was the predominant poison, accounting for 76.92 % of cases. Histopathological findings in poisoning cases included significant pulmonary edema (55.77 %), intra-alveolar hemorrhage (48.08 %), liver ballooning degeneration (48.08 %), acute tubular necrosis (51.92 %) in kidney, and universal brain and spleen congestion (100 %). Stomach findings showed partial loss of rugosity (80.77 %), congestion (51.92 %), necrosis of the mucosa (30.77 %), congestion (71.15 %), denudation of the epithelium (48.08 %), and mucosal inflammation (48.08 %) as predominant findings. Aluminum phosphide caused severe histopathological changes across all examined organs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study highlights the critical role of histopathological examination in diagnosing and understanding organ damage in poisoning cases. Forensic pathologists can use these histopathological patterns as reference points to differentiate poisoning from other causes of death, aiding in accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11513817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142523204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101767
Asghar Ghahri , Pouria Seydi , Amir Ranjbar , Hosna Hatami , Tina Beheshti , Enayatollah Seydi
Gas stations are one of the sources of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) and polyromantic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the level of breathing exposure of gas station workers to BTEX, PAHs and oxidative stress caused by exposure to these compounds in Karaj city. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the mechanisms involved in the toxicity caused by exposure to gas vapors. In this study, all 25 gas stations in the city of Karaj were investigated. Personal sampling and analysis of BTEX and PAHs was done according to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501 and 5515 methods, respectively. Finally, oxidative stress markers were investigated in 25 gas station workers and 25 control group. The results showed that the mean age and employment history of gas station workers are 39.96 ± 9.55 and 12.84 ± 6.92, respectively. Also, no significant difference was reported between gas station workers and control subjects in terms of oxidative stress parameters including the level of ROS, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. The concentration values of personal exposure of gas station workers to BTEX and PAHs are lower than the occupational exposure limits (OEL). Although the level of oxidative stress parameters in gas station workers is higher than the control group, this difference is not statistically significant (p>0.05). It is recommended to take personal protection measures in case of chronic exposure.
{"title":"Evaluation of exposure to volatile organic compounds (BTEX) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gas station workers and oxidative stress assessment in Karaj city","authors":"Asghar Ghahri , Pouria Seydi , Amir Ranjbar , Hosna Hatami , Tina Beheshti , Enayatollah Seydi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas stations are one of the sources of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) and polyromantic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the level of breathing exposure of gas station workers to BTEX, PAHs and oxidative stress caused by exposure to these compounds in Karaj city. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the mechanisms involved in the toxicity caused by exposure to gas vapors. In this study, all 25 gas stations in the city of Karaj were investigated. Personal sampling and analysis of BTEX and PAHs was done according to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501 and 5515 methods, respectively. Finally, oxidative stress markers were investigated in 25 gas station workers and 25 control group. The results showed that the mean age and employment history of gas station workers are 39.96 ± 9.55 and 12.84 ± 6.92, respectively. Also, no significant difference was reported between gas station workers and control subjects in terms of oxidative stress parameters including the level of ROS, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. The concentration values of personal exposure of gas station workers to BTEX and PAHs are lower than the occupational exposure limits (OEL). Although the level of oxidative stress parameters in gas station workers is higher than the control group, this difference is not statistically significant (p>0.05). It is recommended to take personal protection measures in case of chronic exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101765
Hossein Majidzadeh , Mostafa Araj-Khodaei , Ayuob Aghanejad , Maryam Ghaffari , Amir Jafari , Forough Jenanifard , Jafar Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi , Hashem Andishmand , Michael R. Hamblin
Polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) is a class of synthetic macromolecular polymers for targeted drug delivery. PAMAM dendrimers are characterized by a pure defined structure, adjustable nanoscale dimensions, mono-dispersity, and versatile surface modification. The objective of this study was to study the covalent coupling of methotrexate (MTX) to PAMAM dendrimer, which was loaded with the natural product anticancer agent, berberine (BER) for the targeting of HeLa cells. The successful preparation of MTX-conjugated PAMAM loaded with BER (MTX-PAMAM-BER) was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and particle size was evaluated using dynamic light scattering. The biological assays, MTT, flow cytometry, ROS levels evaluation and DAPI staining were used to assess the cytotoxicity effect of the prepared nanosystem. The findings indicated that MTX-PAMAM-BER exhibited greater suppression of tumor cell growth in comparison to BER, MTX, PAMAM-BER, and MTX-PAMAM. Besides, the noteworthy ROS level has been seen in the treated cells with MTX-PAMAM-BER. Finally, it should be stated that the fabricated MTX-PAMAM-BER co-delivery nanosystem could be a promising agent for cancer therapy and targeting.
{"title":"PAMAM dendrimers based co-delivery of methotrexate and berberine for targeting of Hela cancer cells","authors":"Hossein Majidzadeh , Mostafa Araj-Khodaei , Ayuob Aghanejad , Maryam Ghaffari , Amir Jafari , Forough Jenanifard , Jafar Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi , Hashem Andishmand , Michael R. Hamblin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) is a class of synthetic macromolecular polymers for targeted drug delivery. PAMAM dendrimers are characterized by a pure defined structure, adjustable nanoscale dimensions, mono-dispersity, and versatile surface modification. The objective of this study was to study the covalent coupling of methotrexate (MTX) to PAMAM dendrimer, which was loaded with the natural product anticancer agent, berberine (BER) for the targeting of HeLa cells. The successful preparation of MTX-conjugated PAMAM loaded with BER (MTX-PAMAM-BER) was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and particle size was evaluated using dynamic light scattering. The biological assays, MTT, flow cytometry, ROS levels evaluation and DAPI staining were used to assess the cytotoxicity effect of the prepared nanosystem. The findings indicated that MTX-PAMAM-BER exhibited greater suppression of tumor cell growth in comparison to BER, MTX, PAMAM-BER, and MTX-PAMAM. Besides, the noteworthy ROS level has been seen in the treated cells with MTX-PAMAM-BER. Finally, it should be stated that the fabricated MTX-PAMAM-BER co-delivery nanosystem could be a promising agent for cancer therapy and targeting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101766
Yohanna Layssa dos Santos Melo , Ana Carolina Luchiari , Beatriz Silva Lopes , Maria Gabriela Ferreira Rocha Silva , Tatiana dos Santos Pais , João Eduardo Procópio Gama Cortez , Christina da Silva Camillo , Sérgio Adriane Bezerra de Moura , Juliana Kelly da Silva-Maia , Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
The trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind seeds (TTI) is being investigated for potential applications in the treatment of noncommunicable diseases (NCD), such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. This study aimed to assess TTI embryotoxicity and acute toxicity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). TTI was extracted and isolated from tamarind seeds. Embryonic and adult zebrafish were exposed for 96 hours to three concentrations of TTI (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/L). Zebrafish embryos (n=60 per group) were evaluated for survival, hatching, malformations, and potential developmental marker alterations, in addition to cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity tests. For acute toxicity assessment in adults (n=20 per group), survival and locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed, along with genotoxicity (micronucleus) evaluation. Embryos exposed to TTI showed no significant adverse effects, presented normal heart rates and positive reflex response in the neurotoxicity tests. In adult fish, TTI did not cause mortality or significant behavioral changes, suggesting no neurotoxicity and no genotoxicity. Histopathological analyses of the whole body showed only changes in the liver and spinal cord, similar to those observed in the control group not exposed to TTI. These findings indicate TTI's biosafety and therapeutic potential in complex organisms. Further research is required to evaluate its long-term effects and efficacy in treating non-communicable diseases.
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Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using medicinal plants increasing rapidly due to its eco-friendly to environment. In this study Zinc oxide nanoparticle is synthesized using the leaf extract of plant E. roseum. Synthesized NPs was characterized using UV- Vis Spectroscopy analysis where the peak observed at 374 nm with band gap of 2.5 eV, FTIR and XRD analysis validate pure hexagonal structure, Spherical shape of NPs was confirmed by SEM with EDX analysis and main compounds are zinc 75 % and oxygen 22 %. Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis confirms the oval shaped ZnO NPs Biological activity of E. roseum ZnO NPs such as antioxidant assay DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical activity shows good inhibition against free radicals. The In-vitro Hypoglycemic effects has maximum inhibition of 96 % on α- amylase activity and 87 % on α- Glycosidase activity. Anti-inflammatory activity recorded 93 % maximum inhibition at Albumin denaturation assay and 75 % at Membrane stabilization assay. E. roseum ZnO NPs shows 67.79 % on HepG2 Anti-proliferative cells line. AO/EtBr staining assays confirms the apoptosis effect. Larvicidal activity shows highest mortality of 98.44 % on species C. quinquefasciatus. Photocatalytic dyedegradation of Methylene blue dye shows 65 % of dye degradation.
由于药用植物对环境无害，利用药用植物合成金属氧化物纳米粒子的研究正在迅速增加。本研究利用蔷薇叶提取物合成了氧化锌纳米粒子。利用紫外可见光谱分析对合成的纳米粒子进行了表征，在 374 纳米处观察到带隙为 2.5 eV 的峰值，傅立叶变换红外光谱和 X 射线衍射分析验证了纳米粒子的纯六边形结构，通过扫描电镜和电离辐射 X 分析确认了纳米粒子的球形形状，主要化合物为 75% 的锌和 22% 的氧。透射电子显微镜分析证实了氧化锌纳米粒子的椭圆形生物活性，如抗氧化试验 DPPH、ABTS 和羟基自由基活性显示了对自由基的良好抑制作用。体外降血糖作用对 α- 淀粉酶活性的最大抑制率为 96%，对 α- 糖苷酶活性的最大抑制率为 87%。抗炎活性在白蛋白变性试验中的最大抑制率为 93%，在膜稳定试验中的抑制率为 75%。E. roseum ZnO NPs 对 HepG2 抗增殖细胞系的抑制率为 67.79%。AO/EtBr 染色试验证实了凋亡效应。杀幼虫活性显示，对 C. quinquefasciatus 的最高死亡率为 98.44%。光催化降解亚甲基蓝染料的效果为 65%。
{"title":"Bioefficacy of Zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis and their Biological, Environmental applications from Eranthemum roseum","authors":"Ramachandran Adhavan , Kuppusamy Selvam , Palanisamy Prakash , Peraman Manimegalai , Dharmalingam Kirubakaran , Muthugounder Subramanian Shivakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using medicinal plants increasing rapidly due to its eco-friendly to environment. In this study Zinc oxide nanoparticle is synthesized using the leaf extract of plant <em>E. roseum.</em> Synthesized NPs was characterized using UV- Vis Spectroscopy analysis where the peak observed at 374 nm with band gap of 2.5 eV, FTIR and XRD analysis validate pure hexagonal structure, Spherical shape of NPs was confirmed by SEM with EDX analysis and main compounds are zinc 75 % and oxygen 22 %. Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis confirms the oval shaped ZnO NPs Biological activity of <em>E. roseum</em> ZnO NPs such as antioxidant assay DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical activity shows good inhibition against free radicals. The In-vitro Hypoglycemic effects has maximum inhibition of 96 % on α- amylase activity and 87 % on α- Glycosidase activity. Anti-inflammatory activity recorded 93 % maximum inhibition at Albumin denaturation assay and 75 % at Membrane stabilization assay. <em>E. roseum</em> ZnO NPs shows 67.79 % on HepG2 Anti-proliferative cells line. AO/EtBr staining assays confirms the apoptosis effect. Larvicidal activity shows highest mortality of 98.44 % on species <em>C. quinquefasciatus.</em> Photocatalytic dyedegradation of Methylene blue dye shows 65 % of dye degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101758"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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