Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"PNA5, a glycosylated angiotensin-(1−7) mas receptor agonist for vascular dementia: A two species toxicology and toxicokinetic study","authors":"Christina Hoyer-Kimura ,&nbsp;John P. Konhilas ,&nbsp;Meredith Hay","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PNA5 is a novel pleotropic anti-inflammatory glycosylated-Angiotensin-(1−7) peptide derivative with outstanding brain penetration and enhanced bioavailability. PNA5, via the Mas receptor, decreases brain and cerebrovascular inflammation, reduces reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines production, improves cerebral blood flow, and restores cognitive function in our mouse model of VCID (Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia). This study evaluated the potential systemic and local toxicity and toxicokinetic (TK) of PNA5 following daily subcutaneous administration in Sprague Dawley rats and Beagle dogs for 28 consecutive days. PNA5 was given at 1, 5, 40 mg/kg/day to rats (n = 12) and at 1, 5, and 20 mg/kg/day in dogs (n = 6) once daily for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on days 1 and 28 for TK analysis. PNA5 was well tolerated at all doses in both species, with no test article-related mortality or adverse effects. Systemic exposure to PNA5 appeared to be independent of sex. In rats, Cmax and AUC_0–2hr values increased with increasing doses. Systemic exposure to PNA5 in rats was greater on day 28 compared to day 1 following repeated administration of PNA5. In dogs, Cmax values increased less than dose-proportionally, and AUC_0–2hr increased approximately dose-proportionally on days 1 and 28. Systemic exposure to PNA5 in dogs was similar on days 1 and 28 following repeated administration. These results show that PNA5 has no toxicological effects at the highest doses tested in rats or dogs and is well tolerated with repeated exposure for 28 days. Accumulation was observed in rats but not in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulatory potential of A novel benzofuran-derived compound against aluminium chloride-induced neurotoxicity and miRNA dysregulation: Biochemical and bio-analytical study","authors":"Maha Zaki Rizk ,&nbsp;Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad ,&nbsp;Eman Younis ,&nbsp;Khalda Amr ,&nbsp;Nesma Elaraby ,&nbsp;Maha Fawzi Emam ,&nbsp;Aya Rashad Abdou ,&nbsp;Nesrin Fouad Taha ,&nbsp;Laila Hasanin Emara ,&nbsp;Hanan Farouk Aly","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the current work was to investigate the neuro-modulatory activities of a novel synthesized compound, namely, 3-((3-Acetylphenyl) amino)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (designated as <strong>compound IV</strong>) in aluminium-chloride (AlCl3)-intoxicated rats. Moreover, for the first time, quantitative analysis of compound-IV in rat plasma was developed using a novel, properly validated Ultra-High-Performance-Liquid Chromatography / Ultra-Violet (UHPLC/UV) method. For the biochemical studies; four-groups were included: negative-control, AlCl₃-intoxicated-rats, intoxicated-rats treated with compound-IV, and reference-donepezil, respectively. Biochemical/molecular assays were conducted; levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), total antioxidant-capacity (TAC), brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF), and total protein content (TP). Differential expressions of miRNA-34a, miRNA-15a, and miRNA-132, were assessed. For the bio-analytical studies; several chromatographic-conditions and extraction-procedures were meticulously optimized. Biochemical results revealed that AlCl₃ (a neurotoxic-agent), enhanced neuroinflammation, oxidative-stress and synaptic-dysfunction; as indicated by increased IL-6 levels, declined both TAC levels and BDNF contents. Moreover, significant dysregulation in miR-34a, −15a, and −132 levels were observed. In contrast, treatment of neuro-intoxicated rats with compound-IV ameliorated all the investigated biomarkers. This novel-benzofuran-derivative exerts its neurotherapeutic-activity by reducing AlCl₃-induced neurotoxicity and mitigating oxidative-stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic-dysfunction through regulating all miRNA levels. The developed and validated analytical-method ensured that best quantitative separation of compound-IV was achieved using Symmetry-C18-column, with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: H₂O (50: 50), UV detection at λmax 390-nm, 1 mL/min flow-rate and 3.4 min retention time. The proposed method provides excellent specificity and linearity over concentration range of 1–100 μg/mL; hence, it could serve as a perquisite-step for further investigation of bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of this compound.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of different extracts of Turraea vogelii leaves","authors":"Olorunfemi R. Molehin ,&nbsp;Oluwasegun S. Dauda ,&nbsp;Oluwakemi V. Adeleke ,&nbsp;Joy F. David ,&nbsp;Testimony O. Oso ,&nbsp;Anne A. Adeyanju","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Turraea vogelii Hook</em>.f. is a plant valued for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the comparative analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of different extracts of <em>Turrea vogelii Hook</em>.f. leaves. The fresh leaves of the plant were harvested, air-dried, ground, and extracted with three solvents based on polarity (Dichloromethane (DCM), Ethyl Acetate, and n-hexane) via a maceration procedure. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of these compounds was tested to assess their efficacy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse the functional groups and organic compounds present in the drug materials, respectively. Antioxidant screening identified flavonoids (24.63 ± 0.47, 19.96 ± 0.17, 21.04 ± 0.04), phenols (20.18 ± 0.4, 17.61 ± 0.11, 8.65 ± 0.15) in 100μg/mL of the DCM, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane crude extracts, respectively. The antibacterial evaluation showed that the DCM extract demonstrated potent activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 3.125 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 6.25 µg/mL to 50 µg/mL against pathogens such as <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 35218, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2921, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> ATCC 700303, and <em>Salmonella typhi</em> ATCC14028. FTIR analysis identified several functional groups in the extract, including hydroxyls, alkanes, amides, ethers, and amines, indicative of diverse bioactive compounds, and GC-MS identified key compounds like squalene and Hexanoic acid. The results highlight the potential of plant leaves to possess notable antioxidants and antibacterial properties, supporting their traditional use in folk medicine and paving the way for the development of novel antibacterial agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) by pioglitazone in oral traumatic ulcers in female rats","authors":"Roque Soares Martins Neto ,&nbsp;Lívia Victor da Silva,&nbsp;Clarice Lioba de Araújo,&nbsp;Angelo Gabriel Farias Valente,&nbsp;Antonio Alexandre Coelho,&nbsp;Caio Ferreira Freire Caetano,&nbsp;Gabriella Alves Julião Costa,&nbsp;Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva ,&nbsp;Rafael Linard Avelar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone treatment on oral ulcer healing in rats, given its potential to modulate inflammatory processes. Thirty-two animals were randomly allocated into four groups: one control and three treated with different doses of pioglitazone (5, 15, and 45 mg/kg). Oral mucosal ulceration was induced one hour after treatment using a 6 mm diameter and 1 mm deep punch. Samples were collected on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 for histological analysis with optical microscopy, while immunohistochemistry was performed to assess expression of inflammatory markers across five fields. Ulcer size significantly decreased in groups treated with 15 and 45 mg/kg compared with the control group on days 1, 3, and 7. By day 14, no differences were observed between groups, although all groups exhibited progressive reduction from day 7 onward. Histological scoring demonstrated reduced acute inflammation in pioglitazone-treated animals by day 3, evolving into mild inflammation by day 7 and minimal levels by day 14. Additionally, Pioglitazone treatment also reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and NFkB p65 levels compared to controls. This study demonstrates that pioglitazone accelerates oral healing by modulating inflammatory mediators, suggesting a novel therapeutic role in wound management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety evaluation of Butyricicoccus faecihominis DSM 34943","authors":"Jeffrey Pitt ,&nbsp;Mark R. Bauter ,&nbsp;Ritesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Oliver Hasselwander ,&nbsp;Ashley A. Hibberd ,&nbsp;Helene Kane ,&nbsp;Qiong Wang ,&nbsp;Isabelle Auzanneau ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Bry ,&nbsp;Elisabeth David ,&nbsp;Pauline Seguinot ,&nbsp;Frank Burns ,&nbsp;Amy B. Smith ,&nbsp;Miriam Carnovale","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel strain of <em>Butyricicoccus faecihominis</em> DSM 34943 was isolated from the feces of a healthy human donor. In order to fully assess the safety of this strain, a full genomic assessment, further <em>in-vitro</em> characterization and a combined <em>in-vivo</em> subchronic 28-day and 90-day toxicity study is reported herein. <em>B. faecihominis</em> DSM 34943 was susceptible to antibiotics of human clinical relevance, was sensitive to bile and gastric juice pH conditions, and does not exhibit any aspects of virulence. This strain also demonstrates the ability to engraft the gastrointestinal tract of rats, persisting with continuous administration of the strain until the end of the study. Exposure to 2000 mg/kg BW/day <em>B. faecihominis</em> DSM 34943 did not produce any evidence of toxicity after either 28- or 90-days of exposure and did not translocate across the gastrointestinal barrier. Therefore, the NOEL for <em>B. faecihominis</em> DSM 34943, administered for 28- or 90-days, was determined to be the limit dose at 2000 mg/kg/day in male and female rats, a level which meets or exceeds calculated dose equivalent of 1.97 × 10¹¹ CFU/kg/day. <em>B. faecihominis</em> DSM 34943 activity was also evaluated in a DIO mice model and supplementation of <em>B. faecihominis</em> DSM 34943 resulted in significant improvement in insulin sensitivity, leptin, resistin and cholesterol levels, suggesting that this strain has potential as a safe next generation probiotic for metabolic health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxicity evaluation of kaurenoic acid","authors":"Lonneke C. Wilms ,&nbsp;Jennifer L.G. van de Ligt ,&nbsp;Christine M. Crincoli ,&nbsp;Alex K. Eapen","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genotoxicity evaluations are essential components of the safety assessment for compounds intended for ingestion. Kaurenoic acid, a naturally occurring diterpene, is found in various plant species that are under investigation for potential therapeutic and sweetening properties. <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 and <em>Escherichia coli</em> strain WP2uvrA were treated with kaurenoic acid using the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods. Up to eight dose levels were tested, with and without metabolic activation using 10 % rat liver S9 mix with standard co-factors. Kaurenoic acid did not induce an increase in revertant colony frequency at any dose level under either condition indicating a lack of mutagenic activity. Additionally, genotoxic potential was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes via the in vitro micronucleus assay. Duplicate cultures were treated with kaurenoic acid at four dose levels with exposure conditions including a 4-hour exposure with or without 2 % S9 and a 24-hour exposure without S9. While kaurenoic acid exhibited marked toxicity, it did not produce any statistically significant increase in micronucleated binucleate cells. The assay included a dose that induced approximately 55 ± 5 % cytostasis, consistent with current OECD guidelines. Under the conditions of these studies, kaurenoic acid demonstrated no evidence of mutagenicity, clastogenicity, or aneugenicity. When considered with existing literature, the current findings support the conclusion that kaurenoic acid does not pose a genotoxic risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics and child health: A scoping review of prenatal and early-life exposure routes and potential health risks","authors":"Sakuntala Nadarasan ,&nbsp;Zhi Xin Phuna ,&nbsp;Rahela Zaman ,&nbsp;Chung Keat Tan ,&nbsp;Normina Ahmad Bustami ,&nbsp;Yu Bin Ho ,&nbsp;Stephanie Julia Kosasih ,&nbsp;Eugenie Sin Sing Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) is defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm. MPs have become a major environmental pollutant and it is originating from the breakdown of larger plastic waste. This article aims to explore MPs exposure to human health, particularly its potential effects during early developmental years. Studies reveal that MPs exposure begins via intra-uterine route, where MPs were detected in the placenta, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, fetal membranes, and umbilical vein blood. As infants developed, the MPs exposure continued via breast milk, milk storage bags, formula, feeding bottles, and even from pacifiers. During early childhood, exposure routes can be from 3 different routes, including dermal contact (clothing, childcare products), ingestion (bottled milk, school dust, playground sand, sugar, salt), and inhalation (toy blocks, play mats, indoor air). The review also highlights the potential health risks to vital organs and systems from prenatal as well as postnatal MPs exposure in <em>in vivo</em> studies. These includes the optical, neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, urinary, digestive, skeletal, lymphatic and reproductive systems. Given their small size and potential toxicity, MPs may disrupt these important developmental processes, leading to long-term health consequences. This article explores the route of MPs exposure with the potential severity and health impacts of those exposure, especially for fetuses, infants, and children. By doing so, it aims to identify any missing knowledge in this area. This research will serve as a foundation for designing future studies that identify health risks in generations exposed to MPs from a very young age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentially toxic elements in the Bangladeshi diet: An assessment of plant-based foods from a rural market","authors":"Shamim Al Mamun ,&nbsp;Jannatara Ferdush ,&nbsp;Alisha Islam ,&nbsp;Sowmik Das Sowmya ,&nbsp;Brett H. Robinson ,&nbsp;Ismail Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contamination of staple foods with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) poses significant health concerns. Following reports of elevated concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in Bangladeshi soils, we aimed to determine the concentrations of these elements in commonly consumed vegetables (n = 10 species) and rice (n = 5 varieties) collected from markets in the Jamalpur district, Bangladesh, a representative rural market, to evaluate the associated human health risks. Mean PTE concentrations in vegetables frequently exceeded FAO/WHO food safety standards (FSS). All rice samples exceeded the FSS limits for Cd, Ni, and Pb, with 80 % exceeding the Cr limits. Health risks were calculated using estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target carcinogenic risk (TCR). While cumulative non-carcinogenic risks (HI &lt; 1) were within acceptable levels for both adults and children, the EDI values for Cd, Ni, and Pb in adults, as well as Cd and Cr in children, exceeded their respective tolerable daily intakes (TDI). The TCR for Cd and Cr exceeded the USEPA threshold (10⁻⁴) for both age groups, indicating significant carcinogenic risks. Principal component analysis revealed that Cd, Ni, and Pb likely originated from common sources such as industrial emissions and contaminated irrigation water, while Cr appeared to stem from distinct inputs, possibly agrochemicals or textile-related activities. These findings indicate potential health risks, including carcinogenic effects, from dietary PTE exposure in Jamalpur. The results suggest that similar rural regions may benefit from source control, rigorous monitoring, and regulatory interventions to ensure food safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute toxicity of arsenate and arsenite in two scleractinian coral species: Acropora cervicornis and Orbicella faveolata","authors":"Cailey E. Dorman ,&nbsp;Dimitrios G. Giarikos ,&nbsp;Amy C. Hirons ,&nbsp;Carys L. Mitchelmore ,&nbsp;D. Abigail Renegar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inorganic arsenic, specifically arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)], disrupts physiological and biochemical processes in marine organisms, yet their specific impacts on coral reef species remain largely unstudied. This study is the first to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)] on two threatened scleractinian coral species, <em>Acropora cervicornis</em> and <em>Orbicella faveolata</em>. Using four 96-h static-renewal assays, corals were exposed to six treatments: five concentrations and a negative control with all concentrations being analytically verified. Toxicity was evaluated through three endpoints: mortality (LC50), coral condition (EC50), and photosynthetic efficiency (IC50). The LC50s were found to be 0.0365 mg L⁻¹ As(V) and 0.111 mg L⁻¹ As(III) for <em>A. cervicornis</em> and 0.315 mg L⁻¹ As(V) and 0.235 mg L⁻¹ As(III) for <em>O. faveolata</em>. Both species showed significant adverse effects across all subacute endpoints, with <em>Orbicella faveolata</em> significantly more sensitive to As(III), whereas <em>A. cervicornis</em> showed greater sensitivity to As(V). This challenges the prevailing assumption that As(III) is universally more toxic to marine taxa. Species sensitivity distributions found that the LC50 values for these corals were lower than previously reported marine organism’s LC50s, highlighting the heightened vulnerability of coral. These findings provide critical data for refining sediment quality guidelines and improving ecological risk assessments in arsenic-impacted reef environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzene exposure and health risk assessment among workers in informal footwear workshops: A cross-sectional study in Medan, Indonesia","authors":"Taufik Ashar,&nbsp;Devi Nuraini Santi,&nbsp;Evi Naria","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benzene is widely used in small-scale industries, particularly in informal footwear manufacturing, due to its adhesive properties. However, its volatility and carcinogenicity pose serious health risks to workers in poorly regulated environments. This study hypothesized that informal footwear workers in Medan are exposed to benzene concentrations exceeding international safety standards, resulting in measurable biological effects and increased health risks. Environmental monitoring was conducted in seven workshops, revealing ambient benzene levels ranging from 0.101 to 0.5147 mg/m³ . Five locations exceeded the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (0.32 mg/m³), and all surpassed the WHO air quality guideline (0.005 mg/m³). Biomarker analysis showed elevated trans,trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, particularly in workshops with poor ventilation and high worker density. A moderate correlation between tt-MA and MDA (r = 0.462, p = 0.003) confirmed the link between benzene exposure and oxidative stress. Clinical symptoms such as headache and appetite loss were significantly associated with MDA and tt-MA levels, respectively, suggesting early biological effects. Carcinogenic risk assessment indicated that four locations exceeded acceptable lifetime cancer risk thresholds, with Location VI presenting a 65-fold exceedance. These findings underscore the urgent need for low-cost interventions, such as improved ventilation and safer chemical substitutes, to reduce exposure in informal industrial settings. Longitudinal studies are recommended to clarify causal pathways and inform occupational health policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}