Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Chronic lung tissue deposition of inhaled polyethylene microplastics may lead to fibrotic lesions","authors":"Wonkyun Jung ,&nbsp;Mi-Jin Yang ,&nbsp;Min-Sung Kang ,&nbsp;Jin-Bae Kim ,&nbsp;Kyung-Sik Yoon ,&nbsp;Taekyung Yu ,&nbsp;Cheolho Yoon ,&nbsp;Hae Won Yang ,&nbsp;Seong-Jin Choi ,&nbsp;Eun-Jung Park","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the expected increase in exposure to airborne microplastics, we here aimed to assess the acute and subchronic toxicity of inhaled polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs). At 24 h post-exposure (0, 125, 250, and 500 μg/lung), PE-MPs were found within alveolar macrophages in the lungs of PE-MP-treated mice, along with an increase in the total number of pulmonary cells and higher pulmonary levels of LDH, CXCL-1, and CCL-2. Similarly, when exposed twice for 14 days (weekly, 0, 125, 250, and 500 μg/lung), the total number of pulmonary cells and the levels of pulmonary chemokines and blood IgE were elevated, whereas the expression of surface proteins related to cell-to-cell interactions was inhibited on the pulmonary cells of mice exposed to PE-MPs. After 90 days of repeated intratracheal instillation (0, 5, 25, and 50 μg/lung), PE-MPs deposited in the lung tissues and increased dose-dependently both the total number of pulmonary cells and inflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, infiltration of inflammatory cells, formation of multinucleated giant cells, and thickening of the alveolar wall were noted in the lung tissues of PE-MP-treated male and female mice. While the production of IgA and IgG was inhibited in male and female mice following exposure to PE-MPs, the levels of IgE and IgM tended to increase. In addition, the expression of fibrillar collagens was enhanced in the lung tissues of PE-MP-treated mice. Taken together, we suggest that chronic pulmonary exposure to PE-MPs may cause immune dysregulation by impairing the antigen-presenting function of alveolar macrophages and that PE-MP-induced chronic inflammation may be linked to fibrotic lesions. In addition, we believe that these hypotheses will be clarified by further study of the effects of chronic exposure to PE-MPs on lung function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subchronic oral toxicity and in vitro anti-neuroinflammatory evaluation of Ficus erecta leaves extract for potential functional food applications","authors":"Eunjin Sohn,&nbsp;Yu Jin Kim,&nbsp;Woo-Young Jeon,&nbsp;Sae-Rom Yoo,&nbsp;Kyuhyung Jo,&nbsp;Ami Lee,&nbsp;Aejin Kim,&nbsp;Jin Ah Ryuk,&nbsp;Chan-Sik Kim,&nbsp;Bu-Yeo Kim,&nbsp;Mee-Young Lee,&nbsp;Hye-Sun Lim,&nbsp;Youn-Hwan Hwang,&nbsp;Soo-Jin Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ficus erecta</em> leaves, a traditional medicinal plant that is widely used in East Asia, have demonstrated promising cognitive-enhancing effects. However, the safety of its long-term administration has not been elucidated. Therefore, we evaluated the subchronic toxicity of an ethanol extract of <em>F. erecta</em> leaves (EEFE) by conducting 13-week repeated oral toxicity study using Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Male and female rats were administered EEFE at doses of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day. Clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weights, and gross necropsy findings were also monitored. No treatment-related mortality or toxic effects were observed at any doses of EEFE. Accordingly, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined to be 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes. Additionally, we observed anti-neuroinflammatory effects of EEFE and its active compound rutin in BV-2 microglia. EEFE and rutin significantly inhibited nitrate and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) production in BV-2 cells. These results support the safety and anti-inflammatory action of EEFE for further development as a candidate herbal therapeutic or functional food for improving cognitive health and age-related conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unvaporized e-liquid toxicity elevates CD44-dependent hyaluronan catabolic gene expression and triggers inflammation in human vocal fold fibroblasts","authors":"Kaustuv Basu ,&nbsp;James Li,&nbsp;Luc Mongeau","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electronic (e)-cigarette and e-liquid exposure have been linked to vocal fold inflammation and dysphonia, yet no targeted non-surgical therapies currently exist. Hyaluronan, a key extracellular matrix component essential for vocal fold structure, repair, and function, is known to be dysregulated in inflammatory conditions; however, its metabolic gene response to e-liquid exposure in human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs) remains uncharacterized. Hence, it is critical to understand hyaluronan metabolic gene expression under e-liquid toxicity to develop novel drug discovery strategies for vocal fold inflammation. To avoid confounding effects from thermal degradation and aerosol variability in conventional vapor models, hVFFs were exposed to nicotine-containing unvaporized e-liquid (0.125–1 mg/mL) for 24 h, revealing concentration-dependent changes in cell morphology and viability (p &lt; 0.05). The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) was determined to be 0.437 mg/mL and used for short-term (24 h) and extended (72–96 h) exposures. Extended exposure induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, suppressed collagenolysis, and increased the collagen 1 A: collagen 3 A ratio, suggesting fibrotic remodeling. Short-term exposure downregulated hyaluronan synthases (HAS1, HAS2, HAS3) and catabolic genes (HYAL2, CD44), reducing extracellular hyaluronan levels. In contrast, extended exposure repressed HAS1 and HAS2 while upregulating HAS3, CD44, and HYAL2, indicating enhanced hyaluronan degradation and accumulation of proinflammatory low molecular weight hyaluronan. CD44 silencing reduced <em>IL-8</em> mRNA expression, confirming its role in hVFF inflammation. These findings provide the first mechanistic insight into unvaporized e-liquid-induced dysregulation of hyaluronan metabolism in hVFFs, offering a foundation for biomarker identification and therapeutic development targeting e-cigarette-associated vocal fold inflammation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of antimalarial drugs on oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice","authors":"John Oludele Olanlokun ,&nbsp;Oluseye Osovehe Yahaya ,&nbsp;Cecilia Opeyemi Babarinde ,&nbsp;Oluwakemi Marvellous Oloke ,&nbsp;Paul Steenkamp ,&nbsp;Gerhard Prinsloo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitochondria occupy prominent position in cell metabolism. Information on changes in host mitochondrial capacity in electron transport system, dynamics and mitophagy in mice infected with resistant <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> and thereafter treated with some orthodox drugs, is critical to the survival and the organelles’ metabolism. In this study, the effects of some antimalarial drugs were investigated on mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening, F_oF₁ ATPase and lipid peroxidation, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dynamics in mice infected with chloroquine resistant (ANKA) strain of <em>Plasmodium berghei</em>. Thirty-five Swiss-mice (18 ± 3 g) were infected intraperitoneally with chloroquine resistant (ANKA) strain of <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> and treated orally and once daily with (10 mg/kg) dose of Amodiaquine artesunate (AA), Artemether-Lemefantrine (AL), Sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine (SP) and Artesunate (ART), On day 6, animals were sacrificed and livers were removed. Liver mitochondria were isolated and mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening, F₀F₁ ATPase (mATPase) and lipid peroxidation (mLPO) were determined spectrophotometrically. Gene expressions on liver mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV and V, DNM1L, DRP1, OPA 1 Mitofusin 1 and 2, PINK 1, FUNDC1, PGC-1α and prohibitins 1 and 2 were determined using gel electrophoresis. AA, AL and SP did not significantly open the mPT pore while ART caused its opening (7 fold) and enhance mitochondrial F_oF₁ ATPase (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), SP and AA induced peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) when compared to the infected control. SP and AA significantly silenced the expressions of mitochondrial complexes. The effects of these drugs on mitochondrial fission and fusion vary significantly: AA down-regulated the expressions of <em>DRP1, OPA 1</em> while AA, AL and ART decreased the expression of <em>Mitofusin 2</em> as observed in the infected control. Significant down-regulation in the expressions of <em>PINK 1</em> by SP, <em>FUNDC1</em> by AA and AL, <em>DNM1L</em> by ART, <em>PGC-1α</em> by AA, AL, and ART, and <em>prohibitins 1</em> and <em>2</em> by AA and AL similar to the infected control were observed. This study showed that host mitochondria respond differently to antimalarial drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic and oxidative effects of commercially available propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG): Common humectants in electronic cigarettes","authors":"Yehao Sun ,&nbsp;Gagandeep Kaur ,&nbsp;Felix Effah ,&nbsp;Alan Friedman ,&nbsp;Irfan Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of commercially available brands of common e-liquid humectants – propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) are not known. This study evaluates the toxicities of commercially available PG and VG mixtures compared to their analytically pure grade chemicals. The pH and the viscosity of 50:50 PG/VG mixtures from four different commercially available brands and a pure chemical mixture were measured. Commercially available brands of PG/VG generally had higher pH (up to ∼6.25) and viscosity values (up to 16.4 %) than the pure chemical mixture (pH = 5.5; viscosity = 12.9 %). GC-MS spectra provide evidence of impurities in commercially available PG, but not VG liquids when compared to pure chemicals. While we observe variation in the level of acellular reactive oxygen species generated by commercial mixtures as compared to the pure chemical, the protein carbonylation levels were comparable for both the mixtures, thus indicating variation in the nature of the oxygen species generated upon aerosolization. No noticeable change was observed upon studying the human monocytic U937 cellular responses upon treatment with sub-toxic concentrations of PG/VG mixtures; however, a decrease in the basal IL-8 production was observed at higher concentrations (1 %) of PG/VG treatment. The commercially available PG/VG mixtures show comparable oxidative and biological effects to the pure chemical. However, GC-MS data identified impurities which may explain our observation of a variable ROS profile in each PG/VG mixture. Future work on the brand-specific toxicity of PG/VG or its usage is warranted to inform regulatory guidelines for e-cigarettes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating morphine-induced conditioned place preference: The role of diclofenac sodium","authors":"Haneen Amawi ,&nbsp;Rawan Alhazaimeh ,&nbsp;Alaa M. Hammad ,&nbsp;Aseel O. Rataan ,&nbsp;Sahar Alsheyab ,&nbsp;Tayma Maklouf ,&nbsp;Bahaa Al-Trad ,&nbsp;Karem H. Alzoubi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Morphine is known to induce strong reward-related behaviors, contributing to its high addiction potential. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac sodium, have been suggested to modulate neuroinflammatory pathways involved in addiction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diclofenac sodium on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats and investigate its underlying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Female rats were subjected to a morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol. Diclofenac sodium (25 mg/kg) was administered 30 min prior to morphine conditioning sessions via injection. Post-conditioning, brain tissue samples were analyzed to measure the mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase enzymes (<em>Cox1</em>, <em>Cox2</em>), nuclear factor kappa B (<em>Nf-κB</em>), interleukin-6 (<em>Il-6</em>), and interleukin-1β (<em>Il-1β</em>). Oxidative stress in serum samples was assessed through catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity. Morphine significantly induced CPP, indicating a strong reward effect. Diclofenac sodium administration markedly attenuated this morphine-induced seeking behavior. This behavioral effect was accompanied by a significant reduction in the expression levels of <em>cox1</em>, <em>cox2</em>, <em>nf-κB</em>, and <em>il-6, and a significant increase in il-1β mRNA levels compared to the</em> morphine group. Additionally, diclofenac sodium significantly reduced oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased SOD activity when combined with morphine compared to the morphine group. In conclusion, Diclofenac sodium effectively attenuates morphine-induced reward behavior in the CPP model, potentially through modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. These findings support the therapeutic potential of diclofenac sodium in managing opioid-seeking behaviors and provide insights into its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of heavy metal exposure and cancer risk in Addis Ababa: Trends, risk factors and demographic variations in urinary cadmium, lead and chromium levels","authors":"Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu ,&nbsp;Andualem Mekonnen Hiruy ,&nbsp;Mehari Meles ,&nbsp;Belay Tefera ,&nbsp;Tadesse Alemu Terfie","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to assess the exposure levels of Pb, Cd, and Cr and evaluate trends in heavy metal exposure among the population of Addis Ababa. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 417 participants randomly selected from the population. Spot urine and water samples, socio-demographic characteristics, and food consumption frequency were collected. Heavy metals were analyzed using microwave plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Metal exposure risk from drinking water was assessed. The median concentrations of urinary Pb, Cr, and Cd were 19.4865 µg/g creatinine, 55.65 µg/g creatinine, and below the detection limit (Bd), respectively. Female participants and individuals who consumed meat daily had the highest median concentration of Pb (p &lt; 0.005). Those who drank two or more cups of water daily had lower Pb (P &lt; 0.01). Females who consumed eggs daily and drank two or more cups of water had the highest concentration of Cd, ranking in the 75th percentile. The median Cr concentration was higher in underweight participants (BMI &lt; 18.5 kg/m²) at 88.41 µg/g creatinine and in overweight participants (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) at 66.49 µg/g creatinine compared to normal-weight participants, who had a median concentration of 48.44 µg/g creatinine (P &lt; 0.01). Three metals were detected in 14.4 % and two metals in 52.8 %, and their levels showed an increasing trend over 12 years. Health risk analysis revealed that the highest Cumulative Incremental Life Cancer Risk (CILCR) values were found in Kirkos (KR-10–1.9 ×10⁻³), Lideta (LI-10–2.33 ×10⁻³), and Nifas Silk (NS-11–2.46 ×10⁻³) districts, indicating a significant cancer risk associated with cumulative exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative neurotoxicity of Bisphenol-A and aluminum chloride in adult zebrafish: Behavioral disruption and region-specific neuropathology under chronic exposure","authors":"Logeshwari B ,&nbsp;Srikanth Jeyabalan ,&nbsp;Gayathri Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Krishnaraj Kaliaperumal ,&nbsp;Chetan Ashok ,&nbsp;Naveen Kumar Rajasekaran ,&nbsp;Ling Shing Wong ,&nbsp;Vetriselvan Subramaniyan ,&nbsp;Mahendran Sekar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating environmental presence of neuroactive pollutants such as Bisphenol-A (BPA) and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) raises critical concerns regarding their long-term effects on cognitive health. This study presents a comparative neurotoxicity model using adult zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) exposed to a 21-day static immersion protocol with environmentally relevant doses (2 and 4 mg/L). Neurobehavioral changes were assessed using the novel tank diving test (NTDT) and a color-based T-maze test, combined with detailed histopathological scoring. BPA induced markedly stronger neurobehavioral and neuropathological effects than AlCl₃. BPA exposure caused dose-dependent reductions in swim velocity and distance travelled, heightened anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive inflexibility with reduced exploratory transitions and spatial learning. Histology revealed extensive vacuolation, neuronal pyknosis, and perineural congestion in the telencephalic and diencephalic regions, confirming widespread neurodegeneration. In contrast, AlCl₃ produced moderate impairments, with neuropathology primarily confined to the cerebellum and thalamus. These differential effects suggest distinct mechanisms: BPA may disrupt synaptic plasticity and hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis signaling, whereas AlCl₃ likely involves mitochondrial dysfunction and tauopathy. By integrating behavioral phenotyping with region-specific neuropathology, this model highlights the translational relevance of adult zebrafish for regulatory toxicology and human health risk assessment of aquatic neurotoxicants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-endpoint assessment of tunnel wash water and tyre-particle leachate in zebrafish larvae","authors":"Shubham Varshney ,&nbsp;Chinmayi Ramaghatta ,&nbsp;Prabhugouda Siriyappagouder ,&nbsp;Andy M. Booth ,&nbsp;Lisbet Sørensen ,&nbsp;Pål A. Olsvik","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Washing of road tunnels is essential for removing accumulated pollutants such as tyre wear particles, brake dust, exhaust residues, and road debris to ensure visibility and safe driving. Tunnel washing generates large volumes of contaminated runoff known as untreated tunnel wash runoff (UTWR). Some countries filter UTWR through a sedimentation process before release to reduce contamination, generating what is known as treated tunnel wash runoff (TWR). This study investigates the potential environmental impact of diluted UTWR (25 %) and TWR (50 %) by evaluating their toxicity in fish and comparing the effect to tyre-particle leachate (TPL, 2 g/L). UTWR was collected during tunnel cleaning, and TWR was collected after 14 days of filtration through sand sediments, from the Bodø tunnel in Norway. Zebrafish larvae, used as a fish model, exposed to contaminated runoff exhibited increased mortality, impaired growth, developmental anomalies, altered swimming behaviour, and changes in gene expression. Both UTWR and TWR exposure induced significant toxicity in zebrafish larvae, though the toxicity caused by TWR was notably lower than that of UTWR. This study shows that current filtration methods of tunnel wash water reduce the levels of most pollutants, however, more research is needed on how tunnel wash-water runoff affect aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of different extracts of Turraea vogelii leaves","authors":"Olorunfemi R. Molehin ,&nbsp;Oluwasegun S. Dauda ,&nbsp;Oluwakemi V. Adeleke ,&nbsp;Joy F. David ,&nbsp;Testimony O. Oso ,&nbsp;Anne A. Adeyanju","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Turraea vogelii Hook</em>.f. is a plant valued for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the comparative analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of different extracts of <em>Turrea vogelii Hook</em>.f. leaves. The fresh leaves of the plant were harvested, air-dried, ground, and extracted with three solvents based on polarity (Dichloromethane (DCM), Ethyl Acetate, and n-hexane) via a maceration procedure. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of these compounds was tested to assess their efficacy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse the functional groups and organic compounds present in the drug materials, respectively. Antioxidant screening identified flavonoids (24.63 ± 0.47, 19.96 ± 0.17, 21.04 ± 0.04), phenols (20.18 ± 0.4, 17.61 ± 0.11, 8.65 ± 0.15) in 100μg/mL of the DCM, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane crude extracts, respectively. The antibacterial evaluation showed that the DCM extract demonstrated potent activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 3.125 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 6.25 µg/mL to 50 µg/mL against pathogens such as <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 35218, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2921, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> ATCC 700303, and <em>Salmonella typhi</em> ATCC14028. FTIR analysis identified several functional groups in the extract, including hydroxyls, alkanes, amides, ethers, and amines, indicative of diverse bioactive compounds, and GC-MS identified key compounds like squalene and Hexanoic acid. The results highlight the potential of plant leaves to possess notable antioxidants and antibacterial properties, supporting their traditional use in folk medicine and paving the way for the development of novel antibacterial agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}