Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102194
Majid Farhadi , Behrouz Beiranvand
Heavy metals (HMs) bonded to PM (Particulate Matter) are a significant component of rural air pollution. They're primarily released from fossil fuel combustion and the operational decay of automobiles, leading to their considerable presence in roadway dust. This study aims to examine the concentration and seasonal effects on HM emissions in rural air. The pooled mean concentrations for As (7.81 ng m-³), Cd (4.42 ng m-³), and Pb (60.97 ng m-³) were statistically significant. Pb concentrations were exceptionally high in some rural areas of China, with mean values over 500 ng m-³ reported in two studies. Studies showed notably high levels of Pb, Cu, and Zn, with some sites having exceptional concentrations. The analysis also found significant seasonal variations, with many HMs showing higher concentrations in winter, which is likely due to increased coal combustion for heating. Seasonal analysis in China revealed higher concentrations of several HMs in winter, likely due to increased coal combustion for heating. In spring, road and soil dust from natural phenomena such as dust storms was a primary source of HMs.
与颗粒物（PM）结合的重金属（HMs）是农村空气污染的重要组成部分。它们主要从化石燃料燃烧和汽车的运行衰变中释放出来，导致它们在道路灰尘中大量存在。本研究旨在探讨农村空气中HM排放的浓度和季节效应。砷（7.81 ng m-³）、镉（4.42 ng m-³）和铅（60.97 ng m-³）的混合平均浓度具有统计学意义。中国一些农村地区的铅浓度异常高，两项研究报告的平均值超过500 ng m-³。研究表明，铅、铜和锌的含量明显偏高，有些地方的浓度异常。分析还发现了显著的季节变化，许多HMs在冬季浓度较高，这可能是由于取暖用煤燃烧增加。中国的季节分析显示，几种HMs的浓度在冬季较高，可能是由于取暖用煤燃烧增加。在春季，沙尘暴等自然现象产生的道路和土壤粉尘是HMs的主要来源。
{"title":"A meta-analysis on particulate matter-associated heavy metals in rural air: Concentration, seasonal variability, and pollution sources","authors":"Majid Farhadi , Behrouz Beiranvand","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metals (HMs) bonded to PM (Particulate Matter) are a significant component of rural air pollution. They're primarily released from fossil fuel combustion and the operational decay of automobiles, leading to their considerable presence in roadway dust. This study aims to examine the concentration and seasonal effects on HM emissions in rural air. The pooled mean concentrations for As (7.81 ng m<sup>-</sup>³), Cd (4.42 ng m<sup>-</sup>³), and Pb (60.97 ng m<sup>-</sup>³) were statistically significant. Pb concentrations were exceptionally high in some rural areas of China, with mean values over 500 ng m<sup>-</sup>³ reported in two studies. Studies showed notably high levels of Pb, Cu, and Zn, with some sites having exceptional concentrations. The analysis also found significant seasonal variations, with many HMs showing higher concentrations in winter, which is likely due to increased coal combustion for heating. Seasonal analysis in China revealed higher concentrations of several HMs in winter, likely due to increased coal combustion for heating. In spring, road and soil dust from natural phenomena such as dust storms was a primary source of HMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hydroethanolic extract of Berberis vulgaris root bark (BV) is extensively used in traditional medicine, particularly Homoeopathy, for treating renal and hepatic disorders, yet a systematic safety evaluation remains limited.
Objectives
This study aimed to establish a comprehensive preclinical safety profile of BV using in vivo rodent and zebrafish models, alongside in silico toxicity predictions.
Methods
Phytochemical profiling was conducted using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS). Acute and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity studies were performed in Wistar rats following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. Developmental toxicity was assessed in zebrafish embryos (OECD 236), and in silico toxicity predictions for identified phytoconstituents were generated using ProTox 3.0.
Results
LC-MS analysis identified 22 bioactive chemical components. In the acute oral toxicity study, BV administered at 2000 µL/kg caused no mortality or toxicity, indicating an LD₅₀ > 2000 µL/kg. The 28-day repeated-dose study showed no significant alterations in haematological, biochemical, or histological parameters at doses up to 1000 µL/kg/day, establishing a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of ≥ 1000 µL/kg/day. While lower concentrations were safe in zebrafish, high concentrations (4 µL/2 ml) induced developmental abnormalities such as scoliosis and pericardial edema. Computational analysis predicted low-to-moderate toxicity for the majority of phytoconstituents.
Conclusion
BV exhibits a wide safety margin in rodent models and is non-toxic at therapeutically relevant doses. However, observed developmental effects in zebrafish suggest caution at high concentrations, supporting the need for adherence to recommended dosages in traditional therapeutic contexts.
{"title":"Toxicological safety profiling of Berberis vulgaris hydroethanolic extract using rodent, zebrafish, and in silico models","authors":"Abanti Goswami , Vara Prasad Saka , Mahima Sharma , Narasimha Kumar G.V. , Pankaj Gupta , Digvijay Verma , Subhash Kaushik","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The hydroethanolic extract of <em>Berberis vulgaris</em> root bark (BV) is extensively used in traditional medicine, particularly Homoeopathy, for treating renal and hepatic disorders, yet a systematic safety evaluation remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to establish a comprehensive preclinical safety profile of BV using <em>in vivo</em> rodent and zebrafish models, alongside <em>in silico</em> toxicity predictions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Phytochemical profiling was conducted using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS). Acute and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity studies were performed in Wistar rats following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. Developmental toxicity was assessed in zebrafish embryos (OECD 236), and <em>in silico</em> toxicity predictions for identified phytoconstituents were generated using ProTox 3.0.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LC-MS analysis identified 22 bioactive chemical components. In the acute oral toxicity study, BV administered at 2000 µL/kg caused no mortality or toxicity, indicating an LD₅₀ > 2000 µL/kg. The 28-day repeated-dose study showed no significant alterations in haematological, biochemical, or histological parameters at doses up to 1000 µL/kg/day, establishing a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of ≥ 1000 µL/kg/day. While lower concentrations were safe in zebrafish, high concentrations (4 µL/2 ml) induced developmental abnormalities such as scoliosis and pericardial edema. Computational analysis predicted low-to-moderate toxicity for the majority of phytoconstituents.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>BV exhibits a wide safety margin in rodent models and is non-toxic at therapeutically relevant doses. However, observed developmental effects in zebrafish suggest caution at high concentrations, supporting the need for adherence to recommended dosages in traditional therapeutic contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102187
Megha Kelenchery Ganesh , Rani K. Cherian , Syam Das Sivadasan , Manu Aryan , Krishnakumar Illathu Madhavamenon
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and their extracts are popular culinary ingredients and nutraceuticals. The seed mucilage contains galactomannan, a soluble dietary fiber with prebiotic potential and divergent therapeutic effects. A proprietary fenugreek galactomannan preparation (F-GM), FenuMat®, functions as a natural self-emulsifying hydrogel, enhancing nutrient delivery and bioavailability. Although fenugreek seed safety is well documented, the safety evaluation of FenuMat® is warranted to ensure its compliance with regulatory standards. Hence, the present study evaluated the safety of FenuMat® in adult Wistar rats of both sexes, following OECD guidelines. In the acute oral toxicity study (14 days; OECD Guideline 423), no treatment related adversities were observed, indicating an LD₅₀ above 2000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic toxicity study (OECD Guideline 408, repeated dose; 90 days) at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.wt. revealed no significant alterations in hematological or biochemical parameters, or in food and water intake. However, significant reductions in serum glucose levels (at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg b.wt.) and LDL cholesterol levels (at 1000 mg/kg b.wt.) were observed. Histopathological evaluation revealed no morphological abnormalities in the major organs. Terminal autopsy revealed consistent relative organ weights and no treatment-related histopathological alterations. The high-dose recovery group (1000 mg/kg b.wt.) exhibited no mortality or adverse effects, with hematological and biochemical parameters comparable to controls, indicating a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 1000 mg/kg b.wt. Further, the Ames test on four Salmonella triphimurium strains, with and without metabolic activation, demonstrated no mutagenic potential, indicating FenuMat®’s suitability for human use.
{"title":"Safety assessment of a proprietary fenugreek mucilage composition (FenuMat®): Acute and subchronic toxicity studies","authors":"Megha Kelenchery Ganesh , Rani K. Cherian , Syam Das Sivadasan , Manu Aryan , Krishnakumar Illathu Madhavamenon","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum</em>) seeds and their extracts are popular culinary ingredients and nutraceuticals. The seed mucilage contains galactomannan, a soluble dietary fiber with prebiotic potential and divergent therapeutic effects. A proprietary fenugreek galactomannan preparation (F-GM), FenuMat®, functions as a natural self-emulsifying hydrogel, enhancing nutrient delivery and bioavailability. Although fenugreek seed safety is well documented, the safety evaluation of FenuMat® is warranted to ensure its compliance with regulatory standards. Hence, the present study evaluated the safety of FenuMat® in adult Wistar rats of both sexes, following OECD guidelines. In the acute oral toxicity study (14 days; OECD Guideline 423), no treatment related adversities were observed, indicating an LD₅₀ above 2000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic toxicity study (OECD Guideline 408, repeated dose; 90 days) at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.wt. revealed no significant alterations in hematological or biochemical parameters, or in food and water intake. However, significant reductions in serum glucose levels (at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg b.wt.) and LDL cholesterol levels (at 1000 mg/kg b.wt.) were observed. Histopathological evaluation revealed no morphological abnormalities in the major organs. Terminal autopsy revealed consistent relative organ weights and no treatment-related histopathological alterations. The high-dose recovery group (1000 mg/kg b.wt.) exhibited no mortality or adverse effects, with hematological and biochemical parameters comparable to controls, indicating a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 1000 mg/kg b.wt. Further, the Ames test on four <em>Salmonella triphimurium</em> strains, with and without metabolic activation, demonstrated no mutagenic potential, indicating FenuMat®’s suitability for human use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urinary point-of-care testing for recreational drugs is commonly used in clinical settings. An oral fluid-based point-of-care test is a less invasive alternative, but the reliability and clinical applicability in a real-life acute care setting is unclear.
Aim
To assess the concordance of oral fluid point-of-care testing compared to urine point-of-care testing for recreational drugs in a prehospital clinical setting.
Methods
This study was conducted during a large-scale dance music festival in October 2023. Urine and oral fluid samples were collected at the event medical station from volunteers with a suspected drug intoxication. Participants aged 18 years and older were included if both samples were provided and at least one substance tested positive. The percentage of positive oral fluid test results per recreational drug were compared with those of the urine point-of-care test.
Results
A total of 78 patients were included. For most drug substances, positivity rates were similar between the two test types. Methamphetamine/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine was the only substance that showed significantly more positive results in oral fluid compared to urine (p < 0.001). For all other substances, the differences between the two tests were small, with slightly higher positivity rates (on average 3.9 %) detected in oral fluid.
Conclusion
Oral fluid point-of-care testing shows potential in specific scenarios but requires further validation. It is a less invasive alternative to urine point-of-care testing for recreational drugs in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the differences in test characteristics, such as detection window. Further research is needed to evaluate the reliability in other populations and settings.
{"title":"Clinical evaluation of oral fluid point-of-care testing for drugs of abuse compared to urinary point-of-care testing at a large-scale music festival","authors":"Frantzen MGM , Gresnigt FMJ , Litsenburg van RTH , Franssen EJF","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Urinary point-of-care testing for recreational drugs is commonly used in clinical settings. An oral fluid-based point-of-care test is a less invasive alternative, but the reliability and clinical applicability in a real-life acute care setting is unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To assess the concordance of oral fluid point-of-care testing compared to urine point-of-care testing for recreational drugs in a prehospital clinical setting.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was conducted during a large-scale dance music festival in October 2023. Urine and oral fluid samples were collected at the event medical station from volunteers with a suspected drug intoxication. Participants aged 18 years and older were included if both samples were provided and at least one substance tested positive. The percentage of positive oral fluid test results per recreational drug were compared with those of the urine point-of-care test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 78 patients were included. For most drug substances, positivity rates were similar between the two test types. Methamphetamine/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine was the only substance that showed significantly more positive results in oral fluid compared to urine (p < 0.001). For all other substances, the differences between the two tests were small, with slightly higher positivity rates (on average 3.9 %) detected in oral fluid.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Oral fluid point-of-care testing shows potential in specific scenarios but requires further validation. It is a less invasive alternative to urine point-of-care testing for recreational drugs in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the differences in test characteristics, such as detection window. Further research is needed to evaluate the reliability in other populations and settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cholestatic liver disease represents a major global health threat, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Cholestasis can be induced in laboratory animals using Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) technique. Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs) express Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), which is correlated with experimental liver fibrogenesis. The Camellia sinensis plant produces L-Theanine, an amino acid (AA), in its roots. This research endeavored to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the anti-fibrotic effects of L-Theanine alongside α-SMA changes in the liver of cholestatic rats. Rats were classified into eight experimental groups, each consisting of five animals, including; (1) normal control group, (2) BDL control group, (3–5) healthy experimental groups, 6–8) BDL + L-Theanine groups. L-Theanine solution (100, 200 or 400 mg kg−1) was administered to the animals by Intragastric gavage (once a day) for 30 successive days. BDL significantly elevated the enzymatic activity of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and elevated the amount of total bilirubin. These biochemical alterations were ameliorated when L-Theanine was administered. Masson`s Trichrome and Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed that BDL expanded the collagen deposition and α-SMA expression in hepatic tissue. Administration of L-Theanine, remarkably alleviated these alterations. L-Theanine attenuates hepatic fibrosis through decreasing the production of α-SMA.
{"title":"Investigation of alpha smooth muscle actin changes in the liver of cholestatic rats following the consumption of L-theanine","authors":"Mobina Daneshnia , Pejman Mortazavi , Mahsa Ale-Ebrahim , Razieh Hosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cholestatic liver disease represents a major global health threat, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Cholestasis can be induced in laboratory animals using Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) technique. Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs) express Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), which is correlated with experimental liver fibrogenesis. The <em>Camellia sinensis</em> plant produces <span>L</span>-Theanine, an amino acid (AA), in its roots. This research endeavored to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the anti-fibrotic effects of <span>L</span>-Theanine alongside α-SMA changes in the liver of cholestatic rats. Rats were classified into eight experimental groups, each consisting of five animals, including; (1) normal control group, (2) BDL control group, (3–5) healthy experimental groups, 6–8) BDL + <span>L</span>-Theanine groups. <span>L</span>-Theanine solution (100, 200 or 400 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) was administered to the animals by Intragastric gavage (once a day) for 30 successive days. BDL significantly elevated the enzymatic activity of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and elevated the amount of total bilirubin. These biochemical alterations were ameliorated when <span>L</span>-Theanine was administered. Masson`s Trichrome and Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed that BDL expanded the collagen deposition and α-SMA expression in hepatic tissue. Administration of <span>L</span>-Theanine, remarkably alleviated these alterations. <span>L</span>-Theanine attenuates hepatic fibrosis through decreasing the production of α-SMA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer and has been evaluated as safe by international authorities. However, some toxicological studies have employed oral bolus dosing of MSG without food, an approach that is unlikely to reflect physiological dietary exposure.
Objectives
To determine how concomitant food intake modifies plasma glutamic acid kinetics following oral MSG administration in rats, thereby improving the interpretation of toxicological data.
Methods
Male Wistar rats received graded oral doses of MSG (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg) with or without a liquid diet (Sustagen®). Plasma glutamic acid concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined.
Results
Bolus MSG administration alone caused rapid, dose-dependent increases in plasma glutamic acid, with peak concentrations occurring 20–30 min post-dose. Co-administration of Sustagen® markedly reduced both Cmax and AUC and also delayed Tmax, indicating that food intake substantially attenuated systemic glutamic acid exposure.
Conclusions
Concomitant food intake profoundly alters plasma glutamic acid kinetics after oral MSG administration in rats. These findings emphasize the importance of considering realistic dietary exposure conditions when interpreting toxicological studies of MSG and related glutamate salts and underscore the need for physiologically relevant dosing regimens.
{"title":"Concomitant food intake markedly alters plasma glutamic acid kinetics after oral monosodium glutamate administration in rats: Relevance to dietary safety evaluation","authors":"Ryosei Sakai, Risa Motoi, Yusuke Amino, Kohsuke Hayamizu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer and has been evaluated as safe by international authorities. However, some toxicological studies have employed oral bolus dosing of MSG without food, an approach that is unlikely to reflect physiological dietary exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To determine how concomitant food intake modifies plasma glutamic acid kinetics following oral MSG administration in rats, thereby improving the interpretation of toxicological data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Wistar rats received graded oral doses of MSG (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg) with or without a liquid diet (Sustagen®). Plasma glutamic acid concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bolus MSG administration alone caused rapid, dose-dependent increases in plasma glutamic acid, with peak concentrations occurring 20–30 min post-dose. Co-administration of Sustagen® markedly reduced both C<sub>max</sub> and AUC and also delayed T<sub>max</sub>, indicating that food intake substantially attenuated systemic glutamic acid exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Concomitant food intake profoundly alters plasma glutamic acid kinetics after oral MSG administration in rats. These findings emphasize the importance of considering realistic dietary exposure conditions when interpreting toxicological studies of MSG and related glutamate salts and underscore the need for physiologically relevant dosing regimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102190
Abdalmajeed M. Alajlouni , Dima Alkadri , Mohammad S. Abu-Hardan , Amer A. Al-Sakaji
This study assessed the contamination levels and health risk of aflatoxins in nuts from the markets in Jordan. A total of 180 nut samples (pistachios, almonds, walnuts, and cashews) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following immunoaffinity column clean-up and QuEChERS extraction. Aflatoxins were detected in 13 % of the samples, with pistachios showing the highest contamination rate. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Margin of Exposure (MOE) were calculated using deterministic risk assessment methods, based on the mean contamination levels and average nut consumption patterns in Jordan. All MOE values were below the safety threshold of 10,000, indicating a potential health risk. These findings emphasize the need for strengthened monitoring programs and regulatory actions to ensure food safety and minimize the public health risk.
{"title":"Assessing aflatoxin exposure risk from imported nuts in the Jordan market","authors":"Abdalmajeed M. Alajlouni , Dima Alkadri , Mohammad S. Abu-Hardan , Amer A. Al-Sakaji","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the contamination levels and health risk of aflatoxins in nuts from the markets in Jordan. A total of 180 nut samples (pistachios, almonds, walnuts, and cashews) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following immunoaffinity column clean-up and QuEChERS extraction. Aflatoxins were detected in 13 % of the samples, with pistachios showing the highest contamination rate. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Margin of Exposure (MOE) were calculated using deterministic risk assessment methods, based on the mean contamination levels and average nut consumption patterns in Jordan. All MOE values were below the safety threshold of 10,000, indicating a potential health risk. These findings emphasize the need for strengthened monitoring programs and regulatory actions to ensure food safety and minimize the public health risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102189
Nguyen Dang Duc , Lam Nguyen Hong Anh , Lam Nguyen Hong Khanh , Nguyen Dang Bach
Fluoroacetate poisoning is a rare but potentially lethal condition. We retrospectively reviewed 36 consecutive patients (27 males and 9 females) with confirmed poisoning treated at the Poison Control Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, from June 2023 to December 2024. The mean age was 35.4 ± 12.6 years. The median time from ingestion to hospital admission was 3.5 h. On admission, 69.4 % of patients were asymptomatic, 22.2 % had seizures, and 8.3 % presented with altered consciousness. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 13.9 ± 2.0 (range 5–15). Median serum creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels were 72 µmol/L and 155 U/L, respectively; 16.7 % of patients had CK > 1000 U/L. Median ionized calcium was 1.015 mmol/L, and 19.4 % had serum lactate ≥ 2 mmol/L. Gastric lavage and activated charcoal were administered in 44.4 % and 36.1 % of cases, respectively. Six patients (16.7 %) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and no deaths occurred. Overall, most patients presented early with mild manifestations and had favorable short-term outcomes under supportive management.
{"title":"Human fluoroacetate poisoning: A case series of 36 patients in Vietnam","authors":"Nguyen Dang Duc , Lam Nguyen Hong Anh , Lam Nguyen Hong Khanh , Nguyen Dang Bach","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluoroacetate poisoning is a rare but potentially lethal condition. We retrospectively reviewed 36 consecutive patients (27 males and 9 females) with confirmed poisoning treated at the Poison Control Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, from June 2023 to December 2024. The mean age was 35.4 ± 12.6 years. The median time from ingestion to hospital admission was 3.5 h. On admission, 69.4 % of patients were asymptomatic, 22.2 % had seizures, and 8.3 % presented with altered consciousness. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 13.9 ± 2.0 (range 5–15). Median serum creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels were 72 µmol/L and 155 U/L, respectively; 16.7 % of patients had CK > 1000 U/L. Median ionized calcium was 1.015 mmol/L, and 19.4 % had serum lactate ≥ 2 mmol/L. Gastric lavage and activated charcoal were administered in 44.4 % and 36.1 % of cases, respectively. Six patients (16.7 %) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and no deaths occurred. Overall, most patients presented early with mild manifestations and had favorable short-term outcomes under supportive management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102186
Yasaman Moin , Samira Khayat , Hamed Fanaei
This study investigated effects of prenatal exposure to diazepam on maternal and caregiving behaviors in rats postpartum.Twenty-four female rats were randomly divided into two groups: diazepam group and control group. Diazepam was administered during, and maternal behaviors were observed and recorded after delivery. Serum corticosterone levels during pregnancy, GABAARα1 expression, and serotonin and BDNF concentrations were measured in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the dams. The results showed that mothers exposed to diazepam exhibited a significant reduction in self-grooming (p = 0.0016), nursing (p < 0.0001), and nest-building behaviors (p < 0.0001) compared to the control group. Additionally, diazepam group showed fewer instances of pup retrieval (p = 0.0032) and licking (p = 0.0019). A significant increase in the latency to retrieve pups was observed in the diazepam group (p < 0.0001). The findings demonstrate a significant decrease in GABAARα1 mRNA expression within the prefrontal cortex (P = 0.0023) and hippocampus (P = 0.0138) of diazepam-treated group compared to the control group. Dams in the diazepam group exhibited significantly lower serum corticosterone levels at gestational day 20 (p = 0.0288) and postnatal day 1 (p = 0.0009) compared to the control group. Additionally, serotonin concentration in the prefrontal cortex (p = 0.0036) was significantly reduced in the diazepam group relative to controls.The present study demonstrated that prenatal diazepam exposure significantly impaired maternal caregiving behaviors in rats. These behavioral deficits were associated with disrupted serum corticosterone levels, diminished prefrontal serotonin concentrations, and reduced GABAARα1 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The findings suggest that diazepam interferes with neurochemical pathways critical for maternal motivation, potentially weakening maternal-infant bonding.
{"title":"Prenatal diazepam exposure impairs maternal caregiving behaviors in rats: Roles of GABAARα1 downregulation, serotonin depletion, and corticosterone dysregulation","authors":"Yasaman Moin , Samira Khayat , Hamed Fanaei","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated effects of prenatal exposure to diazepam on maternal and caregiving behaviors in rats postpartum.Twenty-four female rats were randomly divided into two groups: diazepam group and control group. Diazepam was administered during, and maternal behaviors were observed and recorded after delivery. Serum corticosterone levels during pregnancy, GABAARα1 expression, and serotonin and BDNF concentrations were measured in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the dams. The results showed that mothers exposed to diazepam exhibited a significant reduction in self-grooming (p = 0.0016), nursing (p < 0.0001), and nest-building behaviors (p < 0.0001) compared to the control group. Additionally, diazepam group showed fewer instances of pup retrieval (p = 0.0032) and licking (p = 0.0019). A significant increase in the latency to retrieve pups was observed in the diazepam group (p < 0.0001). The findings demonstrate a significant decrease in GABAARα1 mRNA expression within the prefrontal cortex (P = 0.0023) and hippocampus (P = 0.0138) of diazepam-treated group compared to the control group. Dams in the diazepam group exhibited significantly lower serum corticosterone levels at gestational day 20 (p = 0.0288) and postnatal day 1 (p = 0.0009) compared to the control group. Additionally, serotonin concentration in the prefrontal cortex (p = 0.0036) was significantly reduced in the diazepam group relative to controls.The present study demonstrated that prenatal diazepam exposure significantly impaired maternal caregiving behaviors in rats. These behavioral deficits were associated with disrupted serum corticosterone levels, diminished prefrontal serotonin concentrations, and reduced GABAARα1 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The findings suggest that diazepam interferes with neurochemical pathways critical for maternal motivation, potentially weakening maternal-infant bonding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102184
Zakariae Abbaoui , Oussama Khibech , Hüseyin Karci , Muhammed Dündar , İlknur Özdemir , Nevin Gürbüz , Ahmet Koç , Wilson Agerico Dino , İsmail Özdemir , Naifa Alenazi , Rachid Touzani , Hanan Alghibiwi
This study aimed to synthesize a novel series of N-heterocyclic compounds and evaluate their integrated pharmacological potential by coupling in vitro selective cytotoxicity on tumor and normal cell lines with predictive in silico ADME-Tox profiling. This research highlights the anti-cancer potential of twelve synthesized compounds, five of which are new chemical entities never before described in the literature. Their detailed structural characterization (NMR 1H, 13C, IR), combined with in silico predictions (ADME-Tox), confirmed their ability to cross essential biological barriers, in particular the intestinal membrane and, for certain derivatives, the BBB. Biological evaluations conducted on SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) and HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma) cell lines revealed several compounds with IC50 values lower than those of cisplatin while exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity towards the normal human epithelial BEAS-2B cell line. In particular, the compound (1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanol (designated as Compound 6) stands out with IC50 values of 6.97 ± 0.06 µM on SH-SY5Y and 10.70 ± 0.33 µM on HCT116, significantly lower than those of cisplatin under the same experimental conditions. This profile, combined with virtually no toxicity on normal BEAS-2B cells (IC50 > 800 µM), highlights its remarkable selectivity. These results highlight optimized pharmacological properties and suggest the potential for developing selective therapeutic agents against different types of cancer, particularly neuronal and colorectal tumors. Future research will focus on in-depth mechanistic studies and in vivo validation to optimize the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety of these promising molecules.
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer evaluation of N-Heterocyclic entities: ADME profiling and In Silico predictions","authors":"Zakariae Abbaoui , Oussama Khibech , Hüseyin Karci , Muhammed Dündar , İlknur Özdemir , Nevin Gürbüz , Ahmet Koç , Wilson Agerico Dino , İsmail Özdemir , Naifa Alenazi , Rachid Touzani , Hanan Alghibiwi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to synthesize a novel series of <em>N</em>-heterocyclic compounds and evaluate their integrated pharmacological potential by coupling <em>in vitro</em> selective cytotoxicity on tumor and normal cell lines with predictive <em>in silico</em> ADME-Tox profiling. This research highlights the anti-cancer potential of twelve synthesized compounds, five of which are new chemical entities never before described in the literature. Their detailed structural characterization (NMR <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C, IR), combined with <em>in silico</em> predictions (ADME-Tox), confirmed their ability to cross essential biological barriers, in particular the intestinal membrane and, for certain derivatives, the BBB. Biological evaluations conducted on SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) and HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma) cell lines revealed several compounds with IC<sub>50</sub> values lower than those of cisplatin while exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity towards the normal human epithelial BEAS-2B cell line. In particular, the compound (<em>1H</em>-imidazol-1-yl)methanol (designated as Compound <strong><u>6</u></strong>) stands out with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 6.97 ± 0.06 µM on SH-SY5Y and 10.70 ± 0.33 µM on HCT116, significantly lower than those of cisplatin under the same experimental conditions. This profile, combined with virtually no toxicity on normal BEAS-2B cells (IC<sub>50</sub> > 800 µM), highlights its remarkable selectivity. These results highlight optimized pharmacological properties and suggest the potential for developing selective therapeutic agents against different types of cancer, particularly neuronal and colorectal tumors. Future research will focus on in-depth mechanistic studies and <em>in vivo</em> validation to optimize the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety of these promising molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号