Tobacco Induced Diseases最新文献

Introduction: The association between secondhand smoking (SHS) and the risk of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) has garnered increasing interest. The aim of this study is to examine whether exposure to SHS is associated with an increased likelihood of Type 1 DM.

Methods: This study was designed as a case-control study. Children aged 4-14 years diagnosed with Type 1 DM who were followed in the Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic were included as cases, and healthy children (without any chronic disease) in the same age range were included as the controls. A total of 248 children were included in the study, with two research arms. The structured questionnaire was applied face-to-face. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of other risk factors were evaluated by multivariable regression analysis.

Results: No difference was found in the number of cigarettes mothers smoked daily and the duration of the smoking period during pregnancy and lactation, between the two groups. Among the cases, the daily number of cigarettes smoked by parents at home was 3.28 ± 4.90, higher than in the controls (p=0.039). Comparing the controls, children with Type 1 DM were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home by 1.08 (95% CI: 1.004-1.15, p=0.039) times in cases.

Conclusions: Children with Type 1 DM had higher odds of being exposed to SHS at home. These results suggest substantial health gains could be made by extending effective public health interventions to reduce exposure to SHS and prevent Type 1 DM in children.

Psoriasis is a common skin disease. With an in-depth understanding of psoriasis, small-molecule drugs and biologics are developed and used in clinical practice, but some patients still cannot achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect. Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are proven to be factors affecting psoriasis. Still, evidence of the impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on the efficacy of psoriasis treatment is limited. This study aims to understand the prevalence of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking among patients with psoriasis in Shanghai and to examine the association between tobacco smoking as well as alcohol drinking and the therapeutic effect in patients with psoriasis. We conducted a longitudinal observational study and recruited at least 500 psoriasis patients at Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. In this study, patients with clinically diagnosed psoriasis vulgaris, aged ≥18 years, both males and females, with informed consent were recruited. However, patients with pregnancy, serious underlying disease conditions, communication barriers, and violation of medication regulations were excluded. Patients with psoriasis in this study receive a physical examination and case record form interview. The primary outcome indicator is the proportion of patients with PASI₇₅ achievement at Week 8. In this study, we use SAS 9.2 software to analyze the data. This study has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Committee of Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital in 2021 (NO. 2021-44). It has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200066403). Patient recruitment began in January 2021 and is proposed to be finished in December 2024. The findings in this study will provide evidence of how tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking impact the treatment efficacy among patients with psoriasis. Therefore, the implementation of tobacco control and alcohol abstinence benefit the improvement of treatment responses.

Introduction: Combustible cigarettes have been shown to increase hypertension risk. Nevertheless, data on the association between electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), as well as dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, and hypertension, are limited.

Methods: This study aims to examine the association of the use of e-cigarettes, combustible cigarettes or dual use with hypertension. Data from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Weighted logistic regression models were employed to determine the relationship between cigarette use and hypertension. Weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were developed to evaluate the association between electronic/combustible cigarettes or dual use and mortality in hypertensive individuals.

Results: A total of 7696 participants (median age 47 years; 51.76% females) were included. In the adjusted model, the groups of e-cigarette use, combustible cigarette use, and dual use were found to be significantly associated with the risk of hypertension with AOR and 95% CI of 1.56 (1.01-2.42), 1.29 (1.01-1.64) and 1.83 (1.03-3.27) respectively. Significant trends of the relationship between cigarette use and hypertension were observed. The median follow-up for mortality was 38 months. Current e-cigarette use showed a positive correlation with all-cause death and cardiovascular death compared to never e-cigarette use with HR and 95% CI of 1.30 (1.01-1.66) and 1.30 (1.01-1.67), respectively. The trend of association of e-cigarette use with mortality was significant.

Conclusions: This study shows that electronic/combustible cigarette use or dual use increased risk of hypertension. E-cigarettes were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Notably, the increased risk of mortality among e-cigarette users may be due to underlying, pre-existing comorbidities related to prior combustible cigarette use. Findings from the study provide evidence of the benefits of e-cigarette use control, especially among individuals with hypertension.

Introduction: According to the literature, quitting tobacco before the age of 30 years would mitigate almost all tobacco-related hazards. In this respect, understanding behavioral patterns associated with the process of individual change to a healthier behavior is likely to contribute to tobacco control and avoidance of the related health risks, as well as to promote healthier behaviors, especially during adolescence.

Methods: This study is a secondary dataset analysis utilizing the 2016 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data for Morocco. Initially, a descriptive analysis is conducted to outline smoking prevalence and related behaviors among Moroccan youth, with a focus on gender differences, employing chi-squared tests for comparison. This is followed by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, which were adjusted for potential confounders to identify the determinants of intended smoking cessation.

Results: The survey was based on a sample of 3883 adolescents, of whom 11.07% have already tried smoking cigarettes at least once during childhood and adolescence, and 1.39% are current smokers. As for those close to the surveyed subjects, 22.2% had at least one smoking parent, and 24.1% had friends who smoked. Self-efficacy (AOR=15.54; 95% CI: 3.05-79.03) and noticing health warnings on cigarette packages (AOR=5.41; 95% CI: 2.54-11.52) were found to be important determinants of the intent to quit tobacco.

Conclusions: This study is a focused analysis of self-efficacy and health warnings as predictors of smoking cessation intent among Moroccan adolescents. The study elucidates the role of self-efficacy and exposure to health warnings in shaping the intent to quit smoking among Moroccan adolescents. These findings provide evidence for developing targeted interventions that support self-efficacy and impactful health warnings to promote healthier choices and reduce tobacco use among young Moroccans.

Introduction: Ischemic stroke is a major global health issue, with active smoking identified as a key modifiable risk factor. This study examines the burden of ischemic stroke due to active smoking from 1990 to 2021, across different sociodemographic contexts.

Methods: Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database were used to extract information on mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to active smoking-related ischemic stroke. Countries and regions were categorized by the sociodemographic index (SDI) into five levels. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Studio, including the calculation of estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and joinpoint regression models.

Results: In 2021, there were 342674 deaths globally due to ischemic stroke caused by active smoking, with an age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of 4.06 and a population-attributable fraction (PAF) of 9.54%. The number of deaths increased by 35.59% from 1990 to 2021, with males aged ≥70 years experiencing the largest increase. The global age-standardized DALY rate in 2021 was 98.29, with an overall increase in DALYs by 33.55% from 1990. Regional analysis revealed significant disparities, with the middle SDI region reporting the highest number of deaths and DALYs, while the high SDI region reported the lowest. Geographically, East Asia had the highest burden in 2021. Nationally, China had the highest number of deaths and DALYs due to smoking-related ischemic stroke.

Conclusions: This study highlights the significant global burden of ischemic stroke attributable to active smoking and the critical need for targeted smoking cessation programs and stroke prevention strategies. Despite overall declines in ASMR and age-standardized DALY rates, the burden varies significantly across different regions and sociodemographic groups. Effective public health interventions, particularly in low- to middle-SDI regions, are essential to mitigate the impact of smoking-related ischemic stroke and improve global health outcomes.

Introduction: This study aims to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with cigarette smoking among patients in treatment for substance use disorders (SUD) in France.

Methods: We analyze a nation-wide dataset retrieving information on patients entering treatment for alcohol, opioid and stimulant use disorders between 2010 and 2020. We conduct multilevel Poisson regressions to determine the main factors associated with daily cigarette smoking among all patients who entered treatment for alcohol (n=607122), opioid (n=283381) or stimulant (n=57189) use disorders, and zero-truncated negative-binomial regressions to predict the average number of cigarettes per day.

Results: Daily cigarette smoking remains a widespread behavior among patients with SUD (overall prevalence: 72.2%, 95% CI: 72.1-72.3), with lower prevalence of daily cigarette smoking among patients treated for alcohol use disorders (69.9%, 95% CI: 69.8-70.0), and higher for patients treated for opioid (78.8%, 95% CI: 78.6-79.0) or stimulant use disorders (75.8%, 95% CI: 75.4-76.2). There was an overall increase in daily cigarette smoking over time (69.9%, 95% CI: 69.8-70.0 in 2010 vs 76.8%, 95% CI: 76.5-76.9 in 2020); however, the average number of cigarettes per day decreased (17.8 per day, 95% CI: 17.7-17.9 in 2010 vs 16.3 per day, 95% CI: 16.2-16.4 in 2020). The higher the education level, the fewer number of cigarettes per day; conversely, the higher the occupational status, the higher the number of cigarettes.

Conclusions: The high prevalence of smoking among patients treated for SUD in France departs from the decreasing trend observed in the general population and remains a source of concern. It is necessary to implement tailored prevention strategies that target specific patient subgroups and increase staff awareness.

Introduction: Liver injury is a primary factor in the pathogenesis of most liver diseases, which can lead to liver failure. Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a serious public problem. This research explored the correlation between SHS and the indicators of liver injury.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. The relationship between SHS and indicators of liver injury was explored by the weighted linear regression model and smooth curve fitting. The weighted threshold saturation effect model tested the relationship and inflection point between them. Mediation analyses were used to explore whether body mass index (BMI) mediates the correlation between SHS and liver injury indicators.

Results: Our cross-sectional study included 3811 non-smoking participants (aged 20-80 years). The full covariate adjustment model (β= -0.05; 95% CI: -0.08 - -0.02) showed a significant and negative correlation between log cotinine and albumin (ALB). Compared to the unexposed group, the ALB, and total protein (TP) were decreased by 0.16 g/dL, 0.26 g/dL in the heavy exposure group [ALB: -0.16 (-0.26 - -0.05), TP: -0.26 (-0.38 - -0.13)], respectively. Smoothed curve fitting revealed a nonlinear relationship between log cotinine and fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4 score), with the inflection point of log cotinine at -1.72. When log cotinine was < -1.72, the log cotinine significantly and positively correlated with the FIB-4 score (β=0.27; 95% CI: 0.06-0.49). BMI partially mediated the effect of SHS exposure on ALB or TP.

Conclusions: SHS has harmful effects on the liver in never-smoking adults. BMI partially mediated the effect of SHS exposure on ALB or TP. More prospective and basic research in the future is necessary to focus on validating our results.

Introduction: The use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) has surged globally, particularly among young individuals. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of vaping-related oral health risks, clinical oral health status, and self-perceived dental and periodontal conditions among young adult users of ECs in Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to March 2024, recruiting 142 young users of ECs. Intraoral examinations assessed Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Plaque Index (PI), and dental stain. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, oral health behaviors, vaping habits, and perceptions of impact of vaping on oral health were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire. Associations between EC use and various oral health variables were analyzed using the chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests.

Results: Mean DMFT was 5.66 (SD=2.20). Poor oral hygiene (29.6%) and severe dental staining were prevalent. Most participants (76.1%) brushed once daily, while only 34.5% attended regular dental check-ups. Gingival bleeding and plaque accumulation were observed in 47.2% and 35.3% of participants. Around 66% reported daily EC use, with 80.3% initiating vaping before the age of 18 years. Most common reason for vaping was perception that ECs are safer than traditional smoking (31.7%). Participants' perceptions of vaping-related oral health risks were relatively low, with 45% associating vaping with tooth decay, 48% with gum disease, and 58.5% with tooth staining. Tooth brushing frequency, vaping frequency (per day), and time since vaping started, were significantly associated with oral clinical indicators (p<0.05). The education level was the only variable significantly associated with vaping-related risk perception (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The study reveals that oral health awareness among young vapers is low, with many starting EC use at a young age and exhibiting poor oral health behaviors. Misconceptions about the safety of ECs compared to conventional cigarettes may contribute to increased vaping.

Introduction: Nicotine addiction is one of the most common forms of dependence. It is shown to be associated with many chronic diseases that develop mostly through smoking. The association between sleep quality and smoking or nicotine addiction has not been clarified yet. This study aimed to investigate the association between nicotine addiction and sleep quality.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND), and Hospital anxiety-depression scale (HADS) were administered to patients who applied to the smoking cessation outpatient clinic of a reference hospital between April and June 2023. FTND measured nicotine dependence, and its association with sleep quality estimated by PSQI was assessed by binary logistic regression with the potential confounders.

Results: In the study group of 280 participants, 67.1% were male, and 57.8% had poor sleep quality. The median (IQR) FNTD score was 7.0 (3.0), and the median global PSQI score was 6.0 (5.0). Poor sleep quality increased by 1.12 times (AOR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.22, p=0.016) for each unit increase in hospital anxiety score and by 1.22 times (AOR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.42, p=0.011) for each unit increase in FTND score.

Conclusions: Increased nicotine dependence and anxiety are independently associated with poor sleep quality. The findings support smoking cessation efforts. It is recommended to study the effect of combating anxiety and tobacco addiction to improve sleep quality.

Introduction: Digital platforms serve as an avenue for the tobacco industry to promote both conventional tobacco and emerging products, with a notable focus on capturing the attention of young people through sophisticated marketing campaigns. This research aims to analyze the prevalence of different advertising strategies on digital platforms and to assess the impact of exposure to these strategies on the probability of use initiation and increased consumption of conventional tobacco and new tobacco products among young Spaniards.

Methods: An online survey was conducted on a representative sample of 1730 young Spaniards aged 16-21 years in November 2022 using a comprehensive approach, considering all possible relevant factors and perspectives regarding the issue of the study. A descriptive analysis and two adjusted logistic regression models were employed to explore the association of exposure to digital platforms with the likelihood of conventional tobacco and new tobacco product use among this population.

Results: Among the participants, 83.2% reported witnessing individuals smoking, 61.6% observed identifiable logos or explicit advertisements, and 77.6% encountered indirect product placement on social media. Notably, exposure to conventional tobacco product placement (AOR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.27-2.30) emerged as the variable most significantly associated with an increased probability of tobacco use. Furthermore, exposure to advertising related to new tobacco products (AOR=2.47; 95% CI: 1.90-3.21) was linked to a heightened likelihood of subsequent use. Similarly, the direct promotion of these novel products is also associated with a higher probability of conventional tobacco use (AOR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.21-2.07).

Conclusions: A reciprocal impact was identified, with the promotion of vaping being associated with an elevated probability of engaging in conventional tobacco smoking. Urgent attention is warranted for formulating public policies to mitigate the adverse effects of such insidious indirect advertising practices on digital platforms.