Tobacco Induced Diseases最新文献

Introduction: Maternal smoking during pregnancy disturbs fetal lung development, and induces in their offspring childhood respiratory diseases. Whether it has a continued impact on offspring adult lung health and exerts a casual effect of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), remains uncertain. We seek to determine the causal relationships between maternal smoking around birth and offspring adult CRDs, using summary data from previously described cohorts.

Methods: Mendelian randomization (MR) study was used to analyze the genome-wide associations of maternal smoking around birth and offspring adult CRDs, including respiratory insufficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), related respiratory insufficiency, emphysema, COPD, COPD hospital admissions, early onset of COPD, later onset of COPD, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), lung cancer (LC), small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC).

Results: After removing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with smoking by the offspring, maternal smoking around birth was associated with increased risk of offspring adult respiratory diseases (OR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.013-1.284; p=0.030), respiratory insufficiency (OR=2.413; 95% CI: 1.039-5.603; p=0.040), COPD (OR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.013-1.284; p=0.003), and asthma (OR=1.336; 95% CI: 1.161-1.538; p<0.001). Besides, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a greater risk of LUSC (OR=1.229; 95% CI: 0.992-1.523; p=0.059) than the risk of IPF (OR=1.001; 95% CI: 0.999-1.003; p=0.224), LC (OR=1.203; 95% CI: 0.964-1.501; p=0.103), or SCLC (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 0.77-1.601; p=0.577).

Conclusions: In this MR analysis, maternal smoking around birth caused a strong risk factor for the offspring to develop lung problems and CRDs in adulthood. The policy related to smoking cessation for mothers during pregnancy should be encouraged.

Introduction: Disposable e-cigarettes are the predominant type of vaping product used by adolescents and pose a significant public health concern. Identifying factors contributing to this growing trend is essential to curbing the vaping epidemic among youths. This study aims to investigate the growing prevalence and correlates of disposable e-cigarette use among US students.

Methods: Data from 48437 US middle and high school students from the 2021 and 2022 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) were analyzed using logistic and ordinal regression models to evaluate disposable e-cigarette use and frequency of use (low, medium, and high) with demographic and psychosocial factors. Weighted prevalence of current e-cigarette use with 95% CIs by device types in 2021 and 2022, were calculated. Odds ratios (ORs) of correlations of disposable e-cigarette use and frequency of use with demographic and psychosocial factors were analyzed.

Results: Disposable e-cigarette use increased from 3.9% (95% CI: 3.3-4.7) in 2021 to 5.1% (95% CI: 4.2-6.1) in 2022, and was associated with being female (OR=1.57; 95% CI: 1.29-1.91 vs male), high schoolers (OR=5.14; 95% CI: 3.96-6.67 vs middle schoolers), having low harm perceptions of e-cigarettes (OR=7.75; 95% CI: 5.58-10.75 vs lot of harm), and high exposure to marketing (OR=1.57; 95% CI: 1.05-2.35 vs low exposure). Identifying as LGBTQ (OR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.00-2.00 vs straight), having low academic performance (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.15-4.07, D vs A grades), and having psychological distress (OR=2.01; 95% CI: 1.64-2.47, severe vs none) were also linked to increased frequency of use.

Conclusions: This study underscores increasing disposable e-cigarette use among US students, noting existing disparities. It identifies high-risk adolescent subgroups vulnerable to disposable e-cigarette use. These findings emphasize the urgency of targeted prevention and stricter regulations on disposable e-cigarettes to combat nicotine addiction among youths.

Introduction: Waterpipe smoking (WPS) is gaining popularity worldwide, especially in the Middle East, and significantly affects oral health. Nicotine stomatitis (NS) is an inflammatory response of the palate to the heat and chemical irritation caused by tobacco. The high temperatures of hot beverages have been found to have a synergistic effect. This study investigated the association of NS among waterpipe smokers and hot beverage drinkers.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in several public locations in Kuwait. Demographic data, smoking habits, and hot beverage intake were recorded using questionnaires. An oral examination was performed with informed consent, and the occurrence of NS was recorded. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 28.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results: Of the 211 participants, 55 subjects (26.1%) presented with NS. All the patients with NS drank hot beverages, while 37 (67.3%) patients with NS were waterpipe smokers and hot beverage drinkers. Smokers with NS smoked significantly more tobacco heads (Z= -2.606; p=0.009) and for more hours per day (Z= -2.222; p=0.026).

Conclusions: This study explored the association between WPS and NS in Kuwait. Waterpipe smokers and males were more likely to present with NS. Also, the number of tobacco heads and the number of hours of WPS were found to correlate with the presence of lesions. Effective strategies to reduce WPS need to be implemented. Further studies are recommended to investigate the cause-andeffect relationships.

Introduction: We conducted analyses of the association between smoking and osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures using a secondary dataset analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database and the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.

Methods: The associations between smoking and osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures were analyzed using weighted logistic regression models for both univariate and multivariable analyses using pooled 1999-2018 NHANES data. The summary-level data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of smoking and osteoporosis were extracted from the IEU Open GWAS project. The inverse variance weighted method was used as the main method for the two-sample MR analysis.

Results: We obtained the following main findings based on the NHANES data: smoking was associated with osteoporosis according to the analyses of 30856 participants (OR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.06-1.39, p=0.004); smoking was associated with hip osteoporotic fracture according to the analyses of 30928 participants (OR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.14-1.90, p=0.004); smoking was associated with wrist osteoporotic fracture according to the analyses of 30923 participants (OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.18-1.49, p<0.001); and smoking was associated with spine osteoporotic fracture according to the analyses of 30910 participants (OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.18-1.73, p<0.001). In addition, we confirmed the potential causal effect of smoking on the risk of osteoporotic fracture (OR=24.5; 95% CI: 1.11-539, p=0.043) by conducting two-sample MR analyses.

Conclusions: Smoking was associated with increased risks of both osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. Smoking showed a potential causal effect on the risk of osteoporotic fracture.

Introduction: Children are vulnerable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, especially those with lower socioeconomic status. This study assesses the changes in prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure in children younger than 12 years old in Spain between 2016 and 2019.

Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional studies among representative samples of households with children aged <12 years in Spain, in 2016 (n=2411) and 2019 (n=2412). Families were interviewed to assess children's SHS exposure in private settings and outdoor public venues and their adoption of home and car smoke-free rules. We used the education level of the home main earner as a proxy for socioeconomic position. Changes over time in the prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities of SHS exposure and smoke-free rules were estimated through adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variance according to sociodemographic covariates (adjusted prevalence ratios, APRs).

Results: In 2019, 70.5% of children were exposed to SHS in Spain. No changes between 2016 and 2019 were found for overall SHS exposure, exposure at home, and at school entrances. SHS exposure increased at public transport stations (APR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.49) and outdoor hospitality venues (APR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.07-1.29) while it decreased in cars (APR=0.74; 95% CI: 0.56-0.98) and parks (APR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.98). Households with lower education level had higher prevalence of SHS exposure at home in 2019 compared with those with university studies (primary: APR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.11-1.51; secondary: APR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.00-1.25) and were less likely to adopt home indoor smoke-free rules (primary: APR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.99; secondary: APR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.89-1.02). Socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure at home persisted between 2016 and 2019 (p>0.05), while decreased in smoke-free rules in cars (p=0.039).

Conclusions: Reported SHS exposure among children in Spain remained high between 2016 and 2019. Inequalities persisted at home, highlighting the need for measures to reduce such exposure with an equity perspective.

Introduction: Perceptions, personal perspectives, and public awareness of e-cigarette information have a significant impact on e-cigarette smoking behavior, and provide comprehensive information that can help reduce interest in e-cigarette smoking and reduce the number of new smokers. This study aimed to investigate the perceptions towards e-cigarettes related to e-cigarette use and how that information related to people's use of them.

Methods: The data for this cross-sectional study were collected via an online questionnaire. Thai nationals who were aged ≥18 years provided data between June 2021 and January 2022. Multivariable logistic regression and the chi-squared test were used to analyze the data.

Results: There were 340 respondents, 76 e-cigarette users, and 264 non-e-cigarette users. Most of the perceptions of information that differed statistically significantly between e-cigarette users and non-e-cigarette users included information on regulations, products, health effects, and the effectiveness of smoking cessation. The association between factors and e-cigarette smoking behavior revealed that the perception of the product information and male gender were associated with e-cigarette smoking behavior (AOR=13.59; 95% CI: 2.35-78.60, and AOR=5.19; 95% CI: 2.87-9.40, respectively).

Conclusions: The perception of e-cigarette product information and male gender were associated with e-cigarette smoking behavior.

Introduction: Emerging research suggests an association between psychological distress and e-cigarette use. However, our understanding of young adults' experiences of this relationship is limited. We explored young adults' experiences of psychological distress and e-cigarette use.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18- to 24-year-old university students (n=13; 77% female; mean age=21.5 years) based in Victoria, Australia. Interviews were conducted May-June 2023. Data were subject to reflexive thematic analysis.

Results: Individuals reported that they or their friends had initiated e-cigarette use to manage their psychological distress (e.g. low mood, social isolation, stress). Immediate stress reduction following use and subsequent nicotine dependence appeared to maintain use.

Conclusions: A reciprocal relationship likely exists between psychological distress and e-cigarette use whereby psychological distress contributes to use initiation and use maintains distress. Public campaigns and health services should provide: 1) education on adaptive coping/stress management strategies and the signs of nicotine dependence, and 2) support to manage nicotine dependence and the psychological distress that can arise from addiction.

Introduction: The relationship between smoking and heart disease has been frequently reported. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association between smoking initiation and atrial fibrillation.

Methods: Genetic association data pertaining to smoking initiation and atrial fibrillation were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Phenotypically related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected as instrumental variables. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, Mendelian randomization (MR), Egger regression, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were employed to perform the MR study. The association between smoking initiation and atrial fibrillation was evaluated using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Cochran's Q test was employed to assess heterogeneity among instrumental variables, utilizing the IVW and MR-Egger methods. The Egger-intercept method was employed to test for horizontal pleiotropy, and the 'leave-one-out' method was utilized for sensitivity analysis.

Results: The MR results for the effect of smoking initiation on atrial fibrillation (IVW, OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.02-1.20, p=0.013) supported an association between smoking initiation and an increased likelihood of atrial fibrillation. In total, 85 SNPs were extracted from the GWAS pooled data as instrumental variables. The MR-Egger method indicated an intercept close to 0 (Egger intercept= -0.005, p=0.371), suggesting no horizontal pleiotropy in the selected instrumental variables. The 'leave-one-out' sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the results were robust and that no instrumental variables significantly influenced the results. Reverse MR analysis indicated no effect of atrial fibrillation on smoking initiation (IVW, OR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.02, p=0.684).

Conclusions: Smoking initiation has a significant impact on atrial fibrillation. However, atrial fibrillation did not influence smoking initiation. This study provides novel insights into the genetic relationships between smoking initiation and atrial fibrillation.

Introduction: The rapid growth of e-cigarette usage among youth and young people has emerged as a significant public health concern. It is imperative to initiate effective vaping prevention campaigns and undertake relevant research to address this pressing issue. This research seeks to identify effective video advertisements to deter young people from starting to use e-cigarettes. It aims to offer evidence-based insights and recommendations for creating communication materials and designing messages for youth e-cigarette prevention efforts.

Methods: College students aged 18-24 years (n=40) participated in focus groups within this qualitative study. After viewing four stimulus videos, participants discussed what they perceived as effective and ineffective video characteristics, as well as suggestions for future videos.

Results: Effective video characteristics included the use of real-life testimonials, displaying specific health hazards, revealing harmful chemical ingredients and the deceptive nature of flavors, and positively perceived effectiveness. Participants generally found that videos with strong visual impact and graphics were more engaging and that approaches using fear and emotion were more effective. Ineffective characteristics included complex and exaggerated information, lack of empathy and irrelevance, insufficiently specific information, extreme and death-themed content, industry messages, as well as preachy tones, animations, metaphors, dull formats, excessive length, and scenes of e-cigarette use.

Conclusions: Developing anti-e-cigarette campaign materials for youth necessitates target audience-focused qualitative research. This helps in deeply exploring and identifying effective themes and messages, as well as video characteristics and details while avoiding ineffective or even misleading messages and themes from young people's perspectives outside the United States. Future development of e-cigarette prevention videos for Chinese college students may consider incorporating localized real-life testimonial cases to convey specific harms, including self-efficacy information, and utilizing fear and emotional appeals.

Introduction: The underlying factors of oral squamous cell cancers (OSCC) have been elucidated, but studies have focused little on etiological differences in affected oral cavity sites. The aim of this retrospective study was to clarify the role of carcinogen exposure in OSCC of different oral cavity areas.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with primary OSCC was conducted retrospectively, based on patient records from Helsinki University Hospital, Finland, between January 2016 and December 2020. The patients' self-reported history of tobacco smoking and alcohol use was explained by tumor site, age, sex, tumor size, and lymph node status in a logistic regression model. The information on smoking and alcohol use was compiled from a patient background form.

Results: In 519 patients, tumors occurred most often in the tongue (51%), gingiva (21%), or floor of the mouth (FOM; 15%). FOM had 26-fold greater odds for a history of smoking and alcohol use than other tumor sites (OR=25.78; 95% CI: 8.02-82.95; p<0.001). Gingival and buccal sites were associated significantly less with smoking and alcohol use (OR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.28-0.67; p<0.001 and OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.25-0.92; p<0.026, respectively). Patients of older age were less likely to have a history of smoking and alcohol use (AOR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97; p<0.001) than younger patients. Tumor size (T3-4) and FOM increased the odds for history of smoking and alcohol use (AOR=1.73; 95% CI: 1.15-2.60; p=0.009 and AOR=26.15; 95% CI: 8.01-84.84; p<0.001, respectively).

Conclusions: OSCC of oral cavity sites has notable differences in etiology. FOM seems to be related almost exclusively to conventional smoking and heavy alcohol use.