Tobacco Induced Diseases最新文献

Introduction: While indoor smoking restrictions are common, outdoor restrictions are still rare. We explored opinions and support for regulating smoking in different indoor and outdoor environments among adults who smoke and those who recently quit smoking, in Spain.

Methods: The 2021 ITC EUREST-PLUS Spain Survey is a cross-sectional study conducted among a nationally representative sample of 1006 adults aged ≥18 years who smoked cigarettes (n=867) or had recently quit smoking (n=139). Using Poisson regression with robust variance, we estimated adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios of favorable opinions on regulating smoking in different indoor and outdoor environments and support for regulation in unregulated outdoor environments, by sociodemographic and smoking-related characteristics.

Results: There were highly favorable opinions for regulating smoking in places with minors (>95% in primary and secondary playgrounds, and cars with pre-school children and minors) and outdoor transportation (60-80%). There were less favorable opinions for regulating smoking in outdoor terraces of bars/pubs and restaurants (15-20%). Support for further total outdoor regulations on smoking was moderate for markets/shopping centers, public building entrances and swimming pools (40-60%), and low for restaurants/bars/pubs (29.2%). Having quit smoking, having no significant others who smoke and/or believing that cigarette smoke is harmful to others, were factors positively associated with favorable opinions and support for regulating smoking.

Conclusions: The settings in Spain with the most favorable opinions for regulation among adults who smoke and have recently quit smoking are places with minors, private cars with others and outdoor areas of public transportation, while the settings with the least favorable opinions were outdoor terraces of bars, pubs, and restaurants. Support for further total outdoor smoking bans is generally moderate, but low for restaurants, bars, and pubs. Overall, these findings suggest the feasibility of extending smoke-free policies to other public and private settings to protect others from tobacco smoke exposure.

Introduction: Muscle strength is known to play an important role in the health of older adults. The health burden of cigarette smoking among older adults remains significant. We investigated the association between smoking cessation and dynapenia among older lifetime smokers in Korea.

Methods: This study is a secondary dataset analysis of cross-sectional data from theKorea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016- 2019. We included 1450 participants aged 65-79 years, excluding those who had never smoked. Dynapenia was defined as grip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between smoking cessation and dynapenia.

Results: Compared with current smokers, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of dynapenia in former smokers was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.44-0.99). The AORs for smoking cessation periods of ≤10 years, 10-20 years, 20-30 years, and >30 years were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.39-1.16), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36-1.03), 0.65 (95% CI: 0.37-1.14), and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.25-1.06), respectively. The AOR for dynapenia significantly decreased with the years since smoking cessation (p for trend=0.043).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that smoking cessation can reduce the likelihood of dynapenia among older lifetime smokers, with a decreasing likelihood trend associated with longer cessation periods.

Introduction: Lung cancer is a significant cause of mortality, especially among smokers. Lung cancer and smoking are strongly associated, according to numerous studies.

Methods: Publications related to smoking and lung cancer were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) database of the Web of Science Core Collection for the period 1994-2023. Descriptive and visual analyses were performed on the topics, journals, countries, institutions, authors, and citations of the publications.

Results: A total of 728 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) SCIE database for the period January 1994 to December 2023, and the number of publications in the relevant literature demonstrated a progressive increase with time. A total of 647 articles were classified as experimental, while 81 were classified as reviews. The studies were published in 200 journals. The three journals that published the most articles were the American Journal of Epidemiology with 82 articles, Lung Cancer with 34 articles, and Cancer Causes and Control with 26 articles. The three most prolific countries were the United States (286 articles, 38.3%; 15879 citations), China (116 articles, 15.9%; 2911 citations), and France (75 articles, 10.3%; 3694 citations). The four most popular keywords in this field are 'early cancer detection', 'experimental', 'CT', and 'survival rate'.

Conclusions: The findings of our study revealed key areas for focus in smoking and lung cancer research, having a view of supplying important data and motivation for further investigations.

Introduction: Patients with airway diseases who bear the burden of smoking need access to smoking cessation support. We aimed to investigate the impact of immediately scheduled appointments on access to smoking cessation clinics compared with usual care in this patient group.

Methods: This multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study was conducted between November 2022 and June 2023 at pulmonary outpatient clinics. The study included adult patients who were current smokers and had a diagnosis of asthma, COPD, or bronchiectasis for at least six months. Sequentially randomization was used for the allocation of patients in a 1:1 ratio to two study arms: the usual support arm (representing the current standard care procedure) and the immediate support arm (involving intensive brief cessation advice followed by the immediate arrangement of an appointment at the same clinic's smoking cessation service). After one week, both patient groups were contacted by phone to assess their quit attempts and whether they had sought assistance from smoking cessation outpatient clinics (SCCs).

Results: A total of 397 patients were enrolled in the study, with 199 allocated to the usual support arm and 198 allocated to the immediate support arm. Within the first week, 18.1% of patients in the usual support arm and 77.3% of patients in the immediate support arm sought assistance from the smoking cessation clinic (p<0.001). The rate of smokers without an intention to quit was 56.7% in the usual support arm and 27.7% in the immediate support arm in the first week of follow-up. Immediate appointment scheduling was significantly associated with a 13-fold (OR=13.38; 95% CI: 8.00-22.38) increase in referral rates in the multivariate logistic regression model.

Conclusions: Arranging instant appointments has increased access to SCCs by 13 times compared to the usual care, this group of patients should be given an immediate appointment to SCCs.

Introduction: The use rate of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents is continuously rising globally, posing new challenges to public health and negatively impacting adolescent health. This study employs bibliometric methods to systematically present the current state and evolving trends in global research on adolescent e-cigarette use.

Methods: This study uses CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric analysis of articles related to adolescent e-cigarette use from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Firstly, performance analysis and collaboration network analysis were utilized to clarify the basic publication status, main knowledge producers, and knowledge collaboration networks in adolescent e-cigarette use research. Secondly, a co-citation network analysis was performed to visually analyze the disciplinary characteristics and 'hot topics' in this field. Finally, keyword burst detection and clustering techniques were employed to further explain the development trends and frontiers of research on adolescent e-cigarette use.

Results: A total of 2063 research articles and review articles were included in this study. Research on adolescent e-cigarette use has significantly increased from 2002 to 2024. The United States, the United Kingdom and Canada are the main contributors, with their institutions and researchers playing key roles in the international collaborative network. Current research increasingly adopts interdisciplinary approaches. Keyword co-occurrence and burst identified current research 'hotspots' including vaping, substance use, public policy, prevention, advertising, and cessation. Co-citation cluster analysis revealed promising research areas such as attractiveness, environment and health, accessibility and smoking behavior, and mental health.

Conclusions: Through data mining and visualization techniques, this study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of published work on e-cigarettes and adolescence. The results of this work offer references for researchers in future investigations.

Introduction: Adolescents are especially susceptible to the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. Mental health issues may be one of these negative consequences. This study aimed to explore the association between secondhand smoke exposure and anxiety among Korean adolescents.

Methods: This study used the nationwide representative cross-sectional data obtained from the 4-year (2020-2023) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. In total, 214514 individuals aged 12-18 years were included in this study (109910 males and 104604 females). Secondhand smoke exposure was assessed based on responses to questions concerning the days they were exposed (at home and in public places), while anxiety levels were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale. Multivariable logistic regression analysis divided by sex was performed to explore the association (p=0.0173 for interaction by secondhand smoke exposure and sex), and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results: Among the study population, 8.8% of the male and 15.6% of the female participants had anxiety. After adjusting for covariates, adolescents with secondhand smoke exposure had a higher likelihood of reporting anxiety than those without the exposure (male, OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.16-1.29; female, OR=1.27; 95% CI: 1.21-1.33). In additional stratified analyses, this association was more prominent among those who were never smokers, were exposed for more days, and had severe levels of anxiety.

Conclusions: This study found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with anxiety in adolescents; hence, proper political interventions to reduce secondhand smoke exposure may be required.

Introduction: Smoking elevates catecholamines that increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Sparse evidence exists about the effects of e-cigarettes and catecholamines. Higher levels of catecholamines could trigger the increased heart rate, blood pressure, and decreased vascular function reported with the use of e-cigarettes. We investigated the difference in urinary catecholamines and their metabolites before and after the use of an e-cigarette containing nicotine or cigarettes compared to no tobacco use.

Methods: In our observational cohort exposure study, healthy adults aged 21-45 years who were currently using e-cigarettes, cigarettes, or had never used tobacco, participated in an acute exposure visit using their most common tobacco product. Urine was collected before, 1, and 2 hours after a 3-second puff every 30 seconds for 10 minutes on an e-cigarette or straw or use of 1 cigarette. Urinary catecholamines and their metabolites were measured by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Participants (n=323) were grouped by the product used at the visit. We compared levels of creatinine normalized log-transformed urinary catecholamines and their metabolites across groups using Dunn's test following a Kruskal-Wallis test in unadjusted and demographically adjusted models.

Results: Prior to use, individuals who used cigarettes (n=70) had lower urinary metabolites from epinephrine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. No differences were seen in those who used e-cigarettes (n=171) and those who did not use tobacco (n=82). In fully adjusted models, 1 h after the use of a combustible or e-cigarette, log-transformed urinary metabolites from norepinephrine (β=1.22; 95% CI: 0.39-2.05, p=0.004 and β=1.06; 95% CI: 0.39-1.74, p=0.002), dopamine (β=0.37; 95% CI: 0.24-0.5, p<0.001 and β=0.15; 95% CI: 0.05-0.26, p<0.001), and epinephrine (β=1.89; 95% CI: 0.51-3.27, p=0.008 and β=1.49; 95% CI: 0.38-2.61, p=0.009) were elevated. In fully adjusted models, combustible cigarette use was associated with elevated urinary norepinephrine (β=0.46; 95% CI: 0.13-0.81, p=0.007) and dopamine (β=0.19; 95% CI: 0.06-0.31, p=0.003) 1 h after use.

Conclusions: We found that the use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes was associated with elevated urinary catecholamines or their metabolites. Catecholamines could be useful as a biomarker of harm for tobacco use and considered by tobacco regulatory scientists in future research.

Introduction: The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in critically ill patients remains uncertain, as conflicting research results have been reported. Despite potential side effects and inconsistent data on safety and efficacy, NRT is still prescribed in intensive care units (ICUs) to prevent withdrawal symptoms and manage agitation in patients who are smokers. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy in critically ill smoking patients.

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigated the outcomes of smokers admitted to ICUs and were randomized either to receive or not receive nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during their ICU stay. The MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from inception through 13 February 2023 using OVID. The primary outcome was ICU length of stay (LOS) for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted using both random-effects and fixed-effect models; the latter is recommended when meta-analysis is restricted to just a few studies. The study was registered in the Prospective International Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under reference number CRD42023407804.

Results: Of 28 studies initially identified, three, with 67 patients on NRT and 72 controls, were deemed eligible for pooled analysis. Patients who received NRT experienced a shorter LOS (mean difference, MD= -3.06; 95% CI: -5.88 - -0.25, p=0.0, I²=0%). The mechanical ventilation (MV) duration was also shorter in the NRT group, but this difference was not statistically significant (MD= -1.24; 95% CI: -3.21-0.72, p=0.22, I²=12.69%). Delirium duration was reported by two studies, from which pooled analysis revealed an MD of -0.50 (95% CI: -1.63-0.62, I²=0%). The vasopressor duration was assessed in two studies, and the overall MD for vasopressor duration was not statistically different between NRT patients and controls in the fixed-effects model (MD=0.11; 95% CI: -0.75-0.96, I²=0%).

Conclusions: Critically ill smoker patients who received NRT experienced a significantly shorter ICU LOS but no significant differences in the durations of MV, vasopressor use, or delirium.

Introduction: The prevalence of smoking, including heated tobacco products (HTPs), among Japanese dentists was reported to be 16.5%, significantly higher than that among Japanese physicians and United States dentists. However, large-scale studies on smoking cessation implementation based on dentists' smoking status and perceptions since the introduction of HTPs are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate and assess dentists' attitudes toward smoking, including HTP use and smoking cessation, according to smoking status.

Methods: A self-administered questionnaire comprising six major items was mailed to 3883 dentists who were members of the Aichi Dental Association in August 2019. The primary outcome was smoking cessation status. The secondary outcome was the impact of smoking on intervention for smoking cessation. This study was reported using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines.

Results: Among the 1317 (42%) dentists analyzed, men were more positive toward smoking than women. Current and former smokers were more positive about smoking than never smokers/users, regardless of the tobacco product type. Additionally, the current smoker group using conventional cigarettes was less likely to ask for their patients' smoking status than the never smoker group. Furthermore, the current smoker (OR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.3-3.1 vs never smoker) and HTP user (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.1 vs never user) groups were less likely to engage in smoking cessation than the never smoker/user groups, regardless of the tobacco product type.

Conclusions: Since the smoking status of dentists affects the implementation of smoking cessation interventions, it is crucial to encourage them to quit using all tobacco products to promote smoking cessation interventions in dental practice. Additionally, providing proper smoking prevention education to dentists is an important task.

Introduction: The research regarding the effect of hookah smoking on health is still deficient, even though it has been proven to jeopardize human health by raising the hazard of different types of cancers, infections, and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to study the effect of dual tobacco smoking (hookah and cigarettes) on semen parameters of infertile men.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we studied the effect of different types of smoking patterns on human semen parameters among men who visited IVF laboratories to do a seminal fluid analysis (SFA). A total number of 761 participants were included, divided into the following: 108 dual smokers, 219 hookah smokers, 222 cigarette smokers, and 212 non-smokers. To analyze the effect of dual smoking on normal morphology, an interaction term between the cigarette index and hookah index was used.

Results: Multivariable regression analysis after adjustment for age, BMI, education level, children, chronic diseases, varicocele, testicular surgery history, infertility duration, and cause revealed no significant difference in the sperm concentration and the percentage of progressive motility between non-smokers, cigarette smokers, or hookah smokers. However, there was a significant difference in the log of normal morphology percentage between the three groups. Cigarette and hookah smoking were significantly associated with having lower percentages of normal morphology. There was a significant difference in the log-normal morphology %, where light and heavy dual smokers had the least exponential beta of log-normal morphology %, 0.43 (95% CI: 0.33-0.55) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.24-0.53), respectively.

Conclusions: Dual tobacco smoking can adversely affect sperm morphology.