Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2024576
Ayşegül Varol, Serap Sezen, Dilhan Evcimen, Atefeh Zarepour, Gönül Ulus, A. Zarrabi, Gamal Badr, S. Daştan, Asya Gülistan Orbayoğlu, Z. Selamoğlu, M. Varol
Abstract Bee venom therapy is known as a traditional approach to curing many medical conditions such as arthritis, pain and rheumatism. Bee venom also provides promising potential for treating many cancers such as breast, lung, ovary, stomach, kidney, prostate, cervical, colon and esophageal cancers, osteosarcoma, leukemia, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. We therefore focused not only on the molecular activity mechanisms and cellular targets of bee venom and its components, but also on modern solutions as cutting-edge nanotechnological advances to overcome existing bottlenecks, and the latest advances in the anticancer application of bee venom in clinical settings.
{"title":"Cellular targets and molecular activity mechanisms of bee venom in cancer: recent trends and developments","authors":"Ayşegül Varol, Serap Sezen, Dilhan Evcimen, Atefeh Zarepour, Gönül Ulus, A. Zarrabi, Gamal Badr, S. Daştan, Asya Gülistan Orbayoğlu, Z. Selamoğlu, M. Varol","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2024576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2024576","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bee venom therapy is known as a traditional approach to curing many medical conditions such as arthritis, pain and rheumatism. Bee venom also provides promising potential for treating many cancers such as breast, lung, ovary, stomach, kidney, prostate, cervical, colon and esophageal cancers, osteosarcoma, leukemia, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. We therefore focused not only on the molecular activity mechanisms and cellular targets of bee venom and its components, but also on modern solutions as cutting-edge nanotechnological advances to overcome existing bottlenecks, and the latest advances in the anticancer application of bee venom in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"1382 - 1395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48553370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2033778
K. Benrazzouk, Mehdi Ait Laaradia, Malika Ait Sidi Brahim, S. Ouhaddou, A. Ouhammou, A. Chait, K. Bekkouche, M. Markouk, M. Larhsini
Abstract The antivenom property of the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Adenocarpus anagyrifolius against Hottentotta gentili was evaluated by gavage (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) after subcutaneous injection of LD99 of H. gentili venom. The results showed a very efficient response with a survival of the mice even after 24 h, while the injection with LD50 and a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a restoration of the lesions in different tissues and a significant decrease of the biochemical markers. The high antioxidant efficiency with the presence of active metabolites may explain the potential of A. anagyrifolius as natural product drug candidate.
{"title":"In vivo evaluation of antivenom activity of Adenocarpus anagyrifolius methanolic extract against Hottentotta gentili scorpion venom","authors":"K. Benrazzouk, Mehdi Ait Laaradia, Malika Ait Sidi Brahim, S. Ouhaddou, A. Ouhammou, A. Chait, K. Bekkouche, M. Markouk, M. Larhsini","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2033778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2033778","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The antivenom property of the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Adenocarpus anagyrifolius against Hottentotta gentili was evaluated by gavage (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) after subcutaneous injection of LD99 of H. gentili venom. The results showed a very efficient response with a survival of the mice even after 24 h, while the injection with LD50 and a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a restoration of the lesions in different tissues and a significant decrease of the biochemical markers. The high antioxidant efficiency with the presence of active metabolites may explain the potential of A. anagyrifolius as natural product drug candidate.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"176 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48799122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-28DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2027454
A. Mohammadi, Mohammad Malakootian, S. Dobaradaran, Majid Hashemi, Neemat Jaafarzadeh, Nasrin Parniani
Abstract This study focused on the investigation of physicochemical characterization and metal(oid)s in landfill leachate of Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. TDS, BOD5, COD, Hg, and Cd concentrations in fresh leachate were above leachate discharge standards. Significant differences were detected among alkalinity, EC, COD, and Na+ levels in various seasons. Furthermore, the high leachate pollution index (LPI) value showed a significant amount of pollutants present in landfill leachate. The results of this study help in understanding the pollution potential of landfill leachate of Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. Thus, decision-makers should manage landfill leachate to reduce further environmental pollution.
{"title":"Determination and seasonal analysis of physicochemical characterization and metal(oid)s of landfill leachate in Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf","authors":"A. Mohammadi, Mohammad Malakootian, S. Dobaradaran, Majid Hashemi, Neemat Jaafarzadeh, Nasrin Parniani","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2027454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2027454","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focused on the investigation of physicochemical characterization and metal(oid)s in landfill leachate of Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. TDS, BOD5, COD, Hg, and Cd concentrations in fresh leachate were above leachate discharge standards. Significant differences were detected among alkalinity, EC, COD, and Na+ levels in various seasons. Furthermore, the high leachate pollution index (LPI) value showed a significant amount of pollutants present in landfill leachate. The results of this study help in understanding the pollution potential of landfill leachate of Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. Thus, decision-makers should manage landfill leachate to reduce further environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"161 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48262585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2026398
M. Boskabady, V. Ghorani, Sima Beigoli, M. Boskabady
Abstract The effects of lead (Pb) exposure, a major human health threat, on the bone, teeth, and the possible underlying mechanisms are reviewed. The effects of environmental lead on the bone, mouth, and teeth such as osteoporosis and dental caries were demonstrated, which are reported to be due to increased production of osteoclast, bone resorption, oxidative stress, changes in the circulating D3 level, disruption of mineralization, delay fracture healing, effect on Ca2+ metabolism, inflammation, and affecting humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, reducing environmental lead in workplaces to prevent its harmful effects on the bone and teeth is needed.
{"title":"The effects of environmental lead on teeth and bone status and the mechanisms of these effects, animal and human evidence, a review","authors":"M. Boskabady, V. Ghorani, Sima Beigoli, M. Boskabady","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2026398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2026398","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of lead (Pb) exposure, a major human health threat, on the bone, teeth, and the possible underlying mechanisms are reviewed. The effects of environmental lead on the bone, mouth, and teeth such as osteoporosis and dental caries were demonstrated, which are reported to be due to increased production of osteoclast, bone resorption, oxidative stress, changes in the circulating D3 level, disruption of mineralization, delay fracture healing, effect on Ca2+ metabolism, inflammation, and affecting humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, reducing environmental lead in workplaces to prevent its harmful effects on the bone and teeth is needed.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"1396 - 1415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45797586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2023575
Shriya Pathania, D. Pathania, P. Chauhan, Mamta Sharma
Abstract The goal of the evaluation of the current review is to offer a report on toxic vegetation with healthful properties and plants that are accustomed to treat infectious agent diseases (antiviral properties). Use of plants is as old as mankind, even then poisonous plants come under the most underrated category of plants all over the world and used less often due to folklores about their adverse effects. Knowledge of poisonous plants is important as some of them are useful to treat remedies. The poisonous feature of plants is due to the production of toxic substance which includes alkaloids, amines, saponins, tannins, etc. To illustrate improved affinity and effectiveness for health endorsement, they should be explored more. Along with the medicinal impact of the plants against various diseases, they are also used to treat viral diseases. Antiviral property is the most common medicinal asset of poisonous floras and used since ancient times. Natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. Long ago, the investigation into antiviral action of assorted capable plants was restricted due to the extremely communicable nature of viruses and deficiency of applicable separation procedures for the documentation of antiviral plants from other plants. As we know that, Viruses nowadays, lead to situations of pandemics all over the world. This bibliographic analysis is therefore compendium of information on plants used for the treatment of viral sicknesses. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Himalayan poisonous plants for traditional healings and protection from viral attack: a comprehensive review","authors":"Shriya Pathania, D. Pathania, P. Chauhan, Mamta Sharma","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2023575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2023575","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of the evaluation of the current review is to offer a report on toxic vegetation with healthful properties and plants that are accustomed to treat infectious agent diseases (antiviral properties). Use of plants is as old as mankind, even then poisonous plants come under the most underrated category of plants all over the world and used less often due to folklores about their adverse effects. Knowledge of poisonous plants is important as some of them are useful to treat remedies. The poisonous feature of plants is due to the production of toxic substance which includes alkaloids, amines, saponins, tannins, etc. To illustrate improved affinity and effectiveness for health endorsement, they should be explored more. Along with the medicinal impact of the plants against various diseases, they are also used to treat viral diseases. Antiviral property is the most common medicinal asset of poisonous floras and used since ancient times. Natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. Long ago, the investigation into antiviral action of assorted capable plants was restricted due to the extremely communicable nature of viruses and deficiency of applicable separation procedures for the documentation of antiviral plants from other plants. As we know that, Viruses nowadays, lead to situations of pandemics all over the world. This bibliographic analysis is therefore compendium of information on plants used for the treatment of viral sicknesses. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"1374 - 1381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48441512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-22DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2023576
Farzaneh Nikfar, S. Sabzalipour, A. Gholami, A. Nazarpour
Abstract Heavy metals (HM) are one of the main agents that threaten human health. The most important source that release heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, V, and Zn) in the environment is Petrochemical industries. This study was investigated the carcinogenic risk assessment, health endpoint and source identification of heavy metals. Samples were taken from the different regions: parks, residential, industrial, administrative and central and high traffic areas in Mahshahr, southwest, Iran and investigate the environmental impacts of the studied petrochemical industry. Measurement of heavy metals performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results of the PCA showed that As had a different source than other heavy metals, which can be owing to numerous human and industrial activities in the region. Based on the results, the Igeo factor was assessed at high levels for Ni, Pb, and Cd metals. Moreover, the results demonstrated high intensities of pollution for Pb, Zn, Cd, and Ni metals under the application of PI and IPI indices, and for Ni, Pb, and Cd metals under the application of the EF index. The index of the risk index (RI) average of the studied metals represented a significant risk for Ni, Cr and As metals on children and adults. In addition, Pb isotopic results showed high levels of 208Pb/206Pb to 207Pb/206Pb, which indicated that the increase of the Pb isotope in the studied region was concerned with petrochemical activities of human origin. In this study, it was found that the soils of the Mahshahr port industrial zone have high anomalies of some metals, especially Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd, which were due to the growth of traffic and economic and industrial activities in the region. However, heavy metals such as As and V exhibited the lowest risk and very low pollution in all indicators.
{"title":"Carcinogenic risk assessment, health endpoint and source identification of heavy metals in Mahshahr, Iran","authors":"Farzaneh Nikfar, S. Sabzalipour, A. Gholami, A. Nazarpour","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2023576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2023576","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Heavy metals (HM) are one of the main agents that threaten human health. The most important source that release heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, V, and Zn) in the environment is Petrochemical industries. This study was investigated the carcinogenic risk assessment, health endpoint and source identification of heavy metals. Samples were taken from the different regions: parks, residential, industrial, administrative and central and high traffic areas in Mahshahr, southwest, Iran and investigate the environmental impacts of the studied petrochemical industry. Measurement of heavy metals performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results of the PCA showed that As had a different source than other heavy metals, which can be owing to numerous human and industrial activities in the region. Based on the results, the Igeo factor was assessed at high levels for Ni, Pb, and Cd metals. Moreover, the results demonstrated high intensities of pollution for Pb, Zn, Cd, and Ni metals under the application of PI and IPI indices, and for Ni, Pb, and Cd metals under the application of the EF index. The index of the risk index (RI) average of the studied metals represented a significant risk for Ni, Cr and As metals on children and adults. In addition, Pb isotopic results showed high levels of 208Pb/206Pb to 207Pb/206Pb, which indicated that the increase of the Pb isotope in the studied region was concerned with petrochemical activities of human origin. In this study, it was found that the soils of the Mahshahr port industrial zone have high anomalies of some metals, especially Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd, which were due to the growth of traffic and economic and industrial activities in the region. However, heavy metals such as As and V exhibited the lowest risk and very low pollution in all indicators.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"132 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49160842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2022698
Hadjila Moussaoui, A. Ladjel-Mendil, F. Laraba-Djebari
Abstract Scorpion’s toxins have attracted attention as a treatment for diverse neurological diseases related to myelin loss. This study aimed to investigate the effect of kaliotoxin2 (KTX2), a potassium-channel blocker from Androctonus australis hector venom on cuprizone model of demyelination. Results showed that KTX2 modulates the behavioral functions, the demyelination, and reduces the recruitment of microglia, astrocytes, and granulocyte in the brain. KTX2 modulates the inflammatory response by increasing the IL-10 release, attenuating NFκB activation, and decreasing the oxidative stress markers and IL-6 levels. Results highlight the modulating effects of KTX2 on cuprizone model and confirm its therapeutic potential in demyelination diseases. Highlights Kaliotoxin2 (KTX2) prevents the excessive reduction in body weight gain and modulate motor coordination disorder induced by cuprizone. KTX2 from Aah venom protect myelin from the destructive effects of cuprizone. KTX2 inoculation to the CNS reduce microglia, astrocytes and granulocyte infiltration in the brain. KTX2 increases the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and attenuates the activation of NFκB. KTX2 counterbalances cuprizone-induced brain unbalance of neurochemical redox parameters.
{"title":"Neuromodulation of neurological disorders in a demyelination model: effect of a potassium channel inhibitor from Androctonus scorpion venom","authors":"Hadjila Moussaoui, A. Ladjel-Mendil, F. Laraba-Djebari","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2022698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2022698","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Scorpion’s toxins have attracted attention as a treatment for diverse neurological diseases related to myelin loss. This study aimed to investigate the effect of kaliotoxin2 (KTX2), a potassium-channel blocker from Androctonus australis hector venom on cuprizone model of demyelination. Results showed that KTX2 modulates the behavioral functions, the demyelination, and reduces the recruitment of microglia, astrocytes, and granulocyte in the brain. KTX2 modulates the inflammatory response by increasing the IL-10 release, attenuating NFκB activation, and decreasing the oxidative stress markers and IL-6 levels. Results highlight the modulating effects of KTX2 on cuprizone model and confirm its therapeutic potential in demyelination diseases. Highlights Kaliotoxin2 (KTX2) prevents the excessive reduction in body weight gain and modulate motor coordination disorder induced by cuprizone. KTX2 from Aah venom protect myelin from the destructive effects of cuprizone. KTX2 inoculation to the CNS reduce microglia, astrocytes and granulocyte infiltration in the brain. KTX2 increases the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and attenuates the activation of NFκB. KTX2 counterbalances cuprizone-induced brain unbalance of neurochemical redox parameters.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"99 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46513222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2025401
J. C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, J. C. Agbasi
Abstract This paper aimed to assess the water quality and estimate the percentages of potentially toxic elements that would be removed to make water resources in Ojoto and its environs (Nigeria) safe for drinking. Standard procedures were followed in physicochemical analyses. Novel integrated-weight water quality index revealed that only 4 out of 28 water stations were suitable. Heavy metal toxicity load estimated that 92%, 48%, 89%, 79% and 98% of Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb, respectively, are required to be removed from the waters to reduce pollution. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering showed the spatiotemporal water quality classes in the study area.
{"title":"Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria","authors":"J. C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, J. C. Agbasi","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2025401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2025401","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aimed to assess the water quality and estimate the percentages of potentially toxic elements that would be removed to make water resources in Ojoto and its environs (Nigeria) safe for drinking. Standard procedures were followed in physicochemical analyses. Novel integrated-weight water quality index revealed that only 4 out of 28 water stations were suitable. Heavy metal toxicity load estimated that 92%, 48%, 89%, 79% and 98% of Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb, respectively, are required to be removed from the waters to reduce pollution. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering showed the spatiotemporal water quality classes in the study area.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"146 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43811021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2018611
Mónica Quesada-Valverde, Graciela Artavia, F. Granados-Chinchilla, Carolina Cortés-Herrera
Abstract Herein we explore the latest research on a chemical compound resulting from food processing and during the Maillard reaction: Acrylamide (ACR). ACR is formed during high-temperature cooking processes (i.e. >120 °C), such as frying, roasting, and baking. Considering the relevance of ACR in the food industry, first, we briefly explored the nature of ACR and its mechanisms of formation and current available legislative framework (with especial emphasis on baked goods and cereals, potato-based products, and coffee). Special attention was given to which foods are more likely to contain considerable amounts of ACR and the particulars of chromatographic methodologies involved in its testing (including extraction). Additionally, health effects caused by ACR were addressed that include an introduction to eukaryotic and prokaryotic ACR metabolism, biotransformation, and fate. Risk assessment, including a margin of exposure (MOE) and tolerance levels for ACR, was highlighted. Finally, we concluded our review with a section regarding methods and strategies available to reduce ACR in foods; this includes the role of asparagine (Asn), operation units available to industry, and the addition of natural products. ACR is still a relevant compound regarding food safety, and still, research is ongoing to develop methods for accurate surveillance and strategies for quenching its formation at the processing stage.
{"title":"Acrylamide in foods: from regulation and registered levels to chromatographic analysis, nutritional relevance, exposure, mitigation approaches, and health effects","authors":"Mónica Quesada-Valverde, Graciela Artavia, F. Granados-Chinchilla, Carolina Cortés-Herrera","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2018611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2018611","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Herein we explore the latest research on a chemical compound resulting from food processing and during the Maillard reaction: Acrylamide (ACR). ACR is formed during high-temperature cooking processes (i.e. >120 °C), such as frying, roasting, and baking. Considering the relevance of ACR in the food industry, first, we briefly explored the nature of ACR and its mechanisms of formation and current available legislative framework (with especial emphasis on baked goods and cereals, potato-based products, and coffee). Special attention was given to which foods are more likely to contain considerable amounts of ACR and the particulars of chromatographic methodologies involved in its testing (including extraction). Additionally, health effects caused by ACR were addressed that include an introduction to eukaryotic and prokaryotic ACR metabolism, biotransformation, and fate. Risk assessment, including a margin of exposure (MOE) and tolerance levels for ACR, was highlighted. Finally, we concluded our review with a section regarding methods and strategies available to reduce ACR in foods; this includes the role of asparagine (Asn), operation units available to industry, and the addition of natural products. ACR is still a relevant compound regarding food safety, and still, research is ongoing to develop methods for accurate surveillance and strategies for quenching its formation at the processing stage.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"1343 - 1373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49388024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-06DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2022700
C. Aralu, P. Okoye, K. Akpomie, H. O. Chukwuemeka-Okorie, H. O. Abugu
Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants in the environment that can threaten the populace living close to contaminated soil. Soil samples were collected from the study and control areas which were analyzed for PAHs using Gas chromatography. The detected PAHs concentrations varied from ND to 6.83 ± 10.58 µg/kg for the study sample and ND − 3.23 ± 4.72 µg/kg for the control sample for the wet season. The study sample dry season concentration values of PAHs ranged from ND to 4.73 ± 5.69 µg/kg and varied from ND to 3.67 ± 5.49 µg/kg for the control sample in the dry season. The study sample ( PAHs) values were significantly higher than the control location in both seasons. The detected 2–3 ringed PAHs values were higher than the 4–6 ringed PAHs for both locations and seasons. The ratios of the molecular groups indicated that the PAHs were delivered to the soil from pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. The values of the cancer risks for adults and children ranged from 1.02 − 5.68 to 2.27 − 4.3 for dermal and ingestion pathways respectively which makes cancer risks unlikely for both age categories in both locations.
{"title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil situated around solid waste dumpsite in Awka, Nigeria","authors":"C. Aralu, P. Okoye, K. Akpomie, H. O. Chukwuemeka-Okorie, H. O. Abugu","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2022700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2022700","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants in the environment that can threaten the populace living close to contaminated soil. Soil samples were collected from the study and control areas which were analyzed for PAHs using Gas chromatography. The detected PAHs concentrations varied from ND to 6.83 ± 10.58 µg/kg for the study sample and ND − 3.23 ± 4.72 µg/kg for the control sample for the wet season. The study sample dry season concentration values of PAHs ranged from ND to 4.73 ± 5.69 µg/kg and varied from ND to 3.67 ± 5.49 µg/kg for the control sample in the dry season. The study sample ( PAHs) values were significantly higher than the control location in both seasons. The detected 2–3 ringed PAHs values were higher than the 4–6 ringed PAHs for both locations and seasons. The ratios of the molecular groups indicated that the PAHs were delivered to the soil from pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. The values of the cancer risks for adults and children ranged from 1.02 − 5.68 to 2.27 − 4.3 for dermal and ingestion pathways respectively which makes cancer risks unlikely for both age categories in both locations.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"122 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44204306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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