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Effect of Impact Energy on the Interface Microstructure of Explosively Clad Mild Steel and Titanium 冲击能量对爆炸包覆低碳钢和钛界面微观结构的影响
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03449-y
T. N. Prasanthi, P. K. Parida, Ravikirana, R. Mythili, C. Sudha

Effect of load ratio (R) on the interface microstructure and phase stability was investigated in mild steel/Grade-2 Ti explosive clads using experimental and JMatPro® computations. At low-impact-energy conditions (i.e., R = 1.07), the interface exhibited a symmetrical wavy morphology with molten metal entrapped in isolated regions within the vortices of the waves, while at high-impact loading conditions (R = 3) the interface had complex weld solidification structure consisting of planar interface, columnar and equiaxed dendrites. Based on the study, it was concluded that under high-impact loading conditions, the interface microstructure of the explosive clads will resemble fusion welded joints, but with relatively lower thickness of the interaction zones.

通过实验和 JMatPro® 计算,研究了载荷比 (R) 对低碳钢/2 级钛炸药复合材料界面微观结构和相稳定性的影响。在低冲击能量条件下(即 R = 1.07),界面呈现对称的波浪状形态,熔融金属被夹杂在波浪漩涡中的孤立区域;而在高冲击加载条件下(R = 3),界面具有复杂的焊接凝固结构,包括平面界面、柱状和等轴树枝状。根据这项研究得出的结论是,在高冲击加载条件下,爆炸包层的界面微观结构将类似于熔焊接头,但相互作用区的厚度相对较低。
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引用次数: 0
Surface Characteristics of Low Plasticity Burnished Laser Directed Energy Deposition Alloy IN718 低塑性烧结激光直接能量沉积合金 IN718 的表面特性
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03462-1
Mohanraj, Raja S. Thanumoorthy, Prithivirajan Sekar, A. Muthuchamy, Srikanth Bontha, A. S. S. Balan

The research work focuses on a novel post-processing sequence to improve the surface integrity and residual stress characteristics of as-printed Inconel718 (IN718) samples. The as-printed IN718 samples are subjected to solution treatment at 1050 °C, two-step precipitation hardening (@ 720 °C for 8 h and @ 620 °C for 8 h), and low plasticity burnishing. Two different sequences were attempted. Sequence-1 involves solutionizing → low plasticity burnishing followed by precipitation hardening, and sequence-2 includes solutionizing → precipitation hardening followed by low plasticity burnishing. The experimental observations and detailed investigations revealed that the samples processed via sequence 2 exhibited a better surface finish. The microhardness of the samples of sequence 2 is 10% higher than their counterparts in sequence 1. The maximum residual stress of −1375.33 MPa is obtained in sequence 1 as compared to the residual stress of −1100.67 MPa in sequence 2. The influence of the processing sequences on the surface properties has been discussed in detail using the XRD and microstructural characterization supported with EBSD analysis.

Graphic Abstract

这项研究工作的重点是采用一种新颖的后处理程序来改善轧制 Inconel718 (IN718) 样品的表面完整性和残余应力特性。印模 IN718 样品在 1050 °C 下进行固溶处理、两步沉淀硬化(720 °C 8 小时和 620 °C 8 小时)和低塑性抛光。尝试了两种不同的顺序。顺序-1 包括固溶 → 低塑性抛光,然后沉淀硬化;顺序-2 包括固溶 → 沉淀硬化,然后低塑性抛光。实验观察和详细调查显示,通过序列 2 加工的样品具有更好的表面光洁度。序列 2 样品的显微硬度比序列 1 高 10%。序列 1 得到的最大残余应力为 -1375.33 兆帕,而序列 2 得到的残余应力为 -1100.67 兆帕。在 EBSD 分析的支持下,利用 XRD 和微结构表征详细讨论了加工顺序对表面特性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancement of Elastic Modulus by TiC Reinforcement in Low-Density Steel 通过在低密度钢中添加 TiC 增强弹性模量
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03452-3
R. Pavan Kumar, N. C. Santhi Srinivas, R. Manna

The present study investigates the effect of in situ reinforced TiC on the microstructure, density, and tensile properties of austenitic low-density steel. Low-density steels with compositions of Fe-18.93%Mn-6.20%Al-0.76%C (Steel A) and composition of steel A, with the addition of 2.5 %Ti and 0.5 %C are melted via induction melting and cast into copper mold to get austenite in steel A and austenite plus in-situ formation of 4.5 vol% TiC in Steel B, respectively. Both the homogenized steels are subjected to hot rolling followed by solutionizing and quenching in water. The austenitic Steel A reports low density and Young’s modulus of 6.99 g/cc and 169 GPa, respectively. The presence of 4.5 vol% TiC in austenitic Steel B reduces density to 6.84 g/cc but increases Young’s modulus to 176 GPa, yield strength to 578 MPa, and tensile strength to 920 MPa. In situ formation of TiC increases grain boundary strengthening due to refinement in austenite size and dislocation strengthening significantly even though solid solution strengthening is the dominating one. Formation of TiC reduces the product of strength and elongation (PCE) to 32.5 GPa% due to a decrease in ductility. Both steels exhibit Ludwigson flow behavior, characterized by two distinct slopes of easy glide and cross-slip, respectively, in true stress–true strain plots.

本研究探讨了原位强化 TiC 对奥氏体低密度钢的微观结构、密度和拉伸性能的影响。将成分为 Fe-18.93%Mn-6.20%Al-0.76%C 的低密度钢(钢 A)和成分为钢 A 但添加了 2.5%Ti 和 0.5%C 的低密度钢通过感应熔化并浇铸到铜模中,分别得到钢 A 中的奥氏体和钢 B 中的奥氏体加原位形成的 4.5 Vol% TiC。两种均质钢都经过热轧,然后在水中固溶和淬火。奥氏体钢 A 的密度和杨氏模量分别为 6.99 g/cc 和 169 GPa。奥氏体钢 B 中含有 4.5 Vol% 的 TiC,密度降至 6.84 g/cc,但杨氏模量增至 176 GPa,屈服强度增至 578 MPa,抗拉强度增至 920 MPa。尽管固溶强化是主要的强化方式,但由于奥氏体尺寸的细化和位错强化,TiC 的原位形成显著增加了晶界强化。由于延展性降低,TiC 的形成将强度和伸长率的乘积 (PCE) 降低到 32.5 GPa%。这两种钢均表现出路德维希逊流动行为,在真实应力-真实应变曲线图中分别呈现出易于滑动和交叉滑动的两个不同斜率。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of Process Parameters for Electrodeposited Ni-PTFE Composite Coating: A Multi-Response Analysis Using ANFIS Model 电沉积 Ni-PTFE 复合涂层的工艺参数预测:使用 ANFIS 模型的多重响应分析
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03456-z
S. Jeyaraj, P. S. Sivasakthivel

Nickel-PolyTetraFluoroEthylene (Ni-PTFE) composite coatings were prepared from a watts-type nickel plating bath by varying process parameters in this study. The considered input process variables were current density, potential of hydrogen range, bath temperature, PTFE bath concentration, and stirrer speed. Experiments systematically analyzed their effects on outcomes. The responses measured in the experiments included the surface roughness, mass of deposit, and coating thickness of the coated samples. Scanning electron microscope and microstructure examinations analyzed Ni-PTFE deposition in specimens from mild steel plates. Additionally, an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system model was developed to predict the surface roughness, mass of deposit, and coating thickness of the coated samples. The model showed high accuracy in predicting parameters, closely matching experimental data.

本研究通过改变工艺参数,利用瓦特型镍电镀槽制备了镍-聚四氟乙烯(Ni-PTFE)复合镀层。考虑的输入工艺变量包括电流密度、氢气范围电位、镀槽温度、聚四氟乙烯镀槽浓度和搅拌器速度。实验系统分析了它们对结果的影响。实验中测量的反应包括涂层样品的表面粗糙度、沉积质量和涂层厚度。扫描电子显微镜和微观结构检查分析了低碳钢板试样中 Ni-PTFE 的沉积情况。此外,还开发了一个自适应神经模糊推理系统模型来预测涂层样品的表面粗糙度、沉积质量和涂层厚度。该模型在预测参数方面表现出很高的准确性,与实验数据非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Boron and its Influence on Mechanically Alloyed FeCo Nanocrystals 硼的效应及其对机械合金化铁钴纳米晶体的影响
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03448-z
Tuncay Simsek, Damla Ozgur, Telem Simsek, Baris Avar, Bugra Yildiz, Arun K. Chattopadhyay

This study investigates the effect of adding boron as a ternary addition to binary FeCo alloys. Fe–Co–B ternary alloys with varying boron concentrations between 0 and 2 wt% were synthesized through mechanical alloying. The study aims to analyze the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the Fe–Co alloy matrix with the inclusion of boron. The XRD results showed a single solid solution phase of Fe–bcc structure for all alloys, regardless of the boron concentration. It was seen that the low solubility of boron in Fe–Co caused the formation of hard structures at the grain boundaries, resulting in an increase in hardness with an increase in boron concentration. On the other hand, a decreasing trend was observed in coercivity, which is ascribed to the formation of FeB at the grain boundaries, as proved from XRD analysis. An increase in boron concentration did not seem to significantly affect the saturation magnetization, which remained in the range of 190 ± 10 emu/g for all Fe–Co–B alloys. The experimental data was cross checked and further insights were gained; DFT calculations were performed using Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package.

本研究探讨了在二元铁-钴合金中添加硼作为三元添加剂的效果。通过机械合金化合成了硼浓度在 0 到 2 wt% 之间的铁-钴-B 三元合金。研究旨在分析加入硼的铁钴合金基体的结构、形态和磁性能。XRD 结果表明,无论硼的浓度如何,所有合金都是单一的 Fe-bcc 结构固溶相。硼在 Fe-Co 中的低溶解度导致在晶界处形成坚硬的结构,从而使硬度随着硼浓度的增加而增加。另一方面,矫顽力呈下降趋势,这是因为在晶界处形成了 FeB,XRD 分析证明了这一点。硼浓度的增加似乎对饱和磁化率没有显著影响,所有铁-钴-硼合金的饱和磁化率都保持在 190 ± 10 emu/g 的范围内。对实验数据进行了交叉检验,并获得了进一步的见解;使用维也纳 Ab Initio 仿真软件包进行了 DFT 计算。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of NiAl-TiB2 Nanocomposite Produced by Heat Treatment Post Mechanical Alloying 热处理后机械合金化制备的 NiAl-TiB2 纳米复合材料的显微结构演变和力学性能
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03426-5
A. Kaikhosravi, Z. Sadeghian, M. Tayebi

In the current study, NiAl–TiB2 nanocomposite was produced by mechanical alloying and subsequent heat treatment. For this purpose, mixtures of pure Ni, Al, Ti, and B powders were milled in a ball mill for 20 h to produce NiAl-TiB2 nanocomposites containing 10, 20, and 30 at% TiB2. The heat treatment temperature was selected at 850 °C for 30 min which was determined by differential thermal analysis. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to identify the existing phases. The XRD results showed the completion of alloying after heat treatment. Furthermore, the morphology of the powders and microstructure of the sintered samples were investigated by optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the NiAl-20% TiB2 sample had the most homogeneous morphology. Then the powder mixture was hot pressed at 800 °C under 300 MPa. The density of the sample reached 95% after hot pressing. The sample containing 20% TiB2 was subjected to wear test under 5, 7, 10, and 13N loads by pin on disk method. Examination of the morphology of the worn surface and wear debris showed that spalling was the dominant wear mechanism.

在本研究中,通过机械合金化和随后的热处理制备了 NiAl-TiB2 纳米复合材料。为此,将纯 Ni、Al、Ti 和 B 的混合物粉末在球磨机中研磨 20 小时,制备出含 10%、20% 和 30% TiB2 的 NiAl-TiB2 纳米复合材料。热处理温度选择在 850 ℃,持续 30 分钟,这是由差热分析确定的。X 射线衍射仪(XRD)用于识别现有的相。XRD 结果表明,热处理后合金化已经完成。此外,还用光学显微镜和场发射扫描电子显微镜研究了粉末的形态和烧结样品的微观结构。结果表明,NiAl-20% TiB2 样品的形态最为均匀。然后,在 800 ℃、300 兆帕下对粉末混合物进行热压。热压后,样品的密度达到 95%。含 20% TiB2 的样品在 5、7、10 和 13N 负载下通过针盘法进行了磨损测试。对磨损表面和磨损碎片形态的检查表明,剥落是主要的磨损机制。
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引用次数: 0
Minimization of Cracks on the Narrow Face of Cast Slab for HCMA Grade Steel 尽量减少 HCMA 级钢铸造板窄面上的裂缝
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03454-1
Shubham Kumar, R. K. Rai

Transverse corner cracks are among the most common defects in high carbon and high carbon micro-alloyed grade slab casting. Calculation and analysis were done to minimize the negative strip time of mold oscillation, which is responsible for reducing the depth of the oscillation mark formed on the slab surface. The value of negative strip time decreases with an increase in the frequency of mold oscillation. Based on the trial results, it was suggested that the oscillation proportionality be adjusted from 1.2 to either 1.25 or 1.3. This adjustment will reduce the depth of oscillation marks and the tendency to form transverse cracks. The transverse crack on the narrow face of the slab was examined for crack analysis and compositional analysis. Microstructural analysis revealed that the crack has no branching and consists of an iron scale inside it. Furthermore, it is observed that the crack propagates across the allotriomorphic ferrite grains.

横向角裂纹是高碳和高碳微合金级板坯铸造中最常见的缺陷之一。计算和分析的目的是尽量减少模具振荡的负带时间,负带时间的作用是减少板坯表面形成的振荡痕迹深度。负剥离时间值随着模具振荡频率的增加而减少。根据试验结果,建议将振荡比例从 1.2 调整为 1.25 或 1.3。这一调整将减少振荡痕迹的深度和形成横向裂纹的趋势。对板坯窄面上的横向裂缝进行了裂缝分析和成分分析。微观结构分析表明,裂纹没有分支,内部由铁鳞片组成。此外,还观察到裂纹在同素异形铁素体晶粒间传播。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic Effect of Fe-Amorphous and Bionic Microtexture in Enhancing High-Temperature Tribological Properties of Al-12Si Piston Materials 铁-非晶和仿生微观纹理在增强 Al-12Si 活塞材料高温摩擦学性能方面的协同效应
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03455-0
Yingdong Wang, Zuxiang lin, Chengbin Yin, Detong Kong, Deyong Zhao, Zhijun Wang, Beibei Ma, Zehua Xu, Yuan Wang

This study designs new Fe-amorphous/Al-12Si piston composite materials. The effect and synergistic mechanism of the addition of Fe-amorphous and bionic microtexture laser surface on the high-temperature friction performance of Al-12Si piston material under mixed lubrication conditions of B30 biodiesel and engine lubricating oil have been studied. The results indicate that the frictional properties of the untextured surface of the Fe-amorphous/Al-12Si composite material depend primarily on the amount of Fe-amorphous added. The 10 wt% Fe-amorphous/Al-12Si composite exhibits a dense, void-free microstructure with optimum anti-friction and anti-wear performance. It is noteworthy that the interaction between the “anchoring” effect caused by the Fe-amorphous addition and the synergistic effect of the bionic microtexture providing a stable lubricating environment further enhances the high-temperature friction properties of Al-12Si.

本研究设计了新型 Fe-amorphous/Al-12Si 活塞复合材料。研究了在 B30 生物柴油和发动机润滑油混合润滑条件下,添加 Fe-amorphous 和仿生微纹理激光表面对 Al-12Si 活塞材料高温摩擦性能的影响和协同机制。结果表明,非晶/Al-12Si 复合材料无纹理表面的摩擦性能主要取决于非晶的添加量。10 wt% 的 Fe-amorphous/Al-12Si 复合材料呈现出致密、无空隙的微观结构,具有最佳的抗摩擦和抗磨损性能。值得注意的是,添加非晶态铁所产生的 "锚定 "效应与提供稳定润滑环境的仿生微观纹理的协同效应之间的相互作用进一步增强了 Al-12Si 的高温摩擦性能。
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引用次数: 0
Selective Laser Melted Porous Ti-6Al-4 V Scaffolds: Modelling, Manufacturing, and Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties 选择性激光熔融多孔 Ti-6Al-4 V 支架:建模、制造以及微观结构对力学性能的影响
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03461-2
Palash Mondal, Adil Wazeer, Apurba Das, Amit Roy Chowdhury, Amit Karmakar

Ti-6Al-4 V alloy is widely used in medical implants, particularly in orthopedics application. Additive manufacturing (AM), specifically selective laser melting (SLM) is useful for porous scaffolds fabrication where complex passages facilitaes bone re-growth. This study focused on the modeling, manufacture, and testing of microstructure and mechanical characteristics of seven different scaffolds (Diamond, Cross, Grid, Vinties, Tesseract, Star, and Octet) of 15 mm cube with 65% porosity. Average pore area and strut thickness of scaffolds are measured using Stereo microscope. All these fabricated scaffolds are experimentally tested under compressive loads in INSTRON testing machine. The compressive test results are also compared with the numerical simulation results generated using finite element analysis (ANSYS) software. Maximum load cell capacity of ± 25 kNis used during compression testing in INSTRON. The Grid type scaffold shows maximum ultimate compressive strength of 101.39 MPa and an effective elastic moduli of 10.33 GPa with an average pore area of 2,417,618.517 µm2 and strut thickness of 740.249 µm. This variant of the scaffold will be more compatible with the human bone’s elasticity, and it can also mitigate stress-shielding effects during healing.

Ti-6Al-4 V 合金广泛应用于医疗植入物,尤其是骨科应用。增材制造(AM),特别是选择性激光熔融(SLM)可用于多孔支架的制造,其复杂的通道有利于骨的再生长。本研究重点关注七种不同支架(Diamond、Cross、Grid、Vinties、Tesseract、Star 和 Octet)的建模、制造和微观结构与机械特性测试,这些支架的立方体为 15 毫米,孔隙率为 65%。使用立体显微镜测量了支架的平均孔隙面积和支柱厚度。所有这些制作好的支架都在 INSTRON 试验机上进行了抗压试验。压缩测试结果还与使用有限元分析(ANSYS)软件生成的数值模拟结果进行了比较。在 INSTRON 试验机上进行压缩试验时,传感器的最大承载能力为 ± 25 kN。网格型脚手架的最大极限抗压强度为 101.39 MPa,有效弹性模量为 10.33 GPa,平均孔隙面积为 2,417,618.517 µm2,支柱厚度为 740.249 µm。这种支架变体更符合人体骨骼的弹性,还能在愈合过程中减轻应力屏蔽效应。
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引用次数: 0
Machine Learning-Based Prediction of High-Entropy Alloy Hardness: Design and Experimental Validation of Superior Hardness 基于机器学习的高熵合金硬度预测:卓越硬度的设计与实验验证
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03450-5
Xiaomin Li, Jian Sun, Xizhang Chen

The primary aim of this study is to predict the hardness of high entropy alloys and identify optimal alloy compositions with superior hardness through machine learning techniques. To enhance the accuracy of predictions, a dual-layer algorithmic machine learning model was employed and augmented with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis to increase the model’s interpretability. During model development, multiple machine learning algorithms were evaluated, and innovatively, a combination of the three most optimal model outcomes was incorporated into the prediction process, thus improving the accuracy of hardness predictions. Furthermore, using the Al–Co–Cr–Fe–Ni system as an example, an HEA with a predicted hardness of 776HV was identified from 820,000 datasets. This sample was fabricated using two different preparation techniques and subsequently validated through experimental testing.

本研究的主要目的是预测高熵合金的硬度,并通过机器学习技术找出具有优异硬度的最佳合金成分。为了提高预测的准确性,我们采用了双层算法机器学习模型,并通过夏普利加法解释(SHAP)分析来增强模型的可解释性。在模型开发过程中,对多种机器学习算法进行了评估,并创新性地将三个最佳模型结果的组合纳入了预测过程,从而提高了硬度预测的准确性。此外,以 Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni 系统为例,从 820,000 个数据集中识别出了预测硬度为 776HV 的 HEA。该样品采用两种不同的制备技术制造,随后通过实验测试进行了验证。
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引用次数: 0
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Transactions of The Indian Institute of Metals
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