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Feasible Beneficiation Studies to Enrich Grade and Recovery by Adopting Grinding Followed by Gravity and Magnetic Separation 采用磨矿后重力和磁力分离提高品位和回收率的可行性选矿研究
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03445-2
D. Vijaya Mitra, Kevin Jason, Karthik Parmeswaran, T. Uma Devi, Rameswar Sah

The recovery of Fe from an oversized sample in a spiral classifier upgrades a 55% Fe to 59% Fe output in a size range (− 3 mm + 150 μm). The output was subjected to fine grinding making it suitable for pellet plant. The ground fine ore was subjected to 2 processing routes: gravity concentration followed by magnetic separation. The tailing after gravity separation was subjected to magnetic separation with varying Gauss. One set of Fe enrichment was achieved in the concentrate after gravity separation and in the mag part of magnetic separator. The overall concentrate was 61.38% Fe, 4.53% SiO2, and 2.97% Al2O3, with an yield of 83.45%. The Fe recovery was 86.27%. Alternately, fine ore was directly subjected to magnetic separation at 8000 Gauss, enriching the ore to 65.12%Fe with 48.15% yield which corresponds to 52.81% Fe. Thus, gravity concentration followed by magnetic separation gave higher grade, yield and Fe recovery.

Graphical Abstract

用螺旋分级机从超大样品中回收铁,在粒度(- 3 毫米 + 150 微米)范围内,铁的回收率为 55% 至 59%。产出的矿石经过细磨,适合用于球团厂。磨细后的矿石经过两种处理工艺:重力选矿和磁选。重力选矿后的尾矿进行不同高斯的磁选。重力选矿后的精矿和磁选机的磁体部分都实现了铁的富集。精矿中铁含量为 61.38%,二氧化硅含量为 4.53%,氧化铝含量为 2.97%,产率为 83.45%。铁的回收率为 86.27%。另一种方法是将细矿石直接进行 8000 高斯磁选,将矿石富集到 65.12%的铁,产率为 48.15%,相当于 52.81%的铁。因此,先重力选矿后磁选的品位、产量和铁回收率都较高。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of the Proportions of Dry Quenched Coke and Wet Quenched Coke Used on the Lining Temperature of a Blast Furnace Hearth 干淬焦和湿淬焦的使用比例对高炉炉衬温度的影响
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03428-3
Peng-bo Liu, Shu-sen Cheng, Zhao Liu

The performance of coke could significantly impact the permeability of a deadman in a blast furnace (BF). The poor permeability of the deadman would increase the flow rate of molten iron near the carbon brick and increase the temperature of the carbon brick. In this paper, the relationship between the production parameters of a 3200 m3 BF and the lining temperature in a hearth was studied based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The research results indicated that the main factor affecting the lining temperature in the hearth was the proportions of dry quenched coke (DQC) to wet quenched coke used. When the proportion of DQC used increased, the lining temperature decreased after approximately 95 to 120 days. The results could be used to expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which the lining temperature of BF hearth could be reduced and the BF service life could be prolonged.

焦炭的性能会严重影响高炉(BF)中死人的透气性。炉渣透气性差会增加铁水在碳砖附近的流速,并提高碳砖的温度。本文基于皮尔逊相关系数,研究了 3200 立方米高炉的生产参数与炉膛内衬温度之间的关系。研究结果表明,影响炉膛内衬温度的主要因素是干熄焦(DQC)与湿熄焦的使用比例。当使用的 DQC 比例增加时,炉衬温度会在大约 95 到 120 天后下降。这些结果可用于加深我们对降低 BF 炉衬温度和延长 BF 使用寿命的机制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical Study of Liquid Metal 3D Printing Process: Shape Morphology Evolution, Solidification, and Formation of Defects 液态金属三维打印过程的数值研究:形状形态演变、凝固和缺陷形成
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03458-x
K. Yadav, A. Kumar

The utilization of uniformly deposited metal droplets has attracted significant attention for diverse applications, such as rapid prototyping and manufacturing. Achieving flawless aluminum structures through droplet-based liquid metal 3D printing (LM3DP) is critical in aerospace and electronics. However, challenges persist in eliminating defects during deposition due to constrained temperature ranges and complex impact dynamics. This study introduces a 3D computational model using a volume of fluid technique to analyze the consecutive deposition of molten aluminum droplets on a heated substrate, protected by nitrogen gas. Simulations reproduce droplet shapes in agreement with experimental results. Molten aluminum droplets solidify layer by layer continuously in an upward direction due to high thermal conductivity, forming surface ripples. L-shaped ripples emerge on neighboring droplets due to combined effects of solidification and oscillation, which involve alternating spreading and recoiling of the droplets leading to defects like cold laps, whereas bottom-hole defects occur due to inadequate metal filling with the substrate. This investigation systematically explores shape, defect formation, temperature, solid fraction, and velocity evolution during continuous deposition. Insights establish a fundamental basis for LM3DP technology.

利用均匀沉积的金属液滴进行快速原型设计和制造等各种应用已引起广泛关注。通过基于液滴的液态金属三维打印(LM3DP)实现完美无瑕的铝结构在航空航天和电子领域至关重要。然而,由于受限的温度范围和复杂的冲击动力学,在沉积过程中消除缺陷的挑战依然存在。本研究介绍了一种三维计算模型,利用流体体积技术分析在氮气保护下熔融铝液滴在加热基底上的连续沉积。模拟再现的液滴形状与实验结果一致。由于热传导率高,熔融铝滴一层一层地沿着向上的方向连续凝固,形成表面波纹。在凝固和振荡的共同作用下,相邻液滴上会出现 L 形波纹,这涉及液滴的交替扩散和回缩,从而导致冷搭接等缺陷,而底孔缺陷则是由于基底的金属填充不足造成的。这项研究系统地探讨了连续沉积过程中的形状、缺陷形成、温度、固体分数和速度演变。这些见解为 LM3DP 技术奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Welding Parameters on Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Weldments Produced by Friction Stir Welding 焊接参数对摩擦搅拌焊奥氏体不锈钢管焊接件的影响
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03457-y
Suresh Gain, Sanjib Kumar Acharyya, Dipankar Sanyal, Suman Kalyan Das

This study investigates how welding travel speed and spindle speed influence the quality of welds in 270 mm diameter AISI 316L stainless steel pipes joined through friction stir welding (FSW). The FSW process was performed with spindle speeds of 250 rpm and 300 rpm, and travel speeds of 50 mm/min and 100 mm/min, utilizing a PCBN-coated W–Re tool in position control mode. Axial force, spindle torque and penetration depth were evaluated. The microstructure was analyzed using an optical microscope to understand the effects of spindle and travel speeds. High-resolution microscopy was employed to identify variable grain sizes across different weld zones. Vickers micro-hardness tests showed higher hardness in the stir zone and adjacent thermo-mechanically affected regions. The joint welded at 300 rpm and 100 mm/min displayed the highest hardness in the stir zone at 254 HV, indicating grain refinement confirmed by microstructural evaluation.

本研究探讨了焊接移动速度和主轴速度如何影响通过搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接的直径为 270 毫米的 AISI 316L 不锈钢管的焊缝质量。在位置控制模式下使用 PCBN 涂层 W-Re 工具进行 FSW 焊接,主轴转速分别为 250 rpm 和 300 rpm,移动速度分别为 50 mm/min 和 100 mm/min。对轴向力、主轴扭矩和穿透深度进行了评估。使用光学显微镜分析了微观结构,以了解主轴和移动速度的影响。使用高分辨率显微镜识别了不同焊接区域的不同晶粒尺寸。维氏硬度测试显示,搅拌区和邻近热机械影响区的硬度较高。以 300 rpm 和 100 mm/min 的速度焊接的接头在 254 HV 下的搅拌区硬度最高,这表明微观结构评估证实了晶粒细化。
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引用次数: 0
On the Heat-Affected Zone Role for Mechanical Properties of Structural-Steel MIG and CMT–MIG Weldments 论热影响区对结构钢 MIG 焊缝和 CMT-MIG 焊缝机械性能的作用
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03460-3
Akhil Khajuria, Anurag Misra, S. Shiva

The effect of evolved heat-affected zone (HAZ) during metal inert gas (MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT)–MIG welding of two IS2062 structural-steels, i.e. E250 and E410, was studied. The comparison of mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, tensile ductility being represented by %elongation, impact toughness at room temperature, and microhardness was done. Conventional optical and field-emission scanning electron microscopy were used for detailed examination of microstructural evolution across weldments. CMT–MIG in comparison to MIG mode was observed to produce a well-refined microstructure for both E250 and E410. Various HAZ subzones comprised of fully formed pearlite colonies in coarse-grain HAZ, pearlite in patched form in fine-grain HAZ, partially distributed pearlite in inter-critical HAZ, and fine Widmanstätten and acicular ferrite in deposited weld-metal of ER-70S6. Such microstructural manifestations particularly in HAZ subzones exhibited a positive effect leading to improved mechanical performance.

研究了两种 IS2062 结构钢材(即 E250 和 E410)在金属惰性气体(MIG)和冷金属转移(CMT)-MIG 焊接过程中热影响区(HAZ)演化的影响。比较了屈服强度、极限抗拉强度、拉伸延展性(以伸长率表示)、室温冲击韧性和显微硬度等机械性能。使用传统光学显微镜和场发射扫描电子显微镜对焊接件的微观结构演变进行了详细检查。与 MIG 模式相比,CMT-MIG 对 E250 和 E410 产生的微观结构都非常精细。各种热影响区子区包括粗晶粒热影响区中完全形成的珠光体菌落、细晶粒热影响区中斑块状的珠光体、临界热影响区间部分分布的珠光体,以及 ER-70S6 熔敷焊材中细小的维德曼泰滕和针状铁素体。这些微观结构表现,尤其是在热影响区子区的表现,对提高机械性能具有积极作用。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Behavior of Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 High-Entropy Alloy Fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering Technology 通过火花等离子烧结技术制造的 Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 高熵合金的微观结构演变和腐蚀行为研究
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03446-1
Uwa O. Uyor, Abimbola P. I. Popoola, Olawale M. Popoola

This study focused on the synthesis of Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 high-entropy alloys (HEAs) through spark plasma sintering to ascertain their corrosion resistance performance. Varied sintering temperatures, ranging from 700 to 1100 °C were employed to discern their impact on the alloy's characteristics. The fabricated HEAs underwent characterization using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A potentiodynamic polarization measurement was employed to compare the electrochemical properties of HEAs sintered at different temperatures in sulfuric and chloride aggressive media. The study outcomes indicate that the HEA sintered at 1000 °C exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to other HEAs at other temperatures. This study contributes valuable insights into the nuanced relationship between sintering temperature, microstructure, and corrosion resistance of Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 HEAs.

本研究的重点是通过火花等离子烧结合成 Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 高熵合金 (HEA),以确定其耐腐蚀性能。烧结温度从 700 ℃ 到 1100 ℃ 不等,以确定其对合金特性的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜和 X 射线衍射法对制备的 HEA 进行了表征。电位极化测量用于比较在硫酸和氯化物侵蚀介质中不同温度下烧结的 HEA 的电化学特性。研究结果表明,与其他温度下的 HEA 相比,在 1000 °C 下烧结的 HEA 具有更优异的耐腐蚀性。这项研究有助于深入了解 Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 HEA 的烧结温度、微观结构和耐腐蚀性之间的微妙关系。
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引用次数: 0
The Al2O3–ZrB2 Nanocomposite Synthesis using Mechanically Assisted SHS: The Effects of Mechanical Activation and Al2O3 Diluent 利用机械辅助 SHS 合成 Al2O3-ZrB2 纳米复合材料:机械活化和 Al2O3 稀释剂的影响
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03395-9
Dinah Pezeshki, Mohammad Rajabi, Mahmoud Rabiei, Gholam Reza Khayati, Fatemeh Ahmadpoor

ZrB2 stands out among ultra-high-temperature ceramics due to its exceptional thermal resistance, chemical stability, high hardness, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and low density. In this work, the Al2O3–ZrB2 nanocomposite was fabricated using mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The effect of mechanical activation, using three different milling times (i.e., 0, 3, and 5 h), and addition of Al2O3 as a reaction diluent on Al2O3–ZrB2 nanocomposite properties were investigated. The combustion behavior of different powder mixtures was evaluated using DSC. The phase analysis and microstructure of synthesized samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that 5 h ball milling of initial powder mixture synthesis caused the combustion reaction to start at about 650 °C which was lower than that of the unmilled sample (1140 °C). The microstructure of pre-milled samples contained a uniform distribution of ZrB2 particles in the Al2O3 matrix. The addition of Al2O3 to the initial mixture (up to a 6 wt.%) increased the amount of heat energy released upon heating the sample. The DSC and XRD results showed that the sample milled for 3 h, in which 6 wt.% Al2O3 was added to the mixtures had the most tendency to combustion and the most purity of the final microstructure. Further addition of Al2O3 up to 10 wt.% reduced the system’s ability to perform self-propagating high-temperature synthesis.

ZrB2 因其优异的耐热性、化学稳定性、高硬度、高导电性和导热性以及低密度而在超高温陶瓷中脱颖而出。本研究采用机械活化自蔓延高温合成法制备了 Al2O3-ZrB2 纳米复合材料。研究了机械活化、三种不同的研磨时间(即 0、3 和 5 小时)以及添加 Al2O3 作为反应稀释剂对 Al2O3-ZrB2 纳米复合材料性能的影响。使用 DSC 评估了不同粉末混合物的燃烧行为。通过 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和扫描电子显微镜研究了合成样品的相分析和微观结构。结果表明,初始粉末混合物经 5 小时球磨合成后,燃烧反应开始于约 650 ℃,低于未经研磨的样品(1140 ℃)。预研磨样品的微观结构中,ZrB2 颗粒均匀地分布在 Al2O3 基体中。在初始混合物中添加 Al2O3(最多 6 wt.%)可增加样品加热时释放的热能。DSC 和 XRD 结果表明,在混合物中添加 6 wt.% Al2O3 并碾磨 3 小时的样品最容易燃烧,最终微观结构的纯度也最高。进一步添加 Al2O3 至 10 wt.%,会降低系统进行自蔓延高温合成的能力。
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引用次数: 0
An Analytical Review on the Degradation Mechanisms and Magnesium Alloy Protective Coatings in Biomedical Applications 生物医学应用中的降解机制和镁合金保护涂层分析综述
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03424-7
C. Vinothkumar, G. Rajyalakshmi

Unique characteristics such as biocompatibility, degradation capability, and mechanical properties have positioned magnesium alloys as highly favorable choices for use in various medical devices and implants. However, their rapid degradation and associated challenges have limited their widespread use. This study conducts a thorough analysis into the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys when open to various coatings, using both in vitro and in vivo environments. The review focuses on understanding the degradation mechanisms, factors influencing corrosion, and the resulting consequences. Additionally, it explores the composition of coatings and metals as effective means to control degradation, along with surface treatment and corrosion management methods. To enhance the degrading behavior, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of magnesium alloys, a multistep approach involving coating techniques such as HA coating, LDH, CaP, and titanium dioxide coating is recommended. These coatings have shown significant potential in improving the exterior properties of Mg alloys. Furthermore, using multifunctional coatings is extremely effective in creating secure and bioactive substrates for the application of biodegradable implants, demonstrating significant potential in the field of biomedical engineering.

镁合金具有生物相容性、降解能力和机械性能等独特特性,是各种医疗设备和植入物的理想选择。然而,镁合金的快速降解和相关挑战限制了其广泛应用。本研究利用体外和体内环境,对镁合金与各种涂层接触时的腐蚀行为进行了深入分析。综述的重点是了解降解机制、影响腐蚀的因素以及由此产生的后果。此外,它还探讨了作为控制降解有效手段的涂层和金属成分,以及表面处理和腐蚀管理方法。为了增强镁合金的降解行为、生物活性和生物相容性,建议采用涉及涂层技术(如 HA 涂层、LDH、CaP 和二氧化钛涂层)的多步骤方法。这些涂层在改善镁合金的外部特性方面已显示出巨大的潜力。此外,使用多功能涂层能非常有效地为可生物降解植入物的应用创造安全且具有生物活性的基底,在生物医学工程领域具有巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Digital Image Correlation to Small Punch Test for Determination of Stress–Strain Properties 将数字图像相关性应用于确定应力-应变特性的小型冲压试验
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03442-5
Abdul Rahman Shaik, Aishwary Vardhan Pandey, V. Karthik, Ashish Kolhatkar, G. Abhishek, R. Divakar

The analysis of the small punch test is based on the force on the moving punch and the deflection data acquired at a single point of the specimen bottom. However, the spatial distribution of stress and strain at any given instant is non-uniform and its variations with increase in punch penetration are quite complex. In this work, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique is integrated with small punch test for in-situ full field strain measurement in the bottom surface of the specimen. The DIC results reveal that with the progression of deformation, the peak equivalent plastic strain at the bottom surface shifts from the center of the specimen to a characteristic radial location, where the strain rapidly builds up and concentrates leading to instability and cracking. Combining DIC-based strain results with finite element model-based stress estimation at the characteristic radial location, a methodology for determining the stress–strain curve from small punch test is formulated and the outcomes are compared with tensile test results for four different metallic alloys.

小型冲压试验的分析是基于移动冲头上的力和在试样底部单点获得的挠度数据。然而,任何给定瞬间的应力和应变的空间分布都是不均匀的,而且随着冲头穿透力的增加,其变化也相当复杂。在这项工作中,数字图像相关(DIC)技术与小冲压试验相结合,对试样底面进行了原位全场应变测量。DIC 结果显示,随着变形的进行,底面的等效塑性应变峰值从试样中心转移到一个特征径向位置,应变在该位置迅速积累并集中,导致不稳定和开裂。结合基于 DIC 的应变结果和基于有限元模型的特征径向位置应力估算,制定了确定小冲压试验应力-应变曲线的方法,并将结果与四种不同金属合金的拉伸试验结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis and Characterization of the La0.85Ag0.15Mn0.8Fe0.2O3 Ceramic for Some Device Application 用于某些器件应用的 La0.85Ag0.15Mn0.8Fe0.2O3 陶瓷的合成与特性分析
IF 1.6 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12666-024-03440-7
Adwit Prasad Sahu, S. K. Parida

We present the synthesis (solid-state reaction) and characterization of an iron-modified lanthanum silver manganate ceramic, La0.85Ag0.15Mn0.8Fe0.2O3. XRD investigation at room temperature using Rietveld refinement indicates rhombohedral crystal symmetry (#R (overline{3}) c) with a crystallite size of 30 nm. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate a homogeneous distribution of well-grown grains with defined grain boundaries, which is critical for understanding the conductivity mechanism. The compactness of the grains verifies the creation of a dense sample, which could be one of the factors contributing to the observed physical attributes. The purity and uniform distribution of all constituent elements were confirmed using the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectrum and color mapping, respectively. The Maxwell–Wagner polarization effect is observable at low frequencies. The analysis of impedance and modulus plots indicates the existence of a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and a non-Debye relaxation process, respectively. The existence of a thermally activated conduction mechanism in the investigated sample is supported by the analysis of AC conductivity as a function of temperature and frequency. The semiconducting nature is supported by the existence of semicircular arcs in both the Nyquist’s and Cole–Cole plots, suggesting that they would be good candidates for energy storage devices. The presence of NTC thermistor character for temperature sensor applications is suggested by the resistance versus temperature investigation.

我们介绍了铁改性锰酸镧银陶瓷 La0.85Ag0.15Mn0.8Fe0.2O3 的合成(固态反应)和表征。在室温下使用里特维尔德细化法进行的 XRD 研究表明,这种陶瓷具有斜方晶体对称性(#R (overline{3}) c),晶粒大小为 30 纳米。扫描电子显微照片显示,生长良好的晶粒分布均匀,晶界清晰,这对于理解导电机制至关重要。晶粒的致密性验证了样品的致密性,这可能是导致观察到的物理属性的因素之一。能量色散 X 射线分析光谱和颜色图谱分别证实了所有组成元素的纯度和均匀分布。在低频下可观察到麦克斯韦尔-瓦格纳极化效应。阻抗图和模量图分析表明,分别存在负电阻温度系数和非德拜弛豫过程。交流电导率与温度和频率的函数关系分析表明,所研究的样品存在热激活传导机制。奈奎斯特曲线图和科尔-科尔曲线图中都出现了半圆弧,这证明了样品具有半导体性质,表明它们是储能器件的理想候选材料。电阻与温度关系的研究表明,NTC 热敏电阻具有温度传感器应用的特性。
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引用次数: 0
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Transactions of The Indian Institute of Metals
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