Chantal Farmer, Jakob C Johannsen, Caroline Gillies, L. Huber, R. C. Hovey
The goal of this project was to determine if various measures of mammary development differed between gilts and multiparous sows at the end of gestation. During gestation, Yorkshire × Landrace gilts (n=19) and sows (second and third gestations, n = 17) were fed one daily meal of a conventional corn-based diet, where amount fed was based on body weight (BW) and backfat thickness (BF) at mating. On day 110 ± 1 of gestation, a jugular blood sample was obtained from all gilts and sows to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and urea. On that same day BW and BF were measured and animals were euthanized. Mammary glands from one side of the udder were dissected for compositional analyses. The fifth gland of the contralateral row of mammary glands was sampled for histology and immunohistochemical localization of Ki67. There was less total parenchyma (1437.4 vs 2004.7 ± 127.1 g; P < 0.001) and total extraparenchymal tissue (1691.0 vs 2407.0 ± 125.3 g; P < 0.001) in mammary glands of gilts compared to those from sows. When these values were expressed per kg BW (226.0 and 284.0 ± 2.7 kg for gilts and sows, respectively), parenchymal mass did not differ (P > 0.10), while extraparenchymal tissue weight tended to be less in gilts than sows (P = 0.07). All components within the parenchyma differed by parity (P < 0.001). Specifically, parenchymal tissue from gilts contained a greater proportion of fat and dry matter (DM), a lower proportion of protein, and lower concentrations of DNA (6.59 vs 9.35 ± 0.53 mg/g DM) and RNA (7.76 vs 12.33 ± 0.70 mg/g DM) than that from sows. On the other hand, the circumference of alveolar lumens was greater in gilts than sows (P < 0.001), while the percentage of epithelial cells that were positive for Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was greater in sows than gilts (P < 0.05). Circulating concentrations of IGF-1 were greater in gilts than multiparous sows (45.0 vs 27.3 ± 2.8 ng/mL, P < 0.001). None of the other blood variables were changed by parity. Results show a marked effect of parity on mammary gland development in swine. At the end of gestation, the mammary glands of gilts had less parenchyma with lower epithelial proliferation than glands from multiparous sows. These differences could alter the response of mammary tissue to various nutritional or endocrine signals. This information is crucial for the development of management strategies designed to maximize sow milk yield.
{"title":"Parity affects mammary development in late-pregnant swine","authors":"Chantal Farmer, Jakob C Johannsen, Caroline Gillies, L. Huber, R. C. Hovey","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The goal of this project was to determine if various measures of mammary development differed between gilts and multiparous sows at the end of gestation. During gestation, Yorkshire × Landrace gilts (n=19) and sows (second and third gestations, n = 17) were fed one daily meal of a conventional corn-based diet, where amount fed was based on body weight (BW) and backfat thickness (BF) at mating. On day 110 ± 1 of gestation, a jugular blood sample was obtained from all gilts and sows to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and urea. On that same day BW and BF were measured and animals were euthanized. Mammary glands from one side of the udder were dissected for compositional analyses. The fifth gland of the contralateral row of mammary glands was sampled for histology and immunohistochemical localization of Ki67. There was less total parenchyma (1437.4 vs 2004.7 ± 127.1 g; P < 0.001) and total extraparenchymal tissue (1691.0 vs 2407.0 ± 125.3 g; P < 0.001) in mammary glands of gilts compared to those from sows. When these values were expressed per kg BW (226.0 and 284.0 ± 2.7 kg for gilts and sows, respectively), parenchymal mass did not differ (P > 0.10), while extraparenchymal tissue weight tended to be less in gilts than sows (P = 0.07). All components within the parenchyma differed by parity (P < 0.001). Specifically, parenchymal tissue from gilts contained a greater proportion of fat and dry matter (DM), a lower proportion of protein, and lower concentrations of DNA (6.59 vs 9.35 ± 0.53 mg/g DM) and RNA (7.76 vs 12.33 ± 0.70 mg/g DM) than that from sows. On the other hand, the circumference of alveolar lumens was greater in gilts than sows (P < 0.001), while the percentage of epithelial cells that were positive for Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was greater in sows than gilts (P < 0.05). Circulating concentrations of IGF-1 were greater in gilts than multiparous sows (45.0 vs 27.3 ± 2.8 ng/mL, P < 0.001). None of the other blood variables were changed by parity. Results show a marked effect of parity on mammary gland development in swine. At the end of gestation, the mammary glands of gilts had less parenchyma with lower epithelial proliferation than glands from multiparous sows. These differences could alter the response of mammary tissue to various nutritional or endocrine signals. This information is crucial for the development of management strategies designed to maximize sow milk yield.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140211173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Herrera, Juan Vélez, Timothy Holt, Pablo J Pinedo
The adoption of precision technologies on dairy farms has increased significantly in recent decades, leading to the challenge of providing employees with resources to maximize the efficient use of these tools. The objective of this study was to explore how dairy farm employees perceive the available precision technologies and to identify possible challenges they face when adapting to their use at the farm. An online survey consisting of four sections (employee demographics, precision technologies in use, perception of these technologies, and opportunities for adapting to technology use) was completed from September to December 2022 by 266 farm employees from three dairies operated under similar management. Most of the respondents were identified as male (72.2%), Hispanic or Latino (92.5%), ages between 21 to 30 (39.1%) or 31 to 40 years old (36.8%), with a bachelor’s degree (34.6%) or completion of middle school (29.3%) and having basic or no English proficiency (74%). Overall, the respondents indicated being comfortable (95.6%) with and understanding (91.8%) the technology they use. Employees recognized precision technology as a tool that helps them to be more efficient (93.7%), identifying the technologies’ benefits (92.1%). However, challenges for adapting to these technologies included personal limitations, such as not knowing the language of the technology (31%), visual impairments (24%), light sensitivity (14%), and not being able to read (7%). Environmental limitations were also recognized and included cold weather (64.3%), wind (46%), and surroundings that are too dark (31%) or too bright (21%). Significant associations between perception of the technology and age, level of education, and English proficiency were identified. Respondents indicated their desire to learn more about precision technologies implemented at work, which could eventually lead to improved efficiency at the dairy operation through innovations in the way users interact with these technologies, increasing employees’ motivation. This study provides insights that could assist the dairy industry in addressing challenges and enhancing opportunities for a more efficient use of precision technologies at dairy farms.
{"title":"Employee perception of precision technology use at the dairy farm","authors":"Natalia Herrera, Juan Vélez, Timothy Holt, Pablo J Pinedo","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The adoption of precision technologies on dairy farms has increased significantly in recent decades, leading to the challenge of providing employees with resources to maximize the efficient use of these tools. The objective of this study was to explore how dairy farm employees perceive the available precision technologies and to identify possible challenges they face when adapting to their use at the farm. An online survey consisting of four sections (employee demographics, precision technologies in use, perception of these technologies, and opportunities for adapting to technology use) was completed from September to December 2022 by 266 farm employees from three dairies operated under similar management. Most of the respondents were identified as male (72.2%), Hispanic or Latino (92.5%), ages between 21 to 30 (39.1%) or 31 to 40 years old (36.8%), with a bachelor’s degree (34.6%) or completion of middle school (29.3%) and having basic or no English proficiency (74%). Overall, the respondents indicated being comfortable (95.6%) with and understanding (91.8%) the technology they use. Employees recognized precision technology as a tool that helps them to be more efficient (93.7%), identifying the technologies’ benefits (92.1%). However, challenges for adapting to these technologies included personal limitations, such as not knowing the language of the technology (31%), visual impairments (24%), light sensitivity (14%), and not being able to read (7%). Environmental limitations were also recognized and included cold weather (64.3%), wind (46%), and surroundings that are too dark (31%) or too bright (21%). Significant associations between perception of the technology and age, level of education, and English proficiency were identified. Respondents indicated their desire to learn more about precision technologies implemented at work, which could eventually lead to improved efficiency at the dairy operation through innovations in the way users interact with these technologies, increasing employees’ motivation. This study provides insights that could assist the dairy industry in addressing challenges and enhancing opportunities for a more efficient use of precision technologies at dairy farms.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140213759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. A. Motsinger, A. Young, R. Feuz, R. Larsen, T. J. Brady, R. K. Briggs, C. Reichhardt, C. Pratt, K. J. Thornton
Alfalfa is a commonly grown forage in the Intermountain West region of the US and is often included in the diet of dairy cattle. Alfalfa provides a variety of different nutrients, but the nutrient content of alfalfa varies depending on factors such as the soil, region, cutting, and climate. However, alfalfa leaves tend to have less variation in their nutrient content than alfalfa stems. Fractionating alfalfa may be one way to improve control of nutrients provided when developing a ration for developing dairy heifers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether including fractionated alfalfa in the diet impacts growth or conception rates of developing dairy heifers. Heifers were allocated to one of three treatments: a control group fed a typical diet (CON; n=8), a diet that replaced alfalfa with fractionated alfalfa leaf pellets and alfalfa stems (ProLEAF MAX + ProFiber Plus; PLM+PFP; n=8), or a diet that replaced alfalfa with alfalfa stems (PFP; n=8) for 85 d. Heifers were fed individually twice daily and weight, hip height, and wither height were recorded every 14 d. Additionally, blood was collected every 28 d and conception rates were recorded at the end of the trial. Heifers receiving the PFP diet consumed less dry matter (P = 0.001) than the CON treatment. Analyses were then conducted to determine nutrient intake and heifers receiving the PFP diet also consumed less neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.017), acid detergent fiber (P = 0.023), crude protein (P = 0.001), and net energy for maintenance (P = 0.001) than heifers consuming the CON diet; however, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed between heifers fed the CON and PLM+PFP diets. Analysis of body weight gain over the feeding period showed no difference (P = 0.52) among heifers consuming the different treatment diets (Table 3). Additionally, treatment did not affect average daily gain (P = 0.49), gain:feed (P = 0.82), hip height gain (P = 0.20) or wither height gain (P = 0.44) among heifers receiving different diets. Treatment ×time altered (P < 0.001) BUN when analyzed as a repeated measure. Total feed cost was lowest (P < 0.001) for the PFP diet and cost of gain tended (P = 0.09) to be increased for the PLM+PFP diet compared to the CON diet. Overall, these data indicate that including alfalfa stems in a developing heifer diet may decrease dry matter intake, lower input costs and increase profitability, without negatively impacting growth.
{"title":"Replacing alfalfa hay with a novel alfalfa leaf pellet product (ProLEAF MAX) and/or alfalfa stems (ProFiber Plus) in the diet of developing dairy heifers alters dry matter intake, but does not negatively impact growth or development","authors":"L. A. Motsinger, A. Young, R. Feuz, R. Larsen, T. J. Brady, R. K. Briggs, C. Reichhardt, C. Pratt, K. J. Thornton","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Alfalfa is a commonly grown forage in the Intermountain West region of the US and is often included in the diet of dairy cattle. Alfalfa provides a variety of different nutrients, but the nutrient content of alfalfa varies depending on factors such as the soil, region, cutting, and climate. However, alfalfa leaves tend to have less variation in their nutrient content than alfalfa stems. Fractionating alfalfa may be one way to improve control of nutrients provided when developing a ration for developing dairy heifers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether including fractionated alfalfa in the diet impacts growth or conception rates of developing dairy heifers. Heifers were allocated to one of three treatments: a control group fed a typical diet (CON; n=8), a diet that replaced alfalfa with fractionated alfalfa leaf pellets and alfalfa stems (ProLEAF MAX + ProFiber Plus; PLM+PFP; n=8), or a diet that replaced alfalfa with alfalfa stems (PFP; n=8) for 85 d. Heifers were fed individually twice daily and weight, hip height, and wither height were recorded every 14 d. Additionally, blood was collected every 28 d and conception rates were recorded at the end of the trial. Heifers receiving the PFP diet consumed less dry matter (P = 0.001) than the CON treatment. Analyses were then conducted to determine nutrient intake and heifers receiving the PFP diet also consumed less neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.017), acid detergent fiber (P = 0.023), crude protein (P = 0.001), and net energy for maintenance (P = 0.001) than heifers consuming the CON diet; however, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed between heifers fed the CON and PLM+PFP diets. Analysis of body weight gain over the feeding period showed no difference (P = 0.52) among heifers consuming the different treatment diets (Table 3). Additionally, treatment did not affect average daily gain (P = 0.49), gain:feed (P = 0.82), hip height gain (P = 0.20) or wither height gain (P = 0.44) among heifers receiving different diets. Treatment ×time altered (P < 0.001) BUN when analyzed as a repeated measure. Total feed cost was lowest (P < 0.001) for the PFP diet and cost of gain tended (P = 0.09) to be increased for the PLM+PFP diet compared to the CON diet. Overall, these data indicate that including alfalfa stems in a developing heifer diet may decrease dry matter intake, lower input costs and increase profitability, without negatively impacting growth.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140231251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Arnaud, G. E. Gardiner, M. Chombart, J. V. O Doherty, T. Sweeney, P. G. Lawlor
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of creep feeding solid starter diet, liquid milk replacer and a liquid mixture of starter diet and milk replacer to suckling pigs on their growth and medication usage up to target slaughter weight (~120 kg). Ninety-one sows and their litters were randomly assigned to one of four post-farrowing treatments at day 107 of gestation; 1) no creep feed provided to weaning at day 28 of age (CONTROL; n=20), 2) dry pelleted starter diet provided as creep feed from day 10 of age to weaning (DPS; n=25), 3) liquid milk replacer provided as creep feed from day 3 of age to weaning (LMR; n=23), and 4) liquid milk replacer provided from day 3 to 6 of age followed by a mixture of liquid milk replacer with an increasing proportion of liquid starter diet to weaning provided as creep feed (LMR+S; n=23). Pig weight and dry matter disappearance (DMd) were recorded during lactation and post-weaning until pigs reached target slaughter weight (~120 kg). At target slaughter weight, carcass weight and quality were recorded. Medication (antibiotic and anti-inflammatory) usage per pig on a litter basis, and number of injections and clinical cases of disease per litter were recorded from birth to slaughter. At day 5 post-weaning, a subset of pigs (n=40) were sacrificed and intestinal samples were collected for histological analysis. Piglets supplemented with DPS had higher DMd of creep feed than those supplemented with LMR or LMR+S (P<0.001). Providing LMR+S to suckling piglets reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) for within-litter piglet weaning weight (P<0.01) compared to DPS and LMR, but CV of LMR+S was similar to that of CONTROL. Providing DPS or LMR to suckling piglets increased piglet weaning weight compared to CONTROL (P<0.001) but pig weight was not significantly different from CONTROL at time-points thereafter. Gain to feed ratio from weaning to day 6 post-weaning was less for LMR pigs compared to all other treatments (P<0.001). Providing DPS or LMR+S to suckling piglets tended to increase post-weaning ileal villus height (P=0.07). Diarrhoea incidence, as well as the number of clinical cases of disease and injections per litter and volume of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory administered per pig pre- and post-weaning were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). In conclusion, supplementing suckling pigs with liquid milk replacer or dry pelleted starter improved growth at weaning, but the benefit did not persist to slaughter.
{"title":"Effect of creep feeding pelleted starter diet, liquid milk replacer and a liquid mixture of starter diet and milk replacer to suckling pigs on their growth and medication usage","authors":"E. Arnaud, G. E. Gardiner, M. Chombart, J. V. O Doherty, T. Sweeney, P. G. Lawlor","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of this study was to assess the effect of creep feeding solid starter diet, liquid milk replacer and a liquid mixture of starter diet and milk replacer to suckling pigs on their growth and medication usage up to target slaughter weight (~120 kg). Ninety-one sows and their litters were randomly assigned to one of four post-farrowing treatments at day 107 of gestation; 1) no creep feed provided to weaning at day 28 of age (CONTROL; n=20), 2) dry pelleted starter diet provided as creep feed from day 10 of age to weaning (DPS; n=25), 3) liquid milk replacer provided as creep feed from day 3 of age to weaning (LMR; n=23), and 4) liquid milk replacer provided from day 3 to 6 of age followed by a mixture of liquid milk replacer with an increasing proportion of liquid starter diet to weaning provided as creep feed (LMR+S; n=23). Pig weight and dry matter disappearance (DMd) were recorded during lactation and post-weaning until pigs reached target slaughter weight (~120 kg). At target slaughter weight, carcass weight and quality were recorded. Medication (antibiotic and anti-inflammatory) usage per pig on a litter basis, and number of injections and clinical cases of disease per litter were recorded from birth to slaughter. At day 5 post-weaning, a subset of pigs (n=40) were sacrificed and intestinal samples were collected for histological analysis. Piglets supplemented with DPS had higher DMd of creep feed than those supplemented with LMR or LMR+S (P<0.001). Providing LMR+S to suckling piglets reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) for within-litter piglet weaning weight (P<0.01) compared to DPS and LMR, but CV of LMR+S was similar to that of CONTROL. Providing DPS or LMR to suckling piglets increased piglet weaning weight compared to CONTROL (P<0.001) but pig weight was not significantly different from CONTROL at time-points thereafter. Gain to feed ratio from weaning to day 6 post-weaning was less for LMR pigs compared to all other treatments (P<0.001). Providing DPS or LMR+S to suckling piglets tended to increase post-weaning ileal villus height (P=0.07). Diarrhoea incidence, as well as the number of clinical cases of disease and injections per litter and volume of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory administered per pig pre- and post-weaning were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). In conclusion, supplementing suckling pigs with liquid milk replacer or dry pelleted starter improved growth at weaning, but the benefit did not persist to slaughter.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. M. Alabi, H. O. Aworinde, S. Adebayo, A. O. Akinwumi, A. Ayandiji, A. Tarta
The growth performance and blood indices of medicated and non-medicated broiler chickens have been the subject of this research couple with a paucity of comparative information on what can actually happen to broiler chickens if not medicated when reared under humid tropical conditions. One hundred unsexed day-old broilers were randomly and equally allotted into two treatment groups of TM (medicated) and TN (non-medicated) in a completely randomized design (CRD) each treatment with five replicates having ten birds each. The birds were reared on deep litter system for 56 days which was divided into two phases of 28 days each (starter and finisher), during which data were collected with respect to daily feed intake (DFI), final body weight (FBW), body weight gained (BWG), mortality rate while blood analysis was carried out on 28th and 56th day for starter and finisher phases respectively. Non-medicated group served as control. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and Feed conversion efficiency (FCE), were later calculated. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance statistically.There was no significant difference between the medicated and non-medicated broilers for DFI, FBW and BWG and also for the blood parameters investigated at starter phase. However, at finisher phase, no significant difference was observed in the DFI of Tm and Tn but there was significant (p<0.05) difference in the FBW, BWG, FCR, FCE, and mortality rate between the two groups. Birds on Tm attained higher weight significantly (p<0.05) than those on TN. BWG, FCR, FCE followed the same trend and also the mortality rate. White blood cells count of TN was higher significantly (p<0.05) than TM while TM birds recorded higher packed cell volume (PCV), red blood counts (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) significantly (p<0.05) than TM birds. Effect of medication was much noticeable at finisher phase as it improved the growth rate though mortality rate was close to that of TN group. These results suggest that broilers can be produced free of medication with good feeding without loss of birds while the growth rate can be enhanced with the use of prebiotics and prebiotics.
{"title":"Data Analytics-based Evaluation of Blood Indices and adaptation of medicated and non-medicated Broiler Chickens under Humid Tropical Conditions","authors":"O. M. Alabi, H. O. Aworinde, S. Adebayo, A. O. Akinwumi, A. Ayandiji, A. Tarta","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The growth performance and blood indices of medicated and non-medicated broiler chickens have been the subject of this research couple with a paucity of comparative information on what can actually happen to broiler chickens if not medicated when reared under humid tropical conditions. One hundred unsexed day-old broilers were randomly and equally allotted into two treatment groups of TM (medicated) and TN (non-medicated) in a completely randomized design (CRD) each treatment with five replicates having ten birds each. The birds were reared on deep litter system for 56 days which was divided into two phases of 28 days each (starter and finisher), during which data were collected with respect to daily feed intake (DFI), final body weight (FBW), body weight gained (BWG), mortality rate while blood analysis was carried out on 28th and 56th day for starter and finisher phases respectively. Non-medicated group served as control. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and Feed conversion efficiency (FCE), were later calculated. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance statistically.There was no significant difference between the medicated and non-medicated broilers for DFI, FBW and BWG and also for the blood parameters investigated at starter phase. However, at finisher phase, no significant difference was observed in the DFI of Tm and Tn but there was significant (p<0.05) difference in the FBW, BWG, FCR, FCE, and mortality rate between the two groups. Birds on Tm attained higher weight significantly (p<0.05) than those on TN. BWG, FCR, FCE followed the same trend and also the mortality rate. White blood cells count of TN was higher significantly (p<0.05) than TM while TM birds recorded higher packed cell volume (PCV), red blood counts (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) significantly (p<0.05) than TM birds. Effect of medication was much noticeable at finisher phase as it improved the growth rate though mortality rate was close to that of TN group. These results suggest that broilers can be produced free of medication with good feeding without loss of birds while the growth rate can be enhanced with the use of prebiotics and prebiotics.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140390956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pig productivity in Brazil has advanced a lot in recent decades. Specialized breeds are more vulnerable to pathogens, which has boosted the use of antimicrobials by farmers. The selective pressure generated favors the emergence of resistant bacteria, which compromises the effectiveness of this treatment and limits therapeutic options. In addition to increasing costs and mortality rates in the production system, public awareness of this issue has increased. The authorities have imposed restrictive measures to control the use of antimicrobials and have banned their use as growth promoters. This literature review highlights biosecurity and animal welfare to prevent pig diseases. Hence, we describe alternatives to the use of antimicrobials in pig production for the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives that help maintain good health and help the pig resist disease when infection occurs.
{"title":"Concerns about the use of antimicrobials in swine herds and alternative trends","authors":"Luciana L Rigueira, Simone Percmanis","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pig productivity in Brazil has advanced a lot in recent decades. Specialized breeds are more vulnerable to pathogens, which has boosted the use of antimicrobials by farmers. The selective pressure generated favors the emergence of resistant bacteria, which compromises the effectiveness of this treatment and limits therapeutic options. In addition to increasing costs and mortality rates in the production system, public awareness of this issue has increased. The authorities have imposed restrictive measures to control the use of antimicrobials and have banned their use as growth promoters. This literature review highlights biosecurity and animal welfare to prevent pig diseases. Hence, we describe alternatives to the use of antimicrobials in pig production for the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives that help maintain good health and help the pig resist disease when infection occurs.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karly N Anderson, Emma M Hamilton, A. Kirk, Arquimides A Reyes, Ruth Woiwode, Perle E. Zhitnitskiy, K. D. Vogel
Penetrating captive bolt (PCB) is the primary method of pre-slaughter stunning for cattle and is also used for on-farm euthanasia. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of cooling on the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, and cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads collected from mature (> 30 mos of age) dairy cows following the application of a PCB stun in a frontal placement. Hide-on cadaver heads were obtained from culled dairy cows (N = 37) stunned in a frontal location using a handheld PCB device (Jarvis Model PAS – Type C 0.25R Caliber Captive Bolt, Long Bolt) at a commercial slaughter establishment. Following transport to the University of Wisconsin – River Falls, heads were split at midline along the bolt path by a bandsaw and then underwent FRESH, CHILL24, CHILL48, and CHILL72 refrigeration treatments. The FRESH treatment involved images collected immediately after splitting each head, the CHILL24 treatment involved images collected after 24 h of refrigeration, the CHIL48 treatment involved images collected after 48 h of refrigeration, and the CHILL72 treatment involved images collected after 72 h of refrigeration. Measurements of soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, and cross-sectional brain area were recorded for each refrigeration treatment. Soft tissue thickness did not differ caudal to (P = 0.3751) or rostral to (P = 0.2555) the bolt path. Cranial thickness did not differ caudal to (P = 0.9281) or rostral to (P = 0.9051) the bolt path. Total tissue thickness did not differ caudal to (P = 0.9225; FRESH: 24.77 mm, CHILL24: 23.93 mm, CHILL48: 24.27 mm, CHILL72: 42.30, SE: 0.86) or rostral to (P = 0.8931; FRESH: 24.09 mm, CHILL24: 23.99, CHILL48: 24.26, CHILL72: 24.43 mm, SE: 0.79 mm) the bolt path. Cross-sectional brain area was not different (P = 0.0971) between refrigeration treatments (FRESH: 9,829.65 ± 163.87 mm2, CHILL24: 10,012.00 ± 163.87 mm2, CHILL48: 9,672.43 ± 163.87 mm2, CHILL72: 10,235.00 ± 166.34 mm2). This study demonstrated that FRESH tissue parameters can be determined from cattle cadaver heads refrigerated for 24, 48, or 72 h.
{"title":"Quantification of cooling effects on basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from Holstein cows > 30 mos of age","authors":"Karly N Anderson, Emma M Hamilton, A. Kirk, Arquimides A Reyes, Ruth Woiwode, Perle E. Zhitnitskiy, K. D. Vogel","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Penetrating captive bolt (PCB) is the primary method of pre-slaughter stunning for cattle and is also used for on-farm euthanasia. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of cooling on the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, and cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads collected from mature (> 30 mos of age) dairy cows following the application of a PCB stun in a frontal placement. Hide-on cadaver heads were obtained from culled dairy cows (N = 37) stunned in a frontal location using a handheld PCB device (Jarvis Model PAS – Type C 0.25R Caliber Captive Bolt, Long Bolt) at a commercial slaughter establishment. Following transport to the University of Wisconsin – River Falls, heads were split at midline along the bolt path by a bandsaw and then underwent FRESH, CHILL24, CHILL48, and CHILL72 refrigeration treatments. The FRESH treatment involved images collected immediately after splitting each head, the CHILL24 treatment involved images collected after 24 h of refrigeration, the CHIL48 treatment involved images collected after 48 h of refrigeration, and the CHILL72 treatment involved images collected after 72 h of refrigeration. Measurements of soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, and cross-sectional brain area were recorded for each refrigeration treatment. Soft tissue thickness did not differ caudal to (P = 0.3751) or rostral to (P = 0.2555) the bolt path. Cranial thickness did not differ caudal to (P = 0.9281) or rostral to (P = 0.9051) the bolt path. Total tissue thickness did not differ caudal to (P = 0.9225; FRESH: 24.77 mm, CHILL24: 23.93 mm, CHILL48: 24.27 mm, CHILL72: 42.30, SE: 0.86) or rostral to (P = 0.8931; FRESH: 24.09 mm, CHILL24: 23.99, CHILL48: 24.26, CHILL72: 24.43 mm, SE: 0.79 mm) the bolt path. Cross-sectional brain area was not different (P = 0.0971) between refrigeration treatments (FRESH: 9,829.65 ± 163.87 mm2, CHILL24: 10,012.00 ± 163.87 mm2, CHILL48: 9,672.43 ± 163.87 mm2, CHILL72: 10,235.00 ± 166.34 mm2). This study demonstrated that FRESH tissue parameters can be determined from cattle cadaver heads refrigerated for 24, 48, or 72 h.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140237149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae005
María F Marín, Hugo Naya, Ana C Espasandin, Elly Navajas, Thais Devincenzi, Mariana Carriquiry
Residual feed intake (RFI) has become a widely spread index of feed efficiency. Although most of beef cattle systems in the world are pasture based, RFI evaluation and research is usually performed in confinement conditions. In this context, residual heat production (RHP) estimated as the difference between actual and expected heat production (HP), could allow to identify efficient animals. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between paternal estimated breeding values (EBV) for RFI and beef heifer efficiency, measured as RHP, as well as its association with heifers' productive and reproductive performance on grazing conditions. Seventy-one 25 ± 0.8-mo-old and seventy-four 24 ± 0.7-mo-old Hereford heifers were managed as contemporary groups in spring 2019 and 2020, respectively. Heifers were sired by 10 RFI-evaluated bulls and classified into three groups according to the paternal EBV for RFI: five bulls of low RFI (high efficiency, pHE), two bulls of medium RFI (medium efficiency), and three bulls of high RFI (low efficiency, pLE). The experimental period lasted 70 d prior to their first insemination where HP was determined by the heart rate-O2 pulse technique. In addition, reproductive performances during the first and second breeding and calving seasons were recorded. Heifers' RHPs expressed as MJ/d and kJ/kg of body weight (BW)0.75/d were positively correlated with paternal RFI EBVs (P < 0.05; r > 0.60). Moreover, BW and average daily gain (ADG) were greater (P < 0.01) for pHE than pLE heifers while expressed as units of BW0.75/d, neither total HP nor metabolizable energy (ME) intake differed between groups, but pHE heifers had greater retained energy (RE; P < 0.01) and lower RHP (P < 0.05) than pLE ones. Gross energy efficiency (RE/ME intake) was greater (P < 0.001) for pHE than pLE heifers while the HP/ADG and RHP/ADG were reduced (P < 0.05) and feed-to-gain ratio (ADG/DM intake) tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for pHE than pLE heifers. In addition, during the first breeding and calving seasons, small but significant (P < 0.01) differences in reproductive responses between groups suggested an earlier pregnancy in pHE heifers than the pLE group, differences that disappeared during the second breeding and calving seasons. Thus, heifers sired by high-efficiency bulls measured as RFI were more efficient measured as RHP in grazing conditions, without significant differences in reproductive performance.
{"title":"Energy efficiency of grazing Hereford heifers classified by paternal residual feed intake.","authors":"María F Marín, Hugo Naya, Ana C Espasandin, Elly Navajas, Thais Devincenzi, Mariana Carriquiry","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txae005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Residual feed intake (RFI) has become a widely spread index of feed efficiency. Although most of beef cattle systems in the world are pasture based, RFI evaluation and research is usually performed in confinement conditions. In this context, residual heat production (RHP) estimated as the difference between actual and expected heat production (HP), could allow to identify efficient animals. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between paternal estimated breeding values (EBV) for RFI and beef heifer efficiency, measured as RHP, as well as its association with heifers' productive and reproductive performance on grazing conditions. Seventy-one 25 ± 0.8-mo-old and seventy-four 24 ± 0.7-mo-old Hereford heifers were managed as contemporary groups in spring 2019 and 2020, respectively. Heifers were sired by 10 RFI-evaluated bulls and classified into three groups according to the paternal EBV for RFI: five bulls of low RFI (high efficiency, pHE), two bulls of medium RFI (medium efficiency), and three bulls of high RFI (low efficiency, pLE). The experimental period lasted 70 d prior to their first insemination where HP was determined by the heart rate-O<sub>2</sub> pulse technique. In addition, reproductive performances during the first and second breeding and calving seasons were recorded. Heifers' RHPs expressed as MJ/d and kJ/kg of body weight (BW)<sup>0.75</sup>/d were positively correlated with paternal RFI EBVs (<i>P </i>< 0.05; <i>r</i> > 0.60). Moreover, BW and average daily gain (ADG) were greater (<i>P</i> < 0.01) for pHE than pLE heifers while expressed as units of BW<sup>0.75</sup>/d, neither total HP nor metabolizable energy (ME) intake differed between groups, but pHE heifers had greater retained energy (RE; <i>P</i> < 0.01) and lower RHP (<i>P </i>< 0.05) than pLE ones. Gross energy efficiency (RE/ME intake) was greater (<i>P </i>< 0.001) for pHE than pLE heifers while the HP/ADG and RHP/ADG were reduced (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and feed-to-gain ratio (ADG/DM intake) tended to be greater (<i>P</i> = 0.07) for pHE than pLE heifers. In addition, during the first breeding and calving seasons, small but significant <i>(P </i>< 0.01) differences in reproductive responses between groups suggested an earlier pregnancy in pHE heifers than the pLE group, differences that disappeared during the second breeding and calving seasons. Thus, heifers sired by high-efficiency bulls measured as RFI were more efficient measured as RHP in grazing conditions, without significant differences in reproductive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140207677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paxton Sullivan, Melissa Davis, Mahesh N Nair, Ann M Hess, Daniel F Mooney, L. Edwards-Callaway
Decades of work have focused on reducing fear, stress, and discomfort in cattle during the pre-slaughter phase by improving and promoting animal handling, transportation, and management processes. Even still, there is limited information about the effects of pre-slaughter factors on animal welfare and meat quality outcomes in finished cattle in the United States. This study aimed to track individual animals through the slaughter process to identify pre-slaughter factors associated with key welfare and quality outcomes. A total of 454 cattle from one commercial slaughter facility were studied. Pre-slaughter factors assessed included distance traveled, truck waiting time, lairage density, lairage duration, and season. Animal characteristics, i.e., body weight, breed, and sex, were also recorded. One trained observer scored the mobility of all cattle using the North American Meat Institute’s 1-4 scale (i.e., normal to extremely reluctant to move). Exsanguination blood was collected and analyzed for cortisol, creatine kinase, and lactate. Carcass bruising was scored using a modified version of the National Beef Quality Audit’s bruise scoring methodology (i.e., no bruise, one bruise ≤ the size of a deck of cards, one bruise > than the size of a deck of cards, and multiple bruises). Ultimate muscle pH was measured 32 to 36 hours postmortem. Multi-predictor models were selected for each outcome variable using Akaike Information Criterion. Continuous outcome variables were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models and categorical outcome variables with mixed-effects logistic regression models. Longer truck waiting times were associated with increased cortisol (P = 0.04) and lactate (P = 0.02) concentrations. Similarly, increased lairage duration was associated with increased creatine kinase (P = 0.05) and the odds of cattle being bruised (P = 0.03). Less space allowance per animal in lairage was associated with increased odds of cattle having impaired mobility (P = 0.01). There was a seasonal effect for many of the measured outcomes; the summer season was associated with greater lactate concentrations (P < 0.0001), increased odds of impaired mobility (P < 0.0001), and increased odds of carcass bruising (P = 0.003). The findings of this study indicate that many of the pre-slaughter factors assessed influence critical welfare and meat quality outcomes of finished beef cattle, warranting future research and consideration.
{"title":"Pre-slaughter factors affecting mobility, blood parameters, bruising, and muscle pH of finished beef cattle in the United States","authors":"Paxton Sullivan, Melissa Davis, Mahesh N Nair, Ann M Hess, Daniel F Mooney, L. Edwards-Callaway","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Decades of work have focused on reducing fear, stress, and discomfort in cattle during the pre-slaughter phase by improving and promoting animal handling, transportation, and management processes. Even still, there is limited information about the effects of pre-slaughter factors on animal welfare and meat quality outcomes in finished cattle in the United States. This study aimed to track individual animals through the slaughter process to identify pre-slaughter factors associated with key welfare and quality outcomes. A total of 454 cattle from one commercial slaughter facility were studied. Pre-slaughter factors assessed included distance traveled, truck waiting time, lairage density, lairage duration, and season. Animal characteristics, i.e., body weight, breed, and sex, were also recorded. One trained observer scored the mobility of all cattle using the North American Meat Institute’s 1-4 scale (i.e., normal to extremely reluctant to move). Exsanguination blood was collected and analyzed for cortisol, creatine kinase, and lactate. Carcass bruising was scored using a modified version of the National Beef Quality Audit’s bruise scoring methodology (i.e., no bruise, one bruise ≤ the size of a deck of cards, one bruise > than the size of a deck of cards, and multiple bruises). Ultimate muscle pH was measured 32 to 36 hours postmortem. Multi-predictor models were selected for each outcome variable using Akaike Information Criterion. Continuous outcome variables were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models and categorical outcome variables with mixed-effects logistic regression models. Longer truck waiting times were associated with increased cortisol (P = 0.04) and lactate (P = 0.02) concentrations. Similarly, increased lairage duration was associated with increased creatine kinase (P = 0.05) and the odds of cattle being bruised (P = 0.03). Less space allowance per animal in lairage was associated with increased odds of cattle having impaired mobility (P = 0.01). There was a seasonal effect for many of the measured outcomes; the summer season was associated with greater lactate concentrations (P < 0.0001), increased odds of impaired mobility (P < 0.0001), and increased odds of carcass bruising (P = 0.003). The findings of this study indicate that many of the pre-slaughter factors assessed influence critical welfare and meat quality outcomes of finished beef cattle, warranting future research and consideration.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colton L. Smith, Tyler W Thompson, Keayla M Harr, Macey Goretska, Thachary R Mayer, Trent E Schwartz, Sydni E Borders, K. Gehring, Phil D Bass, M. Pfeiffer, G. Mafi, D. Pendell, J. B. Morgan, D. Griffin, J. W. Savell, J. Scanga, M. N. Nair, K. Belk
The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) has been conducted regularly since 1991 to assess and benchmark quality in the U.S. beef industry, with the most recent iteration conducted in 2022. The goal of NBQA Phase I is to evaluate what needs to be managed to improve beef demand. Interviews (n = 130) of industry personnel were conducted with the aid of routing software. In total, packers (n = 24), retailers (n = 20), further processors (n = 26), foodservice (n = 18), and allied government agencies and trade organizations (GTO; n = 42) were interviewed. Interviews were routed in software based on interviewee involvement in either the fed steer and heifer or market cow and bull sectors, or both. Interviews were structured to elicit random responses in the order of determining “must-have” criteria (quality factors that are required to make a purchase), best/worst ranking (of quality factors based on importance), how interviewees defined quality terms, a Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis, general beef industry questions, and sustainability goals (the latter four being open ended). Quality factors were 1) visual characteristics, 2) cattle genetics, 3) food safety, 4) eating satisfaction, 5) animal well-being, 6) weight and size, and 7) lean, fat, and bone. Best/Worst analysis revealed that “food safety” was the most (P < 0.05) important factor in beef purchasing decisions for all market sectors and frequently was described as “everything” and “a way of business.” Culture surrounding food safety changed compared to previous NBQAs with interviewees no longer considering food safety as a purchasing criterion, but rather as a market expectation. The SWOT analysis indicated that “eating quality of US beef” was the greatest strength, and cited that educating both consumers and producers on beef production would benefit the industry. Irrespective of whether companies’ products were fed or market cow/bull beef, respondents said that they believed “environmental concerns” were among the major threats to the industry. The market sectors’ perceived image of the beef industry has improved since NBQA-2016 for both fed cattle and market cow/bull beef.
{"title":"National Beef Quality Audit – 2022: Phase 1, face-to-face and digital interviews","authors":"Colton L. Smith, Tyler W Thompson, Keayla M Harr, Macey Goretska, Thachary R Mayer, Trent E Schwartz, Sydni E Borders, K. Gehring, Phil D Bass, M. Pfeiffer, G. Mafi, D. Pendell, J. B. Morgan, D. Griffin, J. W. Savell, J. Scanga, M. N. Nair, K. Belk","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) has been conducted regularly since 1991 to assess and benchmark quality in the U.S. beef industry, with the most recent iteration conducted in 2022. The goal of NBQA Phase I is to evaluate what needs to be managed to improve beef demand. Interviews (n = 130) of industry personnel were conducted with the aid of routing software. In total, packers (n = 24), retailers (n = 20), further processors (n = 26), foodservice (n = 18), and allied government agencies and trade organizations (GTO; n = 42) were interviewed. Interviews were routed in software based on interviewee involvement in either the fed steer and heifer or market cow and bull sectors, or both. Interviews were structured to elicit random responses in the order of determining “must-have” criteria (quality factors that are required to make a purchase), best/worst ranking (of quality factors based on importance), how interviewees defined quality terms, a Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis, general beef industry questions, and sustainability goals (the latter four being open ended). Quality factors were 1) visual characteristics, 2) cattle genetics, 3) food safety, 4) eating satisfaction, 5) animal well-being, 6) weight and size, and 7) lean, fat, and bone. Best/Worst analysis revealed that “food safety” was the most (P < 0.05) important factor in beef purchasing decisions for all market sectors and frequently was described as “everything” and “a way of business.” Culture surrounding food safety changed compared to previous NBQAs with interviewees no longer considering food safety as a purchasing criterion, but rather as a market expectation. The SWOT analysis indicated that “eating quality of US beef” was the greatest strength, and cited that educating both consumers and producers on beef production would benefit the industry. Irrespective of whether companies’ products were fed or market cow/bull beef, respondents said that they believed “environmental concerns” were among the major threats to the industry. The market sectors’ perceived image of the beef industry has improved since NBQA-2016 for both fed cattle and market cow/bull beef.","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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