IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109017

Christina Sahyoun, Damien Redureau, Thomas Crasset, Rudy Fourmy, Aude Violette, Vincent Leignel, Ziad Fajloun, César Mattei, Christian Legros, Loïc Quinton

Proteomic characterization of snake venoms is essential for understanding the molecular basis of their evolution and for identifying bioactive compounds of therapeutic interest. The Montivipera species endemic to the Near and Middle East region remain poorly studied despite their interesting biological activities. Previous analyses of Montivipera venoms have provided only partial proteomic profiles, with notable discrepancies between studies. To address this gap, we conducted a proteomic analysis of five Montivipera species, including M. bornmuelleri, M. bulgardaghica, M. albizona, M. raddei and M. xanthina. We also analyzed the venom of Macrovipera lebetina ssp. to provide a broader comparative framework. These venoms were investigated using an integrated approach combining SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC and shotgun proteomics, using both trypsin and multi-enzymatic limited digestions to maximize protein identification and coverage. SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC analyses revealed the remarkable complexity and diversity of Montivipera venoms, which were further confirmed by shotgun proteomics, identifying between 129 and 179 proteins and peptides per species. The major protein families detected included snake venom metalloproteinases, phospholipases A₂, venom serine proteases, C-type lectins, venom vascular-endothelial growth factors, and disintegrins. Notably, the relative abundance of these protein families varied across species, suggesting interspecific differences in envenomation profiles. Comparative analysis revealed a high degree of similarity among Montivipera species, with 39 shared proteins across all five venoms. Our findings confirmed the major toxin families previously reported in Montivipera venoms and revealed the presence of several low-abundance protein families that were not previously identified. Thus, this study highlights both the conserved and unique features of Montivipera venom proteomes, offering a valuable foundation for future functional and evolutionary investigations.

蛇毒的蛋白质组学特征对于了解其进化的分子基础和鉴定具有治疗意义的生物活性化合物至关重要。近东和中东地区特有的Montivipera物种尽管具有有趣的生物活动，但研究仍然很少。先前对Montivipera毒液的分析只提供了部分蛋白质组谱，研究之间存在显著差异。为了解决这一空白，我们对5种Montivipera进行了蛋白质组学分析，包括M. bornmuelleri， M. bulgardaghica， M. albizona， M. raddei和M. xanthina。并对其毒液进行了分析。提供一个更广泛的比较框架。采用SDS-PAGE、RP-HPLC和鸟枪蛋白质组学相结合的综合方法对这些毒液进行了研究，利用胰蛋白酶和多酶限制性消化来最大限度地鉴定和覆盖蛋白质。SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC分析显示，Montivipera毒液具有显著的复杂性和多样性，霰弹枪蛋白质组学进一步证实了这一点，每个物种鉴定出129 ~ 179种蛋白质和肽。检测到的主要蛋白家族包括蛇毒金属蛋白酶、磷脂酶A2、蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶、c型凝集素、蛇毒血管内皮生长因子和崩解素。值得注意的是，这些蛋白家族的相对丰度在不同物种之间存在差异，这表明在毒液谱上存在种间差异。比较分析显示，Montivipera物种之间高度相似，在所有五种毒液中有39种共享蛋白质。我们的发现证实了以前在Montivipera毒液中报道的主要毒素家族，并揭示了几个以前未发现的低丰度蛋白质家族的存在。因此，本研究突出了Montivipera毒液蛋白质组的保守性和独特性，为未来的功能和进化研究提供了有价值的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Rosemary extract mitigates deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppression of NF-κB/MAPK signaling 迷迭香提取物通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路和抑制NF-κB/MAPK信号传导来减轻脱氧雪梨酚诱导的断奶仔猪肠道炎症

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109019

Wei Tang , Jinfeng Zhao , Kai Liu , Peng Liao

This study investigated the protective role of rosemary extract (RE) against intestinal inflammation induced by deoxynivalenol (DON) in weaned piglets. Sixty piglets were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments for a 21-day period: a basal diet (Control), a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 mg/kg DON (DON group), and a basal diet containing 200 mg/kg RE plus 1.5 mg/kg DON (RE + DON group). Dietary RE supplementation alleviated the negative impacts of DON on growth performance and organ indices (liver and spleen), while also improving DON-induced alterations in serum biochemical markers. RE effectively reduced intestinal oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with restored activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the intestinal mucosa. Moreover, DON exposure increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TGF-β, IL-10) in the mucosa, whereas RE supplementation significantly restored cytokine balance. At the molecular level, DON inhibited the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway, while RE enhanced the expression of Nrf2, Keap1, and the downstream targets HO-1 and NQO1, thereby mitigating oxidative damage. Furthermore, RE suppressed the DON-induced activation of MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK) and NF-κB p65 signaling pathways, which contributed to the reduction of mucosal inflammation. In summary, RE attenuates DON-induced intestinal injury in weaned piglets by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling cascade.

本研究探讨了迷迭香提取物（RE）对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇（DON）诱导的断奶仔猪肠道炎症的保护作用。将60头仔猪随机分为基础饲粮（对照组）、基础饲粮中添加1.5 mg/kg DON （DON组）和基础饲粮中添加200 mg/kg RE + 1.5 mg/kg DON （RE + DON组），试验期21 d。饲粮中添加RE可缓解DON对生长性能和器官指数（肝脏和脾脏）的负面影响，同时改善DON引起的血清生化指标的改变。RE可有效降低肠道氧化应激，降低丙二醛（MDA）和活性氧（ROS）浓度，恢复肠黏膜谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。此外，DON暴露增加了粘膜中促炎细胞因子（TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6）的表达，降低了抗炎细胞因子（TGF-β、IL-10）的表达，而补充RE可显著恢复细胞因子平衡。在分子水平上，DON抑制Nrf2-Keap1抗氧化途径，而RE增强Nrf2、Keap1及其下游靶点HO-1和NQO1的表达，从而减轻氧化损伤。此外，RE抑制don诱导的MAPK （ERK, p38， JNK）和NF-κB p65信号通路的激活，有助于减轻粘膜炎症。综上所述，RE通过激活Nrf2/HO-1抗氧化途径和抑制MAPK/NF-κB炎症信号级联来减轻don诱导的断奶仔猪肠道损伤。

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引用次数: 0

Epimedium-derived icarisid I induces oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 淫羊藿衍生的淫羊藿I通过抑制PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路诱导氧化应激和肾毒性

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109015

Dalong Wang , Xiaopeng Chen , Yueyue Li , Yingying Wang , Yaojun Wang , Zujia Chen , Jingjing Wu , Chong Wang

Epimedium, a traditional herbal medicine with a wide range of pharmacological uses, has been linked to adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity. Nevertheless, the specific toxic components and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This research examined the nephrotoxic effects of icarisid I, a major flavonoid metabolite of Epimedium, and delved into its molecular mechanisms. The study demonstrated that icarisid I induces significant nephrotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. In HK-2 cells, it triggered oxidative stress, indicated by altered SOD, GSH, and MDA levels, and induced apoptosis. In mice, it caused severe renal tubular damage and elevated plasma BUN and creatinine. Mechanistically, icarisid I potentially inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway, leading to the suppression of Nrf2 and its downstream target HO-1. We conclude that icarisid I contributes to the nephrotoxicity by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis via suppression of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, a finding critical for the safety evaluation of Epimedium-derived compounds.

淫羊藿是一种具有广泛药理用途的传统草药，与包括肾毒性在内的不良反应有关。然而，具体的毒性成分和潜在的机制仍然难以捉摸。本研究探讨淫羊藿主要类黄酮代谢物淫羊藿苷（icarisid I）的肾毒性作用，并探讨其分子机制。研究表明，鸢尾素I在体内和体外均具有显著的肾毒性。在HK-2细胞中，它通过改变SOD、GSH和MDA水平引发氧化应激，并诱导细胞凋亡。在小鼠中，它引起严重的肾小管损伤和血浆BUN和肌酐升高。从机制上讲，icarisid I可能抑制PI3K/AKT通路，导致Nrf2及其下游靶点HO-1的抑制。我们得出结论，淫羊藿苷I通过抑制PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1通路诱导氧化应激和细胞凋亡，从而导致肾毒性，这一发现对淫羊藿衍生化合物的安全性评估至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Tetrodotoxin in diet items of highly toxic ribbon worm Cephalothrix cf. simula (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea) 剧毒带状蠕虫头丝虫的食源性河豚毒素（古墨特茶，新墨特茶）。

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109012

G.V. Malykin, M.S. Puzanov, P.V. Velansky, V.G. Kuznetsov, T. Yu Magarlamov

We, for the first time, have carried out a search for tetrodotoxin and its analogues (TTXs) in extracts of various animals being potential diet items for highly toxic nemerteans Cephalothrix cf. simula using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). We have screened TTXs in a total of 57 specimens from 2 classes. Рresence of TTX from five polychaetes species belonging to three families was shown. We here discuss the role of diet items as a source of TTXs for carnivorous TTX-bearing animals.

本研究首次采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）技术，对高毒牛头螺（nemerteans Cephalothrix cma . simula）潜在饲粮动物提取物中的河豚毒素及其类似物（TTXs）进行了研究。我们从2个班级共57份标本中筛选出TTXs。从3科5种多毛动物中提取TTX基因Рresence。我们在这里讨论了饮食项目作为ttx的肉食动物携带ttx的来源的作用。

引用次数: 0

Purification and Characterization of Two Neurotoxins BmKNT1 and BmKNT2 from the Scorpion Buthus martensii karsch venom 马氏蝎毒中两种神经毒素BmKNT1和BmKNT2的纯化及特性研究。

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109014

Yusuf Ali , Shamsiddin Fazliddinov , Ailin Hu , Naziermu Dongmulati , Han He , Zi Yang , Yanhua Gao , Ahmidin Wali , Haji Akber Aisa , Sharafitdin Mirzaakhmedov , Akmal Asrorov , Abulimiti Yili

Scorpion venom is a heterogeneous mixture of proteins and peptides, many of which have multiple bioactivities, including antitumor activity, modulation of ion channels, analgesia, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study, two peptides named BmKNT1 and BmKNT2 were isolated and purified from the Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) venom by gel filtration chromatography (GFC), ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) and Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), respectively. The primary structure of BmKNT1 (69 amino acid residues, theoretical pI/Mw: 7.66/7660.5 Da) and BmKNT2 (64 amino acid residues, theoretical pI/Mw: May 6, 7270.33) were determined by a combination of Edman degradation and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS sequencing analysis. It showed a high similarity to that of other scorpion neurotoxins. The Effects of both neurotoxins on Na⁺-channel, K⁺-channel and Ca²⁺-channel in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were determined at 100 μg/ml. The results showed BmKNT2 had inhibitory activity on K⁺-channels expressed on DRG cells, which is a typical characteristic of voltage-gated potassium channel pore area inhibitors. On the contrary, BmKNT1 has activation activity on the K⁺-channel in rat DRG, and both toxins have inhibitory activity on Ca²⁺-channels in rat DRG.

蝎子毒液是蛋白质和多肽的异质混合物，其中许多具有多种生物活性，包括抗肿瘤活性、调节离子通道、镇痛和抗炎作用。本研究采用凝胶过滤层析（GFC）、离子交换层析（IEC）和反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）分别从马氏Buthus martensii Karsch （BmK）毒液中分离得到BmKNT1和BmKNT2两个肽段。BmKNT1（69个氨基酸残基，理论pI/Mw: 7.66/7660.5 Da）和BmKNT2（64个氨基酸残基，理论pI/Mw: 6.05/7270.33）的一级结构采用Edman降解和MALDI-TOF-MS/MS测序分析相结合的方法确定。它显示出与其他蝎子神经毒素的高度相似性。测定两种神经毒素在100 μg/ml浓度下对大鼠背根神经节（DRG） Na+、K+和Ca2+通道的影响。结果表明，BmKNT2对DRG细胞上表达的K+通道具有抑制活性，这是电压门控钾通道孔面积抑制剂的典型特征。相反，BmKNT1对大鼠DRG中的K+通道具有激活活性，两种毒素对大鼠DRG中的Ca2+通道具有抑制活性。

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引用次数: 0

Anatoxin biosynthesis gene abundance correlates with anatoxin concentration in freshwater benthic samples 淡水底栖动物样品中安纳托毒素生物合成基因丰度与安纳托毒素浓度相关。

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109011

Joshua R. Evans , Daniel G. Beach , Jake Stillwell , Meghann Bruce , Adrian Reyes-Prieto , Cecilio Valadez-Cano , Pearse McCarron , Janice Lawrence

The abundance of the anaC gene, which is involved in anatoxin biosynthesis, correlated with anatoxin concentration (rs = 0.80, p < 0.0001) in Atlantic Canadian benthic freshwater samples. Average total anatoxins (100 μg g⁻¹ by high resolution mass spectrometry) and anaC (4.7 x 10⁸ copies g⁻¹ by droplet digital PCR) were highest in August, while highest average toxin quota (8.9 pg anaC⁻¹) was observed in July. Pairing approaches provided insight into the seasonality of anatoxin biosynthesis.

参与anaC生物合成的anaC基因丰度与anatoxin浓度（rs = 0.80，高分辨质谱p -1）和anaC （4.7 × 108拷贝g-1）的相关性在8月份最高，而平均毒素配额在7月份最高（8.9 pg anaC-1）。配对方法提供了深入了解安纳托毒素生物合成的季节性。

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) fruit extract in zebrafish (Danio rerio) 锥体小柱头的胚胎毒性和致畸性评价（图）斑马鱼果实提取物（Danio rerio）。

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109002

Cainã Aillén Ouriques Oliveira , Thailan Arlindo da Silva , Rafael David Souto de Azevedo , Josefa Gerlane da Silva , Jaianne Keitt Alves de Melo , Pedro Gregório Vieira Aquino , Taciana Rabelo Ramalho Ramos

Cenostigma pyramidale is a plant native to the Caatinga biome of northeastern Brazil, which has been reported to cause congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, and perinatal mortality in fetuses of goats and sheep. Although several bioactive compounds have been identified in this plant, none have been directly associated with the toxic effects in animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of C. pyramidale extract in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and investigate their association with the plant's bioactive compounds. The aerial parts were extracted with ethanol, and the resulting extracts were successively partitioned with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay was used as a screening method by calculating the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀). The chloroform fraction (CF) of C. pyramidale fruits showed the lowest LC₅₀ (184 ppm) and, therefore, it was used in the identification of compounds by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and in the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were evaluated in the embryos. Dose-dependent lethality, delayed development in viable embryos, bradycardia, and teratogenic defects, such as tail malformations pericardial edema, and scoliosis were observed. CAT activity increased with increasing extract concentration. Among the compounds identified, steroids (sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol) and palmitic acid were identified as potential toxic agents. The results show that the CF from C. pyramidale fruits exhibits embryotoxic and teratogenic potential in zebrafish, possibly associated with the isolated or synergistic action of these compounds.

锥锥虫是一种原产于巴西东北部Caatinga生物群系的植物，据报道，它会导致山羊和绵羊胎儿的先天性畸形、自然流产和围产期死亡。虽然在这种植物中发现了几种生物活性化合物，但没有一种与动物毒性作用直接相关。因此，本研究的目的是评估锥体草提取物在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）中的胚胎毒性和致畸潜力，并研究它们与该植物生物活性化合物的关系。用乙醇提取空中部位，用己烷、氯仿、乙酸乙酯依次对提取物进行分割。采用盐水对虾（Artemia salina）致死法，计算中位致死浓度（LC50）作为筛选方法。其中三氯甲烷部分的LC50最低（184 ppm），可用于气相色谱-质谱联用鉴定和鱼胚急性毒性试验。测定胚胎超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。观察到剂量依赖性致死性、可存活胚胎发育迟缓、心动过缓和致畸性缺陷，如尾巴畸形、心包水肿和脊柱侧凸。CAT活性随提取物浓度的增加而增加。在所鉴定的化合物中，类固醇（谷甾醇、油菜甾醇和胆固醇）和棕榈酸被确定为潜在的毒性物质。结果表明，锥体果中的CF对斑马鱼具有胚胎毒性和致畸作用，可能与这些化合物的分离或协同作用有关。

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引用次数: 0

Aflatoxin contamination and detoxification in traditional Chinese medicines 黄曲霉毒素污染与中药解毒。

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109013

Zhuofeng Jiang, Tingyuan Xing, Yau-Tuen Chan, Cheng Zhang, Yibin Feng, Ning Wang

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain molds, primarily Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These mycotoxins can contaminate various agricultural products, including grains, nuts, and seeds, posing serious health risks. Similarly, a significant portion of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) is either cultivated through artificial means or harvested from natural environments, making it susceptible to contamination as well. By addressing these critical aspects, the review aims to enhance the safety and quality of TCMs. Despite extensive research on aflatoxins in food crops, systematic reviews focusing on their contamination in TCMs remain limited. This review aims to bridge this gap by synthesizing current knowledge on storage conditions and detoxification strategies for TCMs vulnerable to aflatoxin contamination.

黄曲霉毒素是由某些霉菌产生的有毒化合物，主要是黄曲霉和寄生曲霉。这些真菌毒素可污染各种农产品，包括谷物、坚果和种子，构成严重的健康风险。同样，很大一部分中药要么是通过人工手段种植的，要么是从自然环境中收获的，这也使其容易受到污染。通过解决这些关键问题，本综述旨在提高中药的安全性和质量。尽管对粮食作物中的黄曲霉毒素进行了广泛的研究，但对其在中草药中的污染进行的系统审查仍然有限。本综述旨在通过综合目前关于中草药易受黄曲霉毒素污染的储存条件和解毒策略的知识来弥补这一空白。

引用次数: 0

Naja nigricollis venom elicits repro-toxicity in organs of female rats: Clinical implications of snakebite envenoming on reproductive health 蛇咬伤对雌性大鼠生殖健康的影响

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109001

Babafemi Siji Ajisebiola , Okikiola Olaoye Afolabi , Adesola Abigeal Toromade , Samuel Itang Itang , Omotayo Opemipo Oyedara , Akindele Oluwatosin Adeyi , Johannes Andreas Eble

Snake venoms toxins could exert toxicological effect with consequence on reproductive functions following snakebite envenoming. The clinical implications of snakebite envenoming on female reproductive health remains unraveled. This study used an animal model to evaluate the pathophysiological effects of Naja nigricollis venom on female reproductive organs. Thirty female albino rats were randomly selected into three groups (n = 10). Group 1 was the control injected with saline, while groups 2 and 3 were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mg/kg (LD₂₅) and 1.0 mg/kg (LD₅₀) of N. nigricollis venom, respectively. The venom lethal doses caused significant decrease in the body weight, organs and relative organs weight of the uterus, uterine tube and the ovary compared to the control. There was dysregulation in hormones secretion as serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in envenomed groups. The venom induced substantial oxidative stress evidenced by elevation of malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity, with a concomitant decrease of glutathione levels in the uterus, uterine tube and ovary of the envenomed rats. Inflammatory biomarkers of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the female reproductive organs of the envenomed rats. The venom modulated signaling pathways of protein transcription factors by suppressing Nrf2 activation while, inducing overexpression of NF-κB in the uterus, uterine tube and ovary of envenomed rats. Also, these tissues of the uterus, uterine tube and ovary showed severe pathohistological defects after envenomation. Our findings demonstrated that N. nigricollis envenoming inflicts clinical toxicity on overall female reproductive system.

蛇毒毒素在被蛇咬伤后会产生毒理学效应，影响生殖功能。蛇咬伤对女性生殖健康的临床意义仍未得到阐明。本研究采用动物模型，探讨了黑毛线虫毒液对雌性生殖器官的病理生理作用。选取雌性白化大鼠30只，随机分为3组（n=10）。1组为对照组，注射生理盐水，2组和3组分别腹腔注射黑毛线虫毒液0.5 mg/kg （LD25）和1.0 mg/kg （LD50）。毒液致死剂量使大鼠体重、子宫、输卵管、卵巢等脏器及相关脏器重量较对照组显著降低。激素分泌失调，血清促卵泡激素、黄体生成素和雌二醇水平显著升高（p < 0.05）。该毒液引起了大量氧化应激，丙二醛水平和超氧化物歧化酶活性升高，并伴随着子宫、输卵管和卵巢中谷胱甘肽水平的降低。肿瘤坏死因子- α和白细胞介素-1 β在中毒大鼠雌性生殖器官的炎症标志物显著升高（p < 0.05）。毒液通过抑制Nrf2的激活，调节蛋白转录因子的信号通路，同时诱导NF-κB在中毒大鼠子宫、输卵管和卵巢的过度表达。毒化后的子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织均出现严重的病理组织学缺陷。我们的研究结果表明，黑螺旋体感染对整个女性生殖系统造成临床毒性。

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引用次数: 0

Toxic plants affecting livestock in South America: Review of epidemiology, diagnosis, control, economic impact and implications to human health1 影响南美洲牲畜的有毒植物：流行病学、诊断、控制、经济影响和对人类健康的影响的审查。

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108999

Franklin Riet-Correa , Juan F. Micheloud , Mizael Machado , Fabio S. Mendonça , Ana Lucia Schild , Francisco A. Uzal , Ricardo A.A. Lemos

The objective of this paper is to review the information on toxic plants for ruminants and horses in South America, a continent in which there are 237 plants known to be toxic for livestock. Predisposing factors for plant toxicity include parts or vegetative state of the plants consumed, sprouting after rains, toxic dose, social facilitation, palatability, hunger, thirst, naivete, ingestion period, susceptibility/resistance, transportation, climatic alterations, and environmental degradation. Toxic plants can be forage or non-forage species. The latter can be invasive plants from other regions or from the same region. For the diagnosis of plant poisoning caused by known active compounds, the detection of these substances in the plants and/or animals, coupled with clinical signs, clinical and anatomic pathology, is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. When the toxic compound is unknown, the diagnosis is based on epidemiology, clinical signs, clinical and anatomic pathology. Control methods include management practices, biologic control, conditioned food aversion, and integrated control strategies, whereas prophylactic approaches are mainly based on natural or induced resistance and preventive management practices. It is concluded that plant poisonings cause significant economic losses in livestock in South America. However, they are not sufficiently studied in several regions and countries of the continent and the creation of new research groups is necessary to improve the knowledge of poisonous plants.

本文的目的是回顾在南美洲的反刍动物和马有毒植物的信息，其中有237种已知的植物对牲畜有毒。植物中毒的诱发因素包括被食用植物的部分或营养状态、雨后发芽、中毒剂量、社会促进、适口性、饥饿、口渴、幼稚、摄食期、易感性/抗性、运输、气候变化和环境退化。有毒植物可以是草料或非草料植物。后者可以是来自其他地区或同一地区的入侵植物。对于已知活性化合物引起的植物中毒的诊断，需要在植物和/或动物中检测到这些物质，并结合临床症状、临床和解剖病理，以确认诊断。当有毒化合物未知时，诊断依据是流行病学、临床体征、临床和解剖病理学。控制方法包括管理实践、生物控制、条件性食物厌恶和综合控制策略，而预防方法主要基于自然或诱导抗性和预防性管理实践。结论是，植物中毒对南美洲的牲畜造成重大经济损失。然而，在非洲大陆的一些地区和国家，它们没有得到充分的研究，有必要建立新的研究小组，以提高对有毒植物的认识。

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引用次数: 0

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