Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108150
Ouafa Amrani , Mohamed Marghich , Ahmed Karim , Hassane Mekhfi , Abderrahim Ziyyat , Mohammed Aziz
Juniperus oxycedrus L. (J. oxycedrus) has a rich historical background in herbal remedies to treating digestive system abnormalities. However, no comprehensive evaluation of its potential toxic effects has been conducted. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of an aqueous extract of J. oxycedrus (AEJO). AEJO was prepared by the conventional Moroccan methods by decoction the arial part of the plant. The acute and subacute toxicity tests were conducted in mice and rats, respectively. Acute toxicity tests showed that the extract was not toxic even at high doses of 5000 mg/kg. In the subacute study, no detectable indications of toxicity or mortality were observed and there were no notable deviations in food intake or water consumption among all rats. However, changes in body weight of animals treated with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg underwent a significant decrease. AEJO administration decreased platelet number, elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, and reduced albumin levels. Histological examination revealed normal renal parenchyma despite increased creatinine. It also showed binucleation, and hepatocyte vacuolation. The results indicate that AEJO has considerable tolerance for consumption, but repeated use can affect hepatocytes and kidneys. Therefore, additional analyses, such as subchronic, chronic, and neurotoxic studies, are required before using this plant in clinical research.
{"title":"Toxicological assessment of the aqueous extract of Juniperus oxycedrus L. on acute and subacute toxicities in rats","authors":"Ouafa Amrani , Mohamed Marghich , Ahmed Karim , Hassane Mekhfi , Abderrahim Ziyyat , Mohammed Aziz","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Juniperus oxycedrus</em> L. (<em>J. oxycedrus</em>) has a rich historical background in herbal remedies to treating digestive system abnormalities. However, no comprehensive evaluation of its potential toxic effects has been conducted. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of an aqueous extract of <em>J. oxycedrus</em> (AEJO). AEJO was prepared by the conventional Moroccan methods by decoction the arial part of the plant. The acute and subacute toxicity tests were conducted in mice and rats, respectively. Acute toxicity tests showed that the extract was not toxic even at high doses of 5000 mg/kg. In the subacute study, no detectable indications of toxicity or mortality were observed and there were no notable deviations in food intake or water consumption among all rats. However, changes in body weight of animals treated with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg underwent a significant decrease. AEJO administration decreased platelet number, elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, and reduced albumin levels. Histological examination revealed normal renal parenchyma despite increased creatinine. It also showed binucleation, and hepatocyte vacuolation. The results indicate that AEJO has considerable tolerance for consumption, but repeated use can affect hepatocytes and kidneys. Therefore, additional analyses, such as subchronic, chronic, and neurotoxic studies, are required before using this plant in clinical research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108148
Mumtahin-ul Kousar , Mifftha Yaseen , Monisa Yousouf , Mudasir Ahmad Malik , Aarizoo Mushtaq , Taha Mukhtar , Rifat Javaid , Anam Aijaz , Abida Jabeen , Tawheed Amin
Aflatoxins are naturally produced toxins by specific molds, namely Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These toxins can be found in various agricultural products, including crops like maize, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. They have the potential to contaminate the food supply during different stages of production, processing, and storage. Aflatoxin is a very poisonous substance that has been linked to adverse health effects in both humans and animals. It is essential to detect and monitor aflatoxins to ensure the safety of food. Efficient and precise analytical techniques, such as chromatography and immunoassays, have been used to accurately measure the levels of aflatoxins in different substances. Regulatory bodies and worldwide associations have determined maximum permissible limits for aflatoxins in food and nourishment products to protect the well-being of the general public. Effectively addressing aflatoxin contamination necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses various strategies in agriculture, post-harvest practices, and regulatory measures. Continuous research and collaborative endeavors are crucial in order to minimize aflatoxin exposure and mitigate the associated risks. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the presence, health consequences, and elimination techniques associated with aflatoxins.
{"title":"Aflatoxins in cereal based products-an overview of occurrence, detection and health implication","authors":"Mumtahin-ul Kousar , Mifftha Yaseen , Monisa Yousouf , Mudasir Ahmad Malik , Aarizoo Mushtaq , Taha Mukhtar , Rifat Javaid , Anam Aijaz , Abida Jabeen , Tawheed Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aflatoxins are naturally produced toxins by specific molds, namely <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> and <em>Aspergillus parasiticus</em>. These toxins can be found in various agricultural products, including crops like maize, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. They have the potential to contaminate the food supply during different stages of production, processing, and storage. Aflatoxin is a very poisonous substance that has been linked to adverse health effects in both humans and animals. It is essential to detect and monitor aflatoxins to ensure the safety of food. Efficient and precise analytical techniques, such as chromatography and immunoassays, have been used to accurately measure the levels of aflatoxins in different substances. Regulatory bodies and worldwide associations have determined maximum permissible limits for aflatoxins in food and nourishment products to protect the well-being of the general public. Effectively addressing aflatoxin contamination necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses various strategies in agriculture, post-harvest practices, and regulatory measures. Continuous research and collaborative endeavors are crucial in order to minimize aflatoxin exposure and mitigate the associated risks. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the presence, health consequences, and elimination techniques associated with aflatoxins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108134
C. David Malsawmtluanga, J. Lalbiaknunga, Lalawmpuia, C. Laldinkima
Misidentification and ingestion of poisonous mushrooms pose significant threats to food safety, particularly in Mizoram, India, where over ten fatalities due to mushroom poisoning have been reported in the past decade (2013–2023). This study aimed to address this critical issue by identifying and quantifying the cause of death due to consumption of wild mushroom from Champhai district, Mizoram, India and to test the reliability of HPLC-PDA for detection and quantification of amatoxins. HPLC-PDA confirmed the presence of α-amanitin in Amanita virosa and Amanita bisporigera in the samples. α-amanitin is a water-soluble, heat-stable, and highly toxic cyclic octapeptide present in the genus Amanita, which includes Amanita phalloides, Amanita verna, and Amanita virosa. Amanitin cytotoxicity arises from the inhibition of RNA polymerases, namely RNA polymerase II, which obstructs mRNA production in kidney and liver cells. Validation of the method demonstrated good precision and accuracy, with LOD and LOQ values of 88 ng g−1 and 210 ng g−1, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantify α-amanitin in ten wild mushroom samples, revealing its presence only in Amanita virosa (1.17 mg g−1) and Amanita bisporigera (1.91 mg g−1) species. These findings underscore the importance of accurate α-amanitin detection methods in ensuring food safety and public health, particularly in regions prone to mushroom poisoning incidents. It is noteworthy that this study marks the initial exploration for detection and quantification of α-amanitin from poisonous mushrooms found in the wild regions of Champhai district in Mizoram, representing the first report of such in the area.
{"title":"Detection and quantification of Amatoxin in wild mushrooms from North-East India using HPLC-PDA method for food safety purposes","authors":"C. David Malsawmtluanga, J. Lalbiaknunga, Lalawmpuia, C. Laldinkima","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Misidentification and ingestion of poisonous mushrooms pose significant threats to food safety, particularly in Mizoram, India, where over ten fatalities due to mushroom poisoning have been reported in the past decade (2013–2023). This study aimed to address this critical issue by identifying and quantifying the cause of death due to consumption of wild mushroom from Champhai district, Mizoram, India and to test the reliability of HPLC-PDA for detection and quantification of amatoxins. HPLC-PDA confirmed the presence of α-amanitin in <em>Amanita virosa</em> and <em>Amanita bisporigera</em> in the samples. α-amanitin is a water-soluble, heat-stable, and highly toxic cyclic octapeptide present in the genus <em>Amanita</em>, which includes <em>Amanita phalloides</em>, <em>Amanita verna</em>, and <em>Amanita virosa</em>. Amanitin cytotoxicity arises from the inhibition of RNA polymerases, namely RNA polymerase II, which obstructs mRNA production in kidney and liver cells. Validation of the method demonstrated good precision and accuracy, with LOD and LOQ values of 88 ng g<sup>−1</sup> and 210 ng g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantify α-amanitin in ten wild mushroom samples, revealing its presence only in <em>Amanita virosa</em> (1.17 mg g<sup>−1</sup>) and <em>Amanita bisporigera</em> (1.91 mg g<sup>−1</sup>) species. These findings underscore the importance of accurate α-amanitin detection methods in ensuring food safety and public health, particularly in regions prone to mushroom poisoning incidents. It is noteworthy that this study marks the initial exploration for detection and quantification of α-amanitin from poisonous mushrooms found in the wild regions of Champhai district in Mizoram, representing the first report of such in the area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some of the most commonly identified freshwater toxins are anatoxin-a (ATX-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The aim of this paper was to compare different methods of extracting and concentrating these cyanotoxins and check the impact of selected physical factors on the accumulation of biomass of Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Raphidiopsis raciborskii. The effect of different cyanobacteria cultivation conditions on the amount of cyanotoxins synthesized showed no significant changes over time in the average concentration of all tested toxins in the medium compared to the control. Mixing cultures increases the intracellular content of ATX-a. Aerating also positively affects the concentration of MC-LR intracellularly. In order to optimize the solid phase extraction (SPE) process of toxins, the C18 phase or activated carbon was used. In general, higher toxin recoveries were achieved when using the C18 phase. The best result was achieved for ATX-a, 94% recovery with elution using methanol with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). For MC-LR, the best recovery was 59%, and for CYN 22%. The study evaluated the various methods to release cyanotoxins from cyanobacteria showed that: the highest ATX-a concentration (0.60 μg/mg d.w) was obtained using MilliQ water and microwave treatment for 10–15 s. For MC-LR, the highest extracted amount (6.73 μg/mg d.w) resulted from methanol treatment and boiling at 100 °C for 15 min. CYN extraction was the most effective by using MilliQ water and alternative freezing/thawing (1.54 μg/mg d.w). In conclusion, changing the optimal parameters of cyanobacterial cultivation, only slightly affects the increase in biomass accumulation and synthesis of cyanobacterial toxins. In the case of ATX, the key is the use of the TFA additive in the SPE process. No single method has been identified as the ideal approach for isolating various intracellular cyanotoxins.
{"title":"Optimization of isolation and concentration of the common freshwater cyanobacterial toxins ATX-a, CYN and MC-LR using standard techniques, optimization of cyanobacteria growth","authors":"Saravana Kumar Selvaraj , Bartosz Lelito , Michal Adamski , Ariel Kaminski","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Some of the most commonly identified freshwater toxins are anatoxin-a (ATX-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The aim of this paper was to compare different methods of extracting and concentrating these cyanotoxins and check the impact of selected physical factors on the accumulation of biomass of <em>Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa,</em> and <em>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</em>. The effect of different cyanobacteria cultivation conditions on the amount of cyanotoxins synthesized showed no significant changes over time in the average concentration of all tested toxins in the medium compared to the control. Mixing cultures increases the intracellular content of ATX-a. Aerating also positively affects the concentration of MC-LR intracellularly. In order to optimize the solid phase extraction (SPE) process of toxins, the C18 phase or activated carbon was used. In general, higher toxin recoveries were achieved when using the C18 phase. The best result was achieved for ATX-a, 94% recovery with elution using methanol with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). For MC-LR, the best recovery was 59%, and for CYN 22%. The study evaluated the various methods to release cyanotoxins from cyanobacteria showed that: the highest ATX-a concentration (0.60 μg/mg d.w) was obtained using MilliQ water and microwave treatment for 10–15 s. For MC-LR, the highest extracted amount (6.73 μg/mg d.w) resulted from methanol treatment and boiling at 100 °C for 15 min. CYN extraction was the most effective by using MilliQ water and alternative freezing/thawing (1.54 μg/mg d.w). In conclusion, changing the optimal parameters of cyanobacterial cultivation, only slightly affects the increase in biomass accumulation and synthesis of cyanobacterial toxins. In the case of ATX, the key is the use of the TFA additive in the SPE process. No single method has been identified as the ideal approach for isolating various intracellular cyanotoxins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108149
Shihui Xie , Shuo Han , Jietao Gong , Zhiyuan Feng , Yang Sun , Hong Yao , Peiying Shi
It has been confirmed that bee venom (BV) can inhibit tumor metastasis of lung cancer cells induced by epidermal growth factor, suggesting the inhibitory role of BV on the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and may synergistically promote the anti-lung cancer effect of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. This paper aims to ascertain the therapeutic potentials of BV combined with gefitinib against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro. As results, the content of the main component melittin in air-dried BV was determined by HPLC. Subsequently, it was found that BV significantly inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC PC-9 and NCI-H1299 cells, but not generated apparent toxicity to human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Meanwhile, the combination of BV and gefitinib also significantly inhibited the proliferation of these two cells, and suppressed the migration and invasion of PC-9 cells. By bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking, it was predicted that the main component melittin in BV could act on the cell membrane and transmembrane protein EGFR. Ultimately, Western blot assays showed BV alone or combined with gefitinib significantly decreased the protein expression of phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR) and the protein expression ratio of p-EGFR to EGFR, and increased the protein expression ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I in PC-9 cells or epidermal growth factor-activated PC-9 cells. The results demonstrated that BV could prompt the inhibition of gefitinib on proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells via EGFR-mediated autophagy, showing the synergistic anti-NSCLC potential when combined with gefitinib.
{"title":"Bee venom prompts the inhibition of gefitinib on proliferation, migration, and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells via EGFR-mediated autophagy","authors":"Shihui Xie , Shuo Han , Jietao Gong , Zhiyuan Feng , Yang Sun , Hong Yao , Peiying Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been confirmed that bee venom (BV) can inhibit tumor metastasis of lung cancer cells induced by epidermal growth factor, suggesting the inhibitory role of BV on the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and may synergistically promote the anti-lung cancer effect of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. This paper aims to ascertain the therapeutic potentials of BV combined with gefitinib against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) <em>in vitro</em>. As results, the content of the main component melittin in air-dried BV was determined by HPLC. Subsequently, it was found that BV significantly inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC PC-9 and NCI-H1299 cells, but not generated apparent toxicity to human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Meanwhile, the combination of BV and gefitinib also significantly inhibited the proliferation of these two cells, and suppressed the migration and invasion of PC-9 cells. By bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking, it was predicted that the main component melittin in BV could act on the cell membrane and transmembrane protein EGFR. Ultimately, Western blot assays showed BV alone or combined with gefitinib significantly decreased the protein expression of phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR) and the protein expression ratio of p-EGFR to EGFR, and increased the protein expression ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I in PC-9 cells or epidermal growth factor-activated PC-9 cells. The results demonstrated that BV could prompt the inhibition of gefitinib on proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells via EGFR-mediated autophagy, showing the synergistic anti-NSCLC potential when combined with gefitinib.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108132
Laís Sousa do Nascimento Monteiro , Rosemary Matias , Carlos Eurico Fernandes , Jeandre Augusto Otsubo Jaques , Igor Leal Brito , Ademir Kleber Morbeck de Oliveira , Gilberto Gonçalves Facco , Carla Letícia Gediel Rivero-Wendt
Norantea guianensis Aubl., commonly referred to as the parrot flower or macaw-tail vine, is a plant species found in the Brazilian Amazon, Caatinga, and Cerrado biomes. It is used in folk medicine for its anxiolytic properties, as well as its ability to alleviate headaches and reduce fever. Nevertheless, despite its therapeutic benefits, the impact on embryonic development has yet to be fully explained. The objective of this study was to evaluate chemical constituents by HPLC-DAD, UV–visible and classical phytochemistry and the LC50 of ethanolic extracts from the stem and leaves of N. guianensis in Danio rerio after 96 h and to investigate their effect on developmental morphology. The findings were then related to both Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the plant's chemical composition. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L concentrations of stem and leaves extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the stem extract contained predominantly phenolic compounds, tannins, and anthraquinones, while the leaf extract contained alkaloids and flavonoids. The LC50 values for the stem and leaf extracts were 64.55 mg/L and 7.16 mg/L, respectively, being the stem extract was more toxic than the leaf extract. Induced malformations and alterations in the zebrafish development in different concentrations for both extract including pericardial edema, increased heart rate, spinal malformation and equilibrium disruption. Unlike to stem extract, the leaf extract delayed larval hatching and inhibited AChE activity. The findings indicate that the leaf extract possesses higher embryotoxicity and its use should be avoided during pregnancy.
{"title":"Evaluation of chemical constituents in Norantea guianensis aubl. Extracts, embryotoxicity, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential in Danio rerio","authors":"Laís Sousa do Nascimento Monteiro , Rosemary Matias , Carlos Eurico Fernandes , Jeandre Augusto Otsubo Jaques , Igor Leal Brito , Ademir Kleber Morbeck de Oliveira , Gilberto Gonçalves Facco , Carla Letícia Gediel Rivero-Wendt","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Norantea guianensis</em> Aubl., commonly referred to as the parrot flower or macaw-tail vine, is a plant species found in the Brazilian Amazon, Caatinga, and Cerrado biomes. It is used in folk medicine for its anxiolytic properties, as well as its ability to alleviate headaches and reduce fever. Nevertheless, despite its therapeutic benefits, the impact on embryonic development has yet to be fully explained. The objective of this study was to evaluate chemical constituents by HPLC-DAD, UV–visible and classical phytochemistry and the LC50 of ethanolic extracts from the stem and leaves of N. guianensis in <em>Danio rerio</em> after 96 h and to investigate their effect on developmental morphology. The findings were then related to both Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the plant's chemical composition. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L concentrations of stem and leaves extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the stem extract contained predominantly phenolic compounds, tannins, and anthraquinones, while the leaf extract contained alkaloids and flavonoids. The LC50 values for the stem and leaf extracts were 64.55 mg/L and 7.16 mg/L, respectively, being the stem extract was more toxic than the leaf extract. Induced malformations and alterations in the zebrafish development in different concentrations for both extract including pericardial edema, increased heart rate, spinal malformation and equilibrium disruption. Unlike to stem extract, the leaf extract delayed larval hatching and inhibited AChE activity. The findings indicate that the leaf extract possesses higher embryotoxicity and its use should be avoided during pregnancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108135
Awatef Ouertani , Chloé Mollet , Yasmine Boughanmi , Harold de Pomyers , Amor Mosbah , Hadda-Imene Ouzari , Ameur Cherif , Didier Gigmes , Marc Maresca , Kamel Mabrouk
The escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance significantly threatens global health, underscoring the critical need for new antimicrobial agents. Venoms, increasingly recognized as reservoirs of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological effects, have been the focus of recent research. This work evaluates the use of various screening methodologies in assessing the antimicrobial activities of 185 venoms against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including E. coli ATCC 8739, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 6538P species and explores the influence of settings on the findings. Furthermore, the research explored the possibility of purifying antimicrobial molecules from venoms through HPLC. Several fractions demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the tested strains.
Our results reveal that the measured antimicrobial efficacy of venoms varies according to:i) venom concentration, ii) the detection method, including microdilution and radial diffusion assays, and iii) the choice of culture medium, specifically LB or MH.
This strategy has allowed us, for the first time, to identify antimicrobial activity in: i) Bitis arietans venom against P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, ii) Naja nubiae and Bothrops lanceolatus against B. subtilis ATCC 6633, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 6538P, and iii) Hadogenes zuluanus, Mesobuthus caucasicus, Nebo hierichonticus, Opistophthalmus wahlbergii scorpions, and Mylabris quadripunctata beetles against S. aureus ATCC 6538P.
These findings highlight venoms potential as effective antimicrobial resources and improve our understanding of key factors critical for an accurate detection of venoms antimicrobial properties.
{"title":"Screening of antimicrobial activity in venom: Exploring key parameters","authors":"Awatef Ouertani , Chloé Mollet , Yasmine Boughanmi , Harold de Pomyers , Amor Mosbah , Hadda-Imene Ouzari , Ameur Cherif , Didier Gigmes , Marc Maresca , Kamel Mabrouk","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance significantly threatens global health, underscoring the critical need for new antimicrobial agents. Venoms, increasingly recognized as reservoirs of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological effects, have been the focus of recent research. This work evaluates the use of various screening methodologies in assessing the antimicrobial activities of 185 venoms against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including <em>E. coli</em> ATCC 8739<em>, B. subtilis</em> ATCC 6633<em>, P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 9027, and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 6538P species and explores the influence of settings on the findings. Furthermore, the research explored the possibility of purifying antimicrobial molecules from venoms through HPLC. Several fractions demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the tested strains.</div><div>Our results reveal that the measured antimicrobial efficacy of venoms varies according to:i) venom concentration, ii) the detection method, including microdilution and radial diffusion assays, and iii) the choice of culture medium, specifically LB or MH.</div><div>This strategy has allowed us, for the first time, to identify antimicrobial activity in: i) <em>Bitis arietans</em> venom against <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 9027, ii) <em>Naja nubiae</em> and <em>Bothrops lanceolatus</em> against <em>B. subtilis</em> ATCC 6633<em>, P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 9027<em>,</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 6538P, and iii) <em>Hadogenes zuluanus, Mesobuthus caucasicus</em>, <em>Nebo hierichonticus, Opistophthalmus wahlbergii</em> scorpions, and <em>Mylabris quadripunctata</em> beetles against <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 6538P.</div><div>These findings highlight venoms potential as effective antimicrobial resources and improve our understanding of key factors critical for an accurate detection of venoms antimicrobial properties<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108138
Ghulam Mustafa, Mian Abdur Rehman Arif, Murad Bakhsh, Syed Wajih ul Hassan
Ginger, a fresh rhizome, an economically important spice with extensive nutraceutical activities finds itself in vegetable and therapeutic market. Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) along with ochratoxin A (OTA) are the most significant and the most toxic form of mycotoxins which are produced by various fungi. This study was initiated to assess the contamination of AFs and OTA in raw and dried ginger products, collected from different agro-climatic zones in Punjab, Pakistan employing the high performance liquid chromatography. We found all (raw ginger samples commercial ginger powders) samples contaminated with AFB1 (range: 29.88–1060.12 μg/kg). AFB2 contamination was much lower (range: 0–17.54 μg/kg). Variable contamination of AFG1 was also observed (range: 0–170.58 μg/kg) whereas AFG2 contamination was found in only three (range: 0–21.88 μg/kg) out of 19 raw ginger samples. OTA contamination ranged from 0.05 to 3.42 μg/kg. Ginger samples from lower altitudes (<1000 m) were more contaminated with AFB1 sub type mycotoxin. Keeping in view that the toxicity of AFs is in the order of B1>G1> B2>G2, it was alarming to find that 100% of the samples were contaminated with AFB1 way beyond the permissible limits. Our very first report about the contamination of ginger with AFs presents a grave health issue because of wide use of ginger. We conclude that ginger production in Pakistan needs to be carefully crafted and due diligence is needed during ginger cultivation, harvest and post-harvest operations because the amount of aflatoxins detected in this study are very much above the permissible limits. In this regard, ginger storage in cooler environments such as refrigerator should be encouraged to contain the AFs proliferation.
{"title":"First report of aflatoxin and ochratoxin contamination in ginger collected from different agroclimatic zones from Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Ghulam Mustafa, Mian Abdur Rehman Arif, Murad Bakhsh, Syed Wajih ul Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginger, a fresh rhizome, an economically important spice with extensive nutraceutical activities finds itself in vegetable and therapeutic market. Aflatoxins (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub> and AFG<sub>2</sub>) along with ochratoxin A (OTA) are the most significant and the most toxic form of mycotoxins which are produced by various fungi. This study was initiated to assess the contamination of AFs and OTA in raw and dried ginger products, collected from different agro-climatic zones in Punjab, Pakistan employing the high performance liquid chromatography. We found all (raw ginger samples commercial ginger powders) samples contaminated with AFB<sub>1</sub> (range: 29.88–1060.12 μg/kg). AFB<sub>2</sub> contamination was much lower (range: 0–17.54 μg/kg). Variable contamination of AFG<sub>1</sub> was also observed (range: 0–170.58 μg/kg) whereas AFG<sub>2</sub> contamination was found in only three (range: 0–21.88 μg/kg) out of 19 raw ginger samples. OTA contamination ranged from 0.05 to 3.42 μg/kg. Ginger samples from lower altitudes (<1000 m) were more contaminated with AFB<sub>1</sub> sub type mycotoxin. Keeping in view that the toxicity of AFs is in the order of B<sub>1</sub>>G<sub>1</sub>> B<sub>2</sub>>G<sub>2</sub>, it was alarming to find that 100% of the samples were contaminated with AFB<sub>1</sub> way beyond the permissible limits. Our very first report about the contamination of ginger with AFs presents a grave health issue because of wide use of ginger. We conclude that ginger production in Pakistan needs to be carefully crafted and due diligence is needed during ginger cultivation, harvest and post-harvest operations because the amount of aflatoxins detected in this study are very much above the permissible limits. In this regard, ginger storage in cooler environments such as refrigerator should be encouraged to contain the AFs proliferation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108139
Ngo Tin James Chan , Pui Kin Rex Lam , Chi Keung Chan , Sik Hon Tsui
Trimeresurus albolabris (green pit viper) accounts for 95% of human venomous snakebites in Hong Kong and the Green Pit Viper antivenin has become the only antivenom available. Little is known about the impact of early antivenom administration on the duration of venom-induced coagulopathy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of the door-to-antivenom time (DTAT) on the duration of such coagulopathy. Consecutive patients with green pit viper bite reported to the Hong Kong Poison Control Centre between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2022 were included. Electronic medical records were reviewed, and the time and dose of antivenom administration were examined. The level of coagulopathy before and after antivenom was graded using the modified Snakebite Severity Scale. The primary outcome was the duration of venom-induced coagulopathy. Univariate and multivariable generalized linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between DTAT and the duration of coagulopathy. In total, 82 adult cases (median age 56 years, 51.2% men) were analyzed. The median DTAT was 4.2 h. DTAT was correlated with the duration of coagulopathy (Spearman r 0.426, p < 0.001), which was correlated with the hospital length of stay (Spearman r 0.357, p = 0.001). However, DTAT was not correlated with the hospital length of stay (Spearman r 0.105, p = 0.346). After adjusting for confounding factors, DTAT (adjusted regression coefficient [β] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38 to 3.08, p = 0.012), pre-antivenom level of coagulopathy (adjusted β 17.08, 95% CI 3.00 to 31.16, p = 0.017), platelet transfusion (adjusted β 217.11, 95% CI 70.43 to 363.80, p = 0.004), and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (adjusted β −175.34, 95% CI 330.90 to −19.77, p = 0.027) were significantly associated with the duration of coagulopathy. These findings suggest that prompt administration of antivenom may shorten the duration of coagulopathy.
在香港，95%的人被绿蝮蛇咬伤，而绿蝮蛇抗蛇毒血清已成为唯一可用的抗蛇毒血清。早期注射抗蛇毒血清对毒液引起的凝血病持续时间的影响鲜为人知。这项回顾性研究旨在评估门到抗蛇毒血清时间（DTAT）对这种凝血病持续时间的影响。研究纳入了2012年1月1日至2022年12月31日期间向香港中毒控制中心报告的绿蝮蛇咬伤患者。研究人员查阅了电子病历，并检查了注射抗蛇毒血清的时间和剂量。抗蛇毒血清前后的凝血病变程度采用改良蛇咬伤严重程度量表进行分级。主要结果是毒液诱发凝血病的持续时间。采用单变量和多变量广义线性回归分析来评估 DTAT 与凝血病持续时间之间的关系。共分析了 82 例成人病例（中位年龄 56 岁，51.2% 为男性）。DTAT 的中位数为 4.2 小时。DTAT 与凝血病持续时间相关（Spearman r 0.426，p < 0.001），与住院时间相关（Spearman r 0.357，p = 0.001）。然而，DTAT 与住院时间无关（Spearman r 0.105，p = 0.346）。调整混杂因素后，DTAT（调整回归系数[β] 1.73，95% 置信区间[CI] 0.38 至 3.08，p = 0.012）、血清前凝血病水平（调整β 17.08，95% CI 3.00 至 31.16，p = 0.017）、血小板输注（调整后 β 217.11，95% CI 70.43 至 363.80，p = 0.004）和新鲜冰冻血浆输注（调整后 β -175.34，95% CI 330.90 至 -19.77，p = 0.027）与凝血病持续时间显著相关。这些研究结果表明，及时注射抗蛇毒血清可缩短凝血病的持续时间。
{"title":"The impact of the door-to-antivenom time on the resolution of coagulopathy caused by green pit viper bite—a retrospective cohort study","authors":"Ngo Tin James Chan , Pui Kin Rex Lam , Chi Keung Chan , Sik Hon Tsui","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Trimeresurus albolabris</em> (green pit viper) accounts for 95% of human venomous snakebites in Hong Kong and the Green Pit Viper antivenin has become the only antivenom available. Little is known about the impact of early antivenom administration on the duration of venom-induced coagulopathy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of the door-to-antivenom time (DTAT) on the duration of such coagulopathy. Consecutive patients with green pit viper bite reported to the Hong Kong Poison Control Centre between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2022 were included. Electronic medical records were reviewed, and the time and dose of antivenom administration were examined. The level of coagulopathy before and after antivenom was graded using the modified Snakebite Severity Scale. The primary outcome was the duration of venom-induced coagulopathy. Univariate and multivariable generalized linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between DTAT and the duration of coagulopathy. In total, 82 adult cases (median age 56 years, 51.2% men) were analyzed. The median DTAT was 4.2 h. DTAT was correlated with the duration of coagulopathy (Spearman r 0.426, p < 0.001), which was correlated with the hospital length of stay (Spearman r 0.357, p = 0.001). However, DTAT was not correlated with the hospital length of stay (Spearman r 0.105, p = 0.346). After adjusting for confounding factors, DTAT (adjusted regression coefficient [β] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38 to 3.08, p = 0.012), pre-antivenom level of coagulopathy (adjusted β 17.08, 95% CI 3.00 to 31.16, p = 0.017), platelet transfusion (adjusted β 217.11, 95% CI 70.43 to 363.80, p = 0.004), and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (adjusted β −175.34, 95% CI 330.90 to −19.77, p = 0.027) were significantly associated with the duration of coagulopathy. These findings suggest that prompt administration of antivenom may shorten the duration of coagulopathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 108139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号