IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108129

Kamil Kokulu , Ekrem Taha Sert

Introduction

The management of plant poisonings in the emergency department (ED) presents various challenges. Foremost among these is the identification of the specific botanical species responsible for the toxic effect. In cases of plant poisoning, it is crucial to accurately identify the plant in order to promptly evaluate if it has cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, or anticholinergic properties. Furthermore, it is typically not possible to determine the identity of these plants through blood tests conducted in the ED.

Case report

An otherwise healthy 23-year-old male patient presented to the ED with symptoms of restlessness, altered mental state, and hallucinations that occurred 2 h after consuming herbal tea. On physical examination, he was tachypneic, tachycardic, and disoriented. The pupils were bilaterally mydriatic. The patient's symptoms were consistent with both sympathomimetic and anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) toxidromes. We were unable to promptly reach a botanist to identify the plant to which the patient had been exposed. Therefore, we employed Google Gemini, an artificial intelligence software, to ascertain the plant's identity. Google Gemini identified the plant we photographed as Datura stramonium, commonly known as jimson weed, which is known to cause anticholinergic toxicity. The botanist we contacted later confirmed that the plant was D. stramonium. The patient's symptoms were alleviated with the use of intravenous diazepam and physostigmine.

Conclusion

We propose that the utilization of artificial intelligence applications with visual recognition capabilities could be beneficial for physicians, patients, and foragers of edible wild plants to accurately identify plants and distinguish toxic species.

导言：急诊科（ED）在处理植物中毒事件时面临各种挑战。其中最主要的挑战是如何确定产生毒性作用的特定植物种类。在植物中毒病例中，准确识别植物至关重要，以便及时评估植物是否具有心脏毒性、神经毒性、肝毒性或抗胆碱能特性。此外，在急诊室进行的血液化验通常无法确定这些植物的身份：一名 23 岁的健康男性患者在饮用凉茶 2 小时后出现烦躁不安、精神状态改变和幻觉等症状，遂到急诊科就诊。体格检查时，他呼吸急促、心动过速、神志不清。双侧瞳孔散大。患者的症状与拟交感神经和抗胆碱能（抗心绞痛）中毒症状一致。我们无法及时联系到植物学家来鉴定患者接触过的植物。因此，我们使用人工智能软件谷歌双子座来确定该植物的身份。谷歌双子星确定我们拍摄的植物为曼陀罗（Datura stramonium），俗称金森草（jimson weed），已知会引起抗胆碱能毒性。我们后来联系的植物学家也证实了这种植物就是曼陀罗。通过静脉注射地西泮和扑尔敏，患者的症状得到了缓解：我们建议，利用具有视觉识别功能的人工智能应用软件可以帮助医生、患者和可食用野生植物的觅食者准确识别植物并区分有毒物种。

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引用次数: 0

Toxicity of the marine glycosidic macrolides, polycavernoside E and akunolides, from Okinawan cyanobacterium Okeania sp. in mice 冲绳蓝藻 Okeania sp.中的海洋糖苷大环内酯--聚醋酸苷 E 和阿库诺尔内酯对小鼠的毒性。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108122

Mari Yotsu-Yamashita , Kairi Umeda , Arihiro Iwasaki , Kiyotake Suenaga

The toxicity of polycavernoside E and its structurally related macrolides, akunolides A, B, and C, was evaluated in mice. These compounds were recently isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Okeania sp. collected in Okinawa, Japan. The minimal toxicity of polycavernoside E was estimated as 0.81 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection, whereas those of akunolides A–C were >13 mg/kg. Owing to the considerable toxicity of polycavernoside E, the occurrence of this cyanobacterium should be considered in seaweed production environments.

研究人员在小鼠体内评估了多杀菌素 E 及其结构相关的大环内酯类化合物--阿库诺尔内酯 A、B 和 C 的毒性。这些化合物是最近从日本冲绳采集的海洋蓝藻 Okeania sp.中分离出来的。经腹腔注射，聚葡萄球菌苷 E 的最小毒性估计为 0.81 毫克/千克，而akunolides A-C 的毒性则大于 13 毫克/千克。由于多刺五加皂苷 E 的毒性相当大，因此应考虑在海藻生产环境中出现这种蓝藻。

引用次数: 0

Deciphering toxico-proteomics of Asiatic medically significant venomous snake species: A systematic review and interactive data dashboard 解密亚洲医学上重要毒蛇物种的毒物蛋白质组学：系统综述和交互式数据仪表板。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108120

Sher Min Ding, Michelle Khai Khun Yap

Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with an approximate 1.8 million cases annually. The tremendous figure is concerning, and the currently available treatment for snakebite envenomation is antivenom. However, the current antivenom has limited cross-neutralisation activity due to the variations in snake venom composition across species and geographical locations. The proteomics of medically important venomous species is essential as they study the venom compositions within and among different species. The advancement of sophisticated proteomic approaches allows intensive investigation of snake venoms. Nevertheless, there is a need to consolidate the venom proteomics profiles and distribution analysis to examine their variability patterns. This review systematically analysed the proteomics and toxicity profiles of medically important venomous species from Asia across different geographical locations. An interactive dashboard - Asiatic Proteomics Interactive Datasets was curated to consolidate the distribution patterns of the venom compositions, serve as a comprehensive directory for large-scale comparative meta-analyses. The population proteomics demonstrate higher diversities in the predominant venom toxins. Besides, inter-regional differences were also observed in Bungarus sp., Naja sp., Calliophis sp., and Ophiophagus hannah venoms. The elapid venoms are predominated with three-finger toxins (3FTX_s) and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). Intra-regional variation is only significantly observed in Naja naja venoms. Proteomics diversity is more prominent in viper venoms, with widespread dominance observed in snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) and snake venom serine protease (SVSP). Correlations exist between the proteomics profiles and the toxicity (LD₅₀) of the medically important venomous species. Additionally, the predominant toxins, alongside their pathophysiological effects, were highlighted and discussed as well. The insights of interactive toxico-proteomics datasets provide comprehensive frameworks of venom dynamics and contribute to developing antivenoms for snakebite envenomation. This could reduce misdiagnosis of SBE and accelerate the researchers' data mining process.

蛇咬伤（SBE）是一种被忽视的热带疾病（NTD），每年约有 180 万病例。这一巨大数字令人担忧，目前治疗蛇咬伤的方法是注射抗蛇毒血清。然而，由于不同物种和不同地理位置的蛇毒成分存在差异，目前的抗蛇毒血清的交叉中和活性有限。医学上重要毒物物种的蛋白质组学研究至关重要，因为它们研究了不同物种内部和不同物种之间的毒液成分。先进的蛋白质组学方法可以对蛇毒进行深入研究。尽管如此，仍有必要对毒液蛋白质组学概况和分布分析进行整合，以研究其变异模式。本综述系统分析了亚洲不同地理位置的重要医疗毒物的蛋白质组学和毒性特征。为了整合毒液成分的分布模式，我们设计了一个交互式仪表板--亚洲蛋白质组学交互式数据集，作为大规模比较荟萃分析的综合目录。种群蛋白质组学显示，主要毒液毒素的多样性较高。此外，在 Bungarus sp.、Naja sp.、Calliophis sp.和 Ophiophagus hannah 毒液中也观察到了区域间差异。伶鼬毒液中主要是三指毒素（3FTX）和磷脂酶 A2（PLA2）。只有在 Naja naja 毒液中才能观察到明显的区域内差异。在蝰蛇毒液中，蛋白质组学的多样性更为突出，蛇毒金属蛋白酶（SVMP）和蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶（SVSP）广泛占据主导地位。蛋白质组学特征与医学上重要毒物的毒性（半数致死剂量）之间存在相关性。此外，还强调并讨论了主要毒素及其病理生理效应。交互式毒物蛋白质组学数据集提供了毒液动态的全面框架，有助于开发蛇咬伤毒液的抗蛇毒血清。这可以减少对蛇咬伤的误诊，加快研究人员的数据挖掘过程。

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引用次数: 0

Protection efficacy and immunogenicity of Clostridium chauvoei proteins as a subunit blackleg vaccine or an adjuvant for Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid 梭状芽孢杆菌蛋白作为黑腿亚基疫苗或产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌epsilon类毒素佐剂的保护效力和免疫原性。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108124

Roxana Hamzavipour , Azadeh Zahmatkesh , Alireza Paradise , Farzaneh Hosseini

Potential application of Clostridium chauvoei proteins was studied as a subunit blackleg vaccine or a biological adjuvant for Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid vaccine. Extracellular and cell surface proteins were extracted from C. chauvoei culture, and their protective efficacy was evaluated by potency test in guinea pigs. In order to investigate the effect of cell surface proteins on C. perfringens epsilon toxoid immunogenicity, rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously twice with: C. perfringens type D toxoid supernatant +200 μg C. chauvoei cell surface proteins (PR-200), toxoid supernatant + 400 μg cell surface proteins (PR-400), inactivated C. perfringens type D vaccine (Vac), toxoid supernatant (Tox), or PBS. Isolation of cell surface proteins yielded about 2.5 mg/L culture protein with a sharp band at 43 kDa probably corresponding to flagellin. Potency test demonstrated the protection ability of both cellular and extracellular proteins of C. chauvoei. ELISA showed that the highest antibody titers against epsilon toxoid belonged to PR-400 and Vac groups. The effect of days post immunization on antibody response was not significant. No significant difference was observed between PR-400 and Vac, as well as PR-200 and Tox groups. Clostridium chauvoei cell surface proteins may have the potential for application as a blackleg disease vaccine and an adjuvant for clostridial toxoids.

研究了梭状芽孢杆菌蛋白作为黑脚亚基疫苗或产气荚膜梭菌epsilon类毒素疫苗生物佐剂的潜在应用。从 C. chauvoei 培养物中提取了胞外蛋白和细胞表面蛋白，并通过豚鼠效力试验评估了其保护效力。为了研究细胞表面蛋白对C：D 型产气包虫病类毒素上清液 + 200 μg C. chauvoei 细胞表面蛋白（PR-200）、类毒素上清液 + 400 μg 细胞表面蛋白（PR-400）、D 型产气包虫病灭活疫苗（Vac）、类毒素上清液（Tox）或 PBS。分离细胞表面蛋白可得到约 2.5 mg/L 的培养蛋白，其中 43 kDa 的尖锐条带可能与鞭毛蛋白相对应。效价测试表明，C. chauvoei 的细胞和细胞外蛋白都具有保护能力。酶联免疫吸附试验表明，PR-400和Vac组对epsilon类毒素的抗体滴度最高。免疫后天数对抗体反应的影响不显著。PR-400组和Vac组以及PR-200组和Tox组之间没有明显差异。Chauvoei 梭状芽孢杆菌细胞表面蛋白有可能用作黑腿病疫苗和梭状芽孢杆菌毒素的佐剂。

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引用次数: 0

Blood levels of zearalenone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormones in patients with colorectal cancer 结直肠癌患者血液中玉米赤霉烯酮、促甲状腺激素和甲状腺激素的水平。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108125

Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk , Magdalena Gajęcka , Łukasz Zielonka , Michał Dąbrowski , Maciej T. Gajęcki

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various species of mold fungi commonly found in plant materials. Zearalenone (ZEN) adversely affects the endocrine system. This study aimed to determine whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), procalcitonin (PCT), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels are altered during natural zearalenone mycotoxicosis in patients diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer (SCC) or colorectal cancer (CRC). A study was conducted on women and men diagnosed with SCC or CRC accompanied by the presence or absence (Patients Without ZEN – PWZ group) of ZEN in the blood. The PWZ group consisted of 17 patients with symptoms of SCC and CRC in whom ZEN and its metabolites were not detected in peripheral blood. The experimental (empirical) groups included a total of 16 SCC and CRC patients who tested positive for ZEN, but not its metabolites. TSH values in both sexes were within the upper limit of the reference range (0.27–4.2 μIU/mL) adopted by the hospital laboratory and corresponded to the upper second tertile and the lower third tertile. PCT values demonstrated that SCC and CRC were accompanied by a systemic or local bacterial infection. All mean values of fT3 were in the middle of the reference range, and the mean values of fT4 were within the upper reference limit. The fT3/fT4 prognostic marker was somewhat above the cut-off point of 0.22. These results indicate that in postmenopausal women and andropausal men who were diagnosed with SCC and CRC and were exposed to food-borne ZEN, higher values of the prognostic marker (fT3/fT4) were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The study also revealed that the more distal the neoplastic lesions in the colon, the higher the percentage of both thyroid hormones, regardless of the patient's sex. The presence of ZEN in the diet alters thyroid activity in patients diagnosed with SCC and CRC.

霉菌毒素是植物材料中常见的各种霉菌产生的次级代谢物。玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）会对内分泌系统产生不利影响。本研究旨在确定在天然玉米赤霉烯酮霉菌毒素中毒期间，乙状结肠癌（SCC）或结肠直肠癌（CRC）患者体内的促甲状腺激素（TSH）、降钙素原（PCT）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（fT3）和游离甲状腺素（fT4）水平是否会发生变化。一项研究针对被诊断患有 SCC 或 CRC 的女性和男性，同时考虑到血液中是否存在玉米赤霉烯酮（无玉米赤霉烯酮患者--PWZ 组）。PWZ 组包括 17 名有 SCC 和 CRC 症状的患者，他们的外周血中未检测到 ZEN 及其代谢物。实验（经验）组包括总共 16 名 SCC 和 CRC 患者，他们的 ZEN 检测呈阳性，但未检测到其代谢物。男女患者的促甲状腺激素（TSH）值均在医院实验室采用的参考范围上限（0.27 - 4.2 μIU/mL）之内，分别属于第二三等分组的上限和第三三等分组的下限。PCT值显示，SCC和CRC伴有全身或局部细菌感染。所有 fT3 的平均值都在参考范围的中间值，而 fT4 的平均值都在参考范围的上限内。fT3/fT4 的预后指标略高于 0.22 的临界点。这些结果表明，在被诊断出患有 SCC 和 CRC 并暴露于食源性 ZEN 的绝经后女性和雄性激素过多的男性中，预后标志物（fT3/fT4）值越高，预后越差。研究还发现，无论患者性别如何，结肠肿瘤病变越远，两种甲状腺激素的比例越高。饮食中含有ZEN会改变SCC和CRC患者的甲状腺活性。

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引用次数: 0

Aflatoxin M1 level and risk assessment in milk, yogurt, and cheese in Tabriz, Iran 伊朗大不里士市牛奶、酸奶和奶酪中的黄曲霉毒素 M1 含量和风险评估。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108119

Peyman Behtarin , Mohammadhossein Movassaghghazani

Aim and background

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples collected from Tabriz, Iran. Additionally, the study conducted a risk assessment related to the consumption of milk and dairy products within Tabriz city.

Study method

For this study, 56 samples (raw milk, pasteurized milk, ultra-high temperature milk (UHT), traditional yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, traditional cheese, and pasteurized cheese) were collected randomly in Tabriz from December 2021 to March 2022. The analysis was carried out using liquid chromatography, which was equipped with a fluorescence detector. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) and the hazard index (HI) were calculated for the risk assessment.

Results and discussion

AFM₁ was detected in all samples. The highest concentration of AFM₁ was observed in traditional cheese (P < 0.05). The lowest concentration was observed in UHT milk and there were no significant differences between the various milk types and pasteurized yogurt (P > 0.05). Moreover, in all samples, the levels of AFM₁ were below the maximum limit permitted by Iranian national standards. AFM₁ levels in traditional yogurt exceeded the European Union's permissible limit in 25% of the samples. The HI in all samples was less than one for both adult and child consumers, except for milk samples for children, which were more than one and indicated a medium risk. In conclusion, the levels of contamination in milk and dairy products and risk assessment appear not to pose a public health risk to Tabriz consumers.

目的和背景：本研究旨在调查从伊朗大不里士采集的牛奶、酸奶和奶酪样本中是否含有黄曲霉毒素 M1（AFM1）。此外，这项研究还对大不里士市牛奶和乳制品的消费进行了风险评估：本研究从 2021 年 12 月至 2022 年 3 月在大不里士随机采集了 56 个样本（生乳、巴氏杀菌乳、超高温乳（UHT）、传统酸奶、巴氏杀菌酸奶、传统奶酪和巴氏杀菌奶酪）。分析采用配备荧光检测器的液相色谱法进行。为进行风险评估，计算了估计膳食摄入量（EDI）和危害指数（HI）：所有样本中都检测到了 AFM1。传统奶酪中的 AFM1 浓度最高（P1 低于伊朗国家标准允许的最高限值）。传统酸奶中有 25% 的样品中 AFM1 含量超过了欧盟允许的限值。除儿童牛奶样本的 HI 值大于 1 且表明存在中等风险外，所有样本中成人和儿童消费者的 HI 值均小于 1。总之，牛奶和乳制品中的污染水平和风险评估似乎不会对大不里士的消费者构成公共健康风险。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of lethal and sub-lethal exposure of emamectin benzoate on populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions 在实验室条件下，苯甲酸阿维菌素致死和亚致死暴露对斑翅蝶类（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）种群的影响。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108121

Meena Devi , Arushi Mahajan , Harvinder Singh Saini , Sanehdeep Kaur

Emamectin benzoate is an avermectin bio-insecticide commonly used for managing several insect pests including Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major polyphagous pest of many cultivated crops. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of emamectin benzoate on the fitness of S. litura populations exhibiting differential susceptibility to insecticide. The selection process and all the bioassays were carried out using 6-day-old 2nd instar larvae of S. litura. A field-collected population of S. litura was divided into two groups: one selected with emamectin benzoate for eight generations (EB-Sel) and the other kept unexposed (Unsel-Lab) to insecticide in the laboratory. An increase in resistance ratio from 1.71-fold in the F₁ generation to 22.54-fold in the F₈ generation of the EB-Sel population was observed compared to the Unsel-Lab (F₈) population. The EB-Sel and Unsel-Lab populations were treated with their respective lethal and sub-lethal concentrations which resulted in an extended development period, decreased larval survival, and adult emergence along with increased morphological abnormalities in adults. Significant reductions were observed in both male and female longevity, fecundity, egg hatching, net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), and finite rate of increase (λ) in EB-Sel and Unsel-Lab populations. Higher concentrations of the insecticide also reduced the relative fitness (R_f) of S. litura larvae, with maximum effect at LC₅₀ of the EB-Sel population where the R_f value was 0.32 compared to the Unsel-Lab population. Both populations have been affected by emamectin benzoate exposure, however, the impact was more pronounced in the EB-Sel population indicating fitness costs. Our results suggested the fitness cost linked to emamectin benzoate resistance in S. litura which might favor managing insecticide resistance by reducing the frequency of resistant alleles by removing selection pressure. Consequently, our research provides significant insights to devise better pest management strategies for S. litura.

苯甲酸阿维菌素是一种阿维菌素生物杀虫剂，常用于防治多种害虫，包括许多栽培作物的主要多食性害虫 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) （鳞翅目：夜蛾科）。本研究旨在评估苯甲酸阿维菌素对表现出对杀虫剂不同敏感性的 S. litura 种群的适应性的影响。选择过程和所有生物测定都是使用 6 天大的 S. litura 二龄幼虫进行的。田间采集的 S. litura 群体被分为两组：一组用苯甲酸阿维菌素选育了八代（EB-Sel），另一组在实验室中未接触杀虫剂（Unsel-Lab）。与Unsel-Lab（F8）群体相比，EB-Sel群体的抗药性比率从F1代的1.71倍增加到F8代的22.54倍。对 EB-Sel 和 Unsel-Lab 种群分别使用致死浓度和亚致死浓度进行处理，结果导致发育期延长、幼虫存活率降低、成虫出现以及成虫形态异常增加。在 EB-Sel 和 Unsel-Lab 种群中，雄性和雌性的寿命、繁殖力、卵孵化率、净生殖率 (R0)、内在增长率 (rm) 和有限增长率 (λ)均显著降低。较高浓度的杀虫剂也会降低 S. litura 幼虫的相对适合度（Rf），EB-Sel 种群在 LC50 时的影响最大，与 Unsel-Lab 种群相比，其 Rf 值为 0.32。两个种群都受到了苯甲酸阿维菌素暴露的影响，但是，EB-Sel 种群受到的影响更为明显，这表明了适应性成本。我们的研究结果表明，在 S. litura 中，苯甲酸阿维菌素抗性会带来适应性成本，这可能有利于通过消除选择压力来降低抗性等位基因的频率，从而管理杀虫剂抗性。因此，我们的研究为制定更好的 S. litura 害虫管理策略提供了重要启示。

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引用次数: 0

Toxicity of coumarins in plant defense against pathogens 植物防御病原体时香豆素的毒性

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108118

Madiha Zaynab , Jallat Khan , Rashid Al-Yahyai , Monther Sadder , Shuangfei Li

Coumarins are a specific type of secondary metabolite that can be found in many plants. These compounds are predominantly produced through the phenylpropanoid pathway. Coumarins have been proven to possess a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial properties and antioxidant functions that aid in plant disease resistance response. The antimicrobial effect of coumarins is achieved through various mechanisms. They disrupt the cell membranes of pathogens, inhibit enzymatic activity, and hinder nucleic acid synthesis. Additionally, coumarins stimulate plant defense responses by triggering the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the expression of immunity-related genes and signaling pathways such as the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. Due to their crucial role in defense mechanisms, coumarins can be effectively used in sustainable agriculture practices that emphasize environmentally friendly integrated pest management strategies. By providing a comprehensive overview of the biosynthetic pathways, mode of action, and application of coumarins in plant defense, this review aims to highlight the potential importance of coumarins in developing safe and sustainable crop protection strategies.

香豆素是一种特殊的次级代谢物，可在许多植物中找到。这些化合物主要通过苯丙醇途径产生。香豆素已被证明具有一系列生物活性，包括抗菌特性和抗氧化功能，有助于植物的抗病反应。香豆素的抗菌作用是通过多种机制实现的。它们能破坏病原体的细胞膜，抑制酶的活性，阻碍核酸的合成。此外，香豆素还能引发活性氧（ROS）的产生，激活免疫相关基因和信号途径（如依赖水杨酸的途径）的表达，从而刺激植物的防御反应。由于香豆素在防御机制中的关键作用，它们可以有效地应用于强调环境友好型害虫综合防治策略的可持续农业实践中。本综述全面概述了香豆素的生物合成途径、作用模式以及在植物防御中的应用，旨在强调香豆素在制定安全、可持续的作物保护策略方面的潜在重要性。

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引用次数: 0

A review of bites by non-front-fanged snakes (NFFS) of Europe 欧洲非前獠蛇（NFFS）咬伤回顾。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108116

Giovanni Paolino , Matteo R. Di Nicola , Jean-Marie Ballouard , Xavier Bonnet , Maik Damm , Gaël Le Roux , Tim Lüddecke , Daniele Marini , Scott A. Weinstein , Ignazio Avella

Non-front-fanged snakes (NFFS) have long been overlooked by snake venom research, likely due to most of them being considered non-medically relevant for humans. The paucity of information about composition and activities of NFFS venoms and oral secretions makes it difficult to assess whether a given species can inflict medically significant bites. Here, we provide a review of the information currently available about the symptoms/signs elicited by bites from European NFFS, aiming to offer a foundation for understanding the threat they pose in terms of snakebite. Despite an overall limited amount of available data for most of the considered taxa, the genus Malpolon is notable for its capacity to cause local and systemic envenoming, including neurotoxic symptoms. Bites by other genera like, Hemorrhois, Hierophis, Natrix, Platyceps, Telescopus, and Zamenis are mainly associated with local symptoms, but the extent of their medical significance remains unclear. Our findings suggest that, although bites from European NFFS generally cause only mild effects, the potential occurrence of systemic effects from some species cannot be ruled out. Considering the above, any bite by European NFFS should receive professional medical evaluation in order to ensure patient safety and appropriate management, as well as detailed documentation facilitating construction of an accurate medical risk profile for the species.

长期以来，非前獠牙蛇（NFFS）一直被蛇毒研究忽视，这可能是由于大多数非前獠牙蛇被认为与人类无医疗关系。由于有关非前獠牙蛇毒液和口腔分泌物的成分和活性的信息很少，因此很难评估特定物种是否会造成具有医疗意义的咬伤。在此，我们回顾了目前有关欧洲非致命性蛇类咬伤引起的症状/体征的信息，旨在为了解它们在蛇咬伤方面造成的威胁奠定基础。尽管大多数被考虑的类群的可用数据量总体有限，但马尔波龙属因其引起局部和全身中毒的能力（包括神经中毒症状）而引人注目。其他属的咬伤，如 Hemorrhois、Hierophis、Natrix、Platyceps、Telescopus 和 Zamenis，主要与局部症状有关，但其医疗意义的程度仍不清楚。我们的研究结果表明，虽然被欧洲虹彩蛙咬伤一般只会造成轻微影响，但不能排除某些物种可能会造成全身性影响。有鉴于此，任何被欧洲黑线蝇咬伤的患者都应接受专业的医疗评估，以确保患者的安全和适当的处理，并提供详细的文件记录，以便为该物种建立准确的医疗风险档案。

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引用次数: 0

An impedimetric determination of zearalenone on MIP-modified carboceramic electrode MIP 改性碳陶瓷电极对玉米赤霉烯酮的比色法测定

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108115

Dilruba Küçük , Gülcan Üner , Semih Latif İpek , Mustafa Oguzhan Caglayan , Zafer Üstündağ

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that poses significant risks to human and animal health due to its mutagenic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic properties. This study presents a novel analytical method for detecting ZEN using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). ZEN, used as the template molecule, was incorporated into polypyrrole on screen-printed electrodes (SPE), and a ZEN-sensitive MIP sensor was created through template removal. The modified sensor surfaces were characterized by EIS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An impedimetric MIP sensor for ZEN was developed, offering a detection range from 1 pM to 500 pM. The method's limit of detection (LOD) was established at 1 pM (0.3 pg/mL) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N = 3). The method demonstrated high precision and accuracy, with a maximum relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.4% at a 95% confidence level, and relative error (RE) values ranging from −0.8% to −2.7%. The selectivity of the developed MIP sensor was evaluated using ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, and aflatoxin B1, with no significant interference observed. ZEN recovery from spiked samples was between 95% and 105%, indicating that the method was successfully applied to grain samples, including corn, rice, and wheat.

玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone，ZEN）是一种霉菌毒素，具有致突变、免疫抑制和致癌等特性，对人类和动物健康构成重大风险。本研究提出了一种利用电化学阻抗光谱（EIS）结合分子印迹聚合物（MIP）检测玉米赤霉烯酮的新型分析方法。以 ZEN 为模板分子，在丝网印刷电极（SPE）上将其与聚吡咯结合，然后通过去除模板创建对 ZEN 敏感的 MIP 传感器。通过 EIS 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对修饰后的传感器表面进行了表征。针对 ZEN 开发的阻抗 MIP 传感器的检测范围为 1 pM 至 500 pM。该方法的检测限（LOD）确定为 1 pM（0.3 pg/mL），信噪比为 3（S/N=3）。该方法具有很高的精密度和准确度，在 95% 的置信水平下，最大相对标准偏差 (RSD) 小于 4.4%，相对误差 (RE) 值在 -0.8% 至 -2.7% 之间。使用赭曲霉毒素 A、赭曲霉毒素 B 和黄曲霉毒素 B1 评估了所开发的 MIP 传感器的选择性，没有发现明显的干扰。加标样品的 ZEN 回收率在 95% 至 105% 之间，表明该方法已成功应用于玉米、大米和小麦等谷物样品。

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引用次数: 0

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Introduction

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Aim and background

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