IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108185

Grace E. Coppinger, Aaron J. Stewart, Joel A. Borden, Jason L. Strickland

Intraspecific phenotypic variation can be used as a window into the ecological differences among individuals of a species and lead to a better understanding of adaptive evolution. Adaptive traits, such as venom, that play an important ecological role for a species are useful models for understanding the sources of intraspecific variation. Intraspecific studies on front-fanged venomous snakes have offered deeper insights into the diverse mechanisms and adaptations that support the effectiveness of venom across species. Despite the extensive research on front-fanged venomous snakes, rear-fanged snakes, representing two-thirds of all snake species, have been largely overlooked. To test for sex and age-based intraspecific venom variation, we sequenced the messenger RNA from the Duvernoy’s gland of 9 male and 10 female Common Garter Snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, of different sizes from a single location. Our data represent the most venom gland transcriptomes of any venomous snake species from a single location and represent the first Duvernoy’s venom gland transcriptomes for Thamnophis sirtalis. We found four toxin families dominate the Thamnophis sirtalis transcriptome: Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs), Three-finger toxins (3FTxs), Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (CRISPs), and C-type lectins (CTLs). Thamnophis sirtalis exhibits a unique balance in toxin expression, with approximately 30% each of neurotoxic (3FTx-dominated) and enzymatic (SVMP-dominated) components. No other published RFS Duvernoy’s gland transcriptome displays this ratio, rather they are dominated by one or the other. Additionally, venom expression varies with sex and size, with differences in toxin gene expression between males and females as they grow. Our study provides new insights on venom composition in a RFS species and highlights the amount of intraspecific variation possible among individuals from a single population.

种内表型变异可以作为了解物种个体间生态差异的窗口，有助于更好地理解适应性进化。适应性特征，如毒液，对一个物种起着重要的生态作用，是理解种内变异来源的有用模型。对前毒牙毒蛇的种内研究为支持毒液跨物种有效性的多种机制和适应提供了更深入的见解。尽管对前毒牙毒蛇进行了广泛的研究，但占所有蛇类三分之二的后毒牙蛇却在很大程度上被忽视了。为了测试基于性别和年龄的种内毒液变异，我们对来自同一地点不同大小的9只雄性和10只雌性普通吊袜带蛇（Thamnophis sirtalis）的Duvernoy腺的信使RNA进行了测序。我们的数据代表了来自单一地点的任何毒蛇物种的最多毒液腺转录组，并代表了Thamnophis sirtalis的第一个Duvernoy毒液腺转录组。我们发现4个毒素家族支配着Thamnophis sirtalis的转录组：蛇毒金属蛋白酶（SVMPs）、三指毒素（3FTxs）、富含半胱氨酸分泌蛋白（CRISPs）和c型凝集素（ctl）。Thamnophis sirtalis在毒素表达方面表现出独特的平衡，各有大约30%的神经毒性（3ftx主导）和酶性（svmp主导）成分。没有其他已发表的RFS Duvernoy的腺体转录组显示出这种比例，而是由其中一个主导。此外，毒液的表达因性别和大小而异，雄性和雌性在生长过程中毒素基因的表达也有所不同。我们的研究为RFS物种的毒液成分提供了新的见解，并强调了单个种群中个体之间可能的种内变异量。

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引用次数: 0

Outbreak of ruminal acidosis in cattle caused by the ingestion of hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus L. Willd.) in Northeastern Brazil 巴西东北部因食用树篱苜蓿（Desmanthus virgatus L. Willd.）引起的牛瘤胃酸中毒暴发

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108190

Francisca Maria Sousa Barbosa , Jerônimo Correia de Oliveira , Harlan Hallamys de Lima Nascimento , Alexandra Melo Oliveira , Maria do Carmo Sales da Silva , Misael Alves da Silva , Anadelia Pinto Viana Correia , Weslley D.Queiroz da Silva , Sara Vilar Dantas Simões , Ricardo Barbosa Lucena

This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of an outbreak of ruminal acidosis and ruminitis caused by the ingestion of hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus L.) in 70 cattle in the state of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil. The herd had been transported from the state of Piauí to Paraiba. The deaths of the cattle occurred 15 days after the animals were introduced to a native pasture containing D. virgatus. All animals exhibited ruminal atony, which ranged from mild to severe. A total of 35 cattle died, with five undergoing necropsy. Initial clinical signs included apathy, followed by a marked increase in left abdominal volume, consistent with ruminal distension, absence of rumination (ruminal atony), lateral recumbency, and ultimately death. All affected animals were treated with oral administration of rumen fluid, enteral fluid therapy, and oral antacids. During this period, twenty animals succumbed to the condition, and an additional 15 died after being relocated, resulting in a 50% fatality rate. Significant gross pathological findings were observed primarily in the digestive system. The forestomachs were markedly distended, containing large amounts of reddish, pasty, and serous ingesta. A demarcation line was evident in the esophagus, separating the pale and bloodless distal esophagus from the congested proximal esophagus at the thoracic inlet, corresponding to the “bloat line." Frothy material was present in the tracheal lumen, indicating pulmonary edema. Additionally, rectal prolapse was noted. Histopathological examination revealed marked edema and severe hydropic (ballooning) degeneration of the basal layer in the forestomachs, along with intercellular edema. Separation of the epithelium from the lamina propria, forming multiple clefts, was observed, accompanied by areas of lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate in the submucosa. This study demonstrates that this plant can cause severe gastrointestinal disturbances in cattle unaccustomed to its consumption and ingesting large quantities of the plant's shoots.

本研究描述了巴西东北部帕拉伊巴州70头牛因摄入苜蓿（Desmanthus virgatus L.）引起的瘤胃酸中毒和瘤胃炎爆发的流行病学、临床和病理方面。这群牛是从Piauí州运到帕拉伊巴州的。这些牛的死亡发生在将这些牛引入含有处女弧菌的原生牧场15天后。所有动物均表现出从轻度到重度不等的瘤胃张力失调。共有35头牛死亡，其中5头正在接受尸检。最初的临床症状包括冷漠，随后左腹体积明显增加，符合瘤胃膨胀，没有反刍（瘤胃张力），侧卧，最终死亡。所有患病动物均口服瘤胃液、肠内液治疗和口服抗酸药。在此期间，有20只动物死于这种疾病，另有15只在重新安置后死亡，导致50%的死亡率。主要在消化系统观察到明显的大体病理结果。前胃明显膨胀，含有大量红色、糊状和浆液状的食物。食管明显有一条分界线，将苍白无血的远端食管与胸入口处充血的近端食管分开，对应于“肿胀线”。气管腔内可见泡状物质，提示肺水肿。此外，直肠脱垂也被注意到。组织病理学检查显示前胃基底层明显水肿和严重水肿（球囊样）变性，同时伴有细胞间水肿。观察到上皮从固有层分离，形成多个裂隙，并伴有粘膜下层淋巴浆细胞性炎症浸润。这项研究表明，如果牛不习惯食用这种植物，并摄入大量的植物芽，这种植物会引起严重的胃肠道紊乱。

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引用次数: 0

Advancements in diagnostic techniques for scorpion venom identification: A comprehensive review 蝎子毒液鉴定诊断技术研究进展综述

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108191

Upasana Puzari , Bhabana Das , Ashis K. Mukherjee

Scorpion envenomation's ignored public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries is alarming. Particularly dangerous for small children and the elderly, it can cause severe problems and even death. Recent studies have proposed the creation of rapid, easy, species-specific, and sensitive detection kits as an alternative to the methods currently used to identify scorpions. Unfortunately, there is currently no commercially available technology for detecting scorpion envenomation in clinical settings, especially in remote tropical health centres. This study delineates the most dangerous scorpion species globally and the advancements in identifying their stings in vitro or in envenomed plasma. Furthermore, we have highlighted the practical challenges associated with scorpion venom detection and the necessity for innovative, expedited, and more accessible detection kits in countries where scorpion envenomation poses a significant issue.

蝎子中毒在热带和亚热带国家被忽视的公共卫生问题令人担忧。对小孩和老人来说尤其危险，它会导致严重的问题甚至死亡。最近的研究已经提出创建快速，简单，物种特异性和敏感的检测试剂盒，作为目前用于鉴定蝎子的方法的替代方法。不幸的是，目前在临床环境中，特别是在偏远的热带卫生中心，没有商业上可用的检测蝎子中毒的技术。本研究描述了全球最危险的蝎子物种，以及在体外或有毒血浆中识别其蜇伤的进展。此外，我们强调了与蝎子毒液检测相关的实际挑战，以及在蝎子毒素构成重大问题的国家中创新、快速和更容易获得的检测试剂盒的必要性。

引用次数: 0

Toxicity of bioactive compounds from Halocnemum strobilaceum against A549 lung cancer cells 异花卤草生物活性物质对A549肺癌细胞的毒性研究

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108186

Vahid Pourabdollah-Kaleybar , Parinaz Pourabdollah-Kaleybar , Morteza Eskandani , Hossein Nazemiyeh

This study investigates the toxicity of bioactive compounds isolated from the halophytic plant Halocnemum strobilaceum against A549 lung cancer cells. Sequential extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol yielded various fractions, with the petroleum ether extract demonstrating the highest cytotoxicity. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation techniques, including vacuum liquid chromatography and column chromatography, three compounds were identified: (1) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (2) isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, and (3) quercetin-3-glucoside. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds were assessed using the MTT assay, revealing significant toxicity on A549 cells, with quercetin-3-glucoside exhibiting 78% cytotoxicity and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside showing 69% cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. These findings suggest that the toxic effects of H. strobilaceum may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, known for their antioxidant and free-radical scavenging capabilities. This highlights the potential of H. strobilaceum as a source of novel anti-cancer agents, warranting further studies to elucidate the mechanisms of action and explore therapeutic applications.

本实验研究了从盐生植物卤草中分离的生物活性化合物对A549肺癌细胞的毒性作用。用石油醚、氯仿和甲醇依次提取得到不同的馏分，其中石油醚提取物显示出最高的细胞毒性。通过真空液相色谱和柱层析等生物检测引导分离分离技术，鉴定出3个化合物：(1)邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯，(2)异鼠李素-3-葡萄糖苷，(3)槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷。MTT法测定了这些化合物对A549细胞的细胞毒性，槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷在100 μg/mL浓度下的细胞毒性为78%，异鼠李素-3-葡萄糖苷的细胞毒性为69%。这些发现表明，斗鸡草的毒性作用可能归因于其生物活性化合物的存在，如黄酮类化合物和多酚，以其抗氧化和自由基清除能力而闻名。这凸显了红草作为新型抗癌药物来源的潜力，值得进一步研究以阐明其作用机制并探索其治疗应用。

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引用次数: 0

Scorpion serotherapy during pregnancy protects rat offspring from harmful effects of venom 孕期蝎子血清疗法可保护大鼠后代免受毒液的有害影响

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108188

Guilherme Gonelli Paz , Maria Eliza Ferreira do Val de Paulo , Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni

Despite the numerous incidents of scorpion envenoming worldwide, little is known about the effects of maternal venom exposure and serotherapy on fetal development. The impact of antivenom on pregnant rats envenomed by Tityus serrulatus venom was examined. The venom caused alterations in the development of the offspring, yet the antivenom protected against these adverse effects and does not cause harm in itself, indicating the potential benefits of serotherapy.

尽管全世界发生了多起蝎子中毒事件，但人们对母体接触毒液和血清疗法对胎儿发育的影响知之甚少。本研究考察了抗蛇毒血清对被蛇毒蝎子（Tityus serrulatus）毒液毒害的怀孕大鼠的影响。毒液导致后代的发育发生改变，但抗蛇毒血清可防止这些不良影响，而且本身不会造成伤害，这表明血清疗法具有潜在的益处。

引用次数: 0

Botulinum toxin A dampened inflammatory response in BV-2 microglial cells 肉毒杆菌毒素 A 可抑制 BV-2 小胶质细胞的炎症反应。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108182

Mario Brito da Silva Filho , Gabriela Aniceto , Patrícia Maria Fernandes , Iara Gonçalves Aquino , Gustavo Duarte Mendes , Marcelo Henrique Napimoga , Juliana Trindade Clemente-Napimoga , Henrique Ballassini Abdalla

Our previous studies have demonstrated the analgesic effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in a pre-clinical model of rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint, where we proposed that BoNT/A decreases the neurogenic milieu after reaching the subnucleus caudalis. However, it is unknown whether BoNT/A directly regulates microglial cell activity. Therefore, the present study investigates the effects of BoNT/A on a microglial murine cell lineage (BV-2) in different inflammatory conditions. Cellular viability and proliferation were carried out with different concentrations of BoNT/A (ranging from 0.3125 to 20 U/mL) for 24 h. Cells were primed with carrageenan (300 μg/mL) or Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (20 ng/mL). The gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, Ikkβ, p65, Iba1 were quantified using PCR-RT. The supernatant was used to determine IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. For all data, the significance level was set at 5%. Overall, data analysis revealed that BoNT/A 1.25 U/mL exhibited the greatest effect cell viability and proliferation. In addition, genes associated with inflammatory response in both stimuli (carrageenan and LPS) were downregulated in the presence of BoNT/A. Lastly, BoNT/A mitigates the protein levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in a time and dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results revealed that BoNT/A directly modulates the microglial cells' activities in an inflammatory context, opening new perspectives for using BoNT/A, considering its potential immunomodulatory effect.

我们之前的研究证明了 A 型肉毒毒素（BoNT/A）在颞下颌关节类风湿性关节炎临床前模型中的镇痛效果，并提出 BoNT/A 到达尾状核下后会降低神经源环境。然而，BoNT/A 是否直接调节小胶质细胞的活性尚不得而知。因此，本研究调查了 BoNT/A 在不同炎症条件下对小鼠小胶质细胞系（BV-2）的影响。不同浓度的 BoNT/A（从 0.3125 U/mL到 20 U/mL）可使细胞存活和增殖 24 小时。用卡拉胶（300μg/mL）或脂多糖（LPS）（20ng/mL）诱导细胞。用 PCR-RT 对 IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α、Ikkβ、p65、Iba1 的基因表达进行定量。上清液用于测定 IL-1β、IL-6 和 TNF-α 的水平。所有数据的显著性水平均定为 5%。总体而言，数据分析显示，BoNT/A 1.25 U/mL对细胞活力和增殖的影响最大。此外，在两种刺激（角叉菜胶和 LPS）下，与炎症反应相关的基因在 BoNT/A 的存在下均出现下调。最后，BoNT/A 对 IL-1β 和 TNF-α 蛋白水平的降低具有时间和剂量依赖性。总之，我们的研究结果表明，BoNT/A 可直接调节炎症背景下小胶质细胞的活动，考虑到其潜在的免疫调节作用，这为使用 BoNT/A 开辟了新的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Top-down proteomics of venoms from five Micrurus species from Costa Rica: comparative composition of phospholipase A2-rich vs three-finger toxin-rich phenotypes 哥斯达黎加五种小鼠毒液的自上而下蛋白质组学：富含磷脂酶 A2- 与富含三指毒素表型的比较组成。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108187

Julián Fernández , Walter Chaves , David Vargas-Diaz , Daniel Petras , Bruno Lomonte

Coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus include more than 80 species distributed in the American continent. They produce potent neurotoxic venoms acting at the neuromuscular junction and potentially leading to respiratory paralysis and death. The vast majority of proteins in coralsnake venoms belong to the three-finger toxin (3FTx) and the group I phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) families. Previous studies using ‘bottom-up’ proteomic strategies have revealed a compositional dichotomy of toxin expression by which different Micrurus species display a predominance of either 3FTx or PLA₂ proteins in their venoms, possibly linked to the phylogeographic structure of the genus radiation. ‘Top-down’ proteomics (TDP) allows the direct analysis of intact proteins in a high resolution mass spectrometer, circumventing the limitations of the ‘peptide-to-protein inference problem’ inherent to the bottom-up approach. Here, we analyzed the venoms of five out of the six Micrurus species that inhabit Costa Rica, by using a TDP approach. Results unveil venom proteoforms that are shared between these species, and provide additional insights into the variable compositional complexity of these venoms and relationships to their 3FTx/PLA₂ dichotomy.

珊瑚蛇属包括分布在美洲大陆的 80 多个物种。它们产生的毒液具有强烈的神经毒性，作用于神经肌肉接头，可能导致呼吸麻痹和死亡。珊瑚蛇毒中的绝大多数蛋白质属于三指毒素（3FTx）和第一组磷脂酶 A2（PLA2）家族。以前使用 "自下而上 "的蛋白质组学策略进行的研究揭示了毒素表达的组成二分法，不同的珊瑚蛇物种在其毒液中显示出 3FTx 或 PLA2 蛋白的优势，这可能与该属辐射的系统地理结构有关。自上而下 "蛋白质组学（TDP）允许在高分辨率质谱仪中直接分析完整的蛋白质，避免了自下而上方法固有的 "肽到蛋白质推断问题 "的局限性。在这里，我们使用 TDP 方法分析了哥斯达黎加六种小龙鼠中五种的毒液。结果揭示了这些物种之间共有的毒液蛋白形式，并进一步揭示了这些毒液成分的复杂性及其与 3FTx/PLA2 二分法之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

The actions of varenicline on alkaloids from Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Lupinus sulphureus (sulphur lupine) and Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) 伐尼克兰对毒芹（Conium maculatum）、硫磺羽扇豆（Lupinus sulphureus）和烟草（Nicotiana glauca）生物碱的作用。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108184

Benedict T. Green, Stephen T. Lee, Kevin D. Welch, Daniel Cook, Clinton A. Stonecipher

Evidence-based therapies to manage the clinical signs of intoxication caused by toxic plants in livestock are lacking. For that reason, the aim of this work was to develop a drug-based intervention for the management of clinical signs of piperidine alkaloid intoxication in livestock. The actions of anabasine, coniine, γ-coniceine, and two total alkaloid extracts from Lupinus sulphureus were compared in the presence and absence of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist varenicline in RD cells, mice and goats. Pretreatment of RD cells with 10.0 μM varenicline significantly shifted the anabasine fifty percent effective concentration (EC₅₀) value to a greater concentration and blocked the response of the cells to coniine. γ-coniceine did not have any effect on RD cells as measured by membrane potential sensing dye. Swiss Webster mice median lethal dose (LD₅₀) values for anabasine, coniine, γ-coniceine were 1.5, 5.5, and 3.7 mg/kg respectively, and pretreatment with 10.0 mg/kg i. p. dosed varenicline shifted the LD₅₀ values to 4.2, 9.1, and 4.3 mg/kg respectively. The rodent LD₅₀ value of the Pendelton, WA L. sulphureus quinolizidine alkaloid extract was shifted to a lesser concentration by varenicline while the Ritzville, WA L. sulphureus piperidine alkaloid extract was shifted to a greater concentration by varenicline. The clinical signs of intoxication in goats orally dosed with Conium maculatum were exacerbated by 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg i. v. dosed varenicline. These results suggest that varenicline was effective at shifting piperidine alkaloid EC₅₀ values in RD cells and increasing piperidine but not quinolizidine alkaloid LD₅₀ values in mice and was not useful at managing the clinical signs of poison hemlock intoxication in goats.

目前还缺乏循证疗法来控制有毒植物引起的家畜中毒的临床症状。因此，这项工作的目的是开发一种基于药物的干预措施，用于控制牲畜哌啶生物碱中毒的临床症状。在有烟碱乙酰胆碱受体部分激动剂伐尼克兰和没有伐尼克兰的情况下，比较了安那巴辛、柯尼辛、γ-柯尼辛和两种羽扇豆碱总生物碱提取物对 RD 细胞、小鼠和山羊的作用。用 10.0 μM varenicline 对 RD 细胞进行预处理后，阿那巴新 50% 有效浓度（EC50）值明显向更高浓度移动，并阻断了细胞对 coniine 的反应。瑞士韦伯斯特小鼠的阿那巴辛、柯尼因和γ-coniceine的中位致死剂量（LD50）值分别为1.5、5.5和3.7毫克/千克，用10.0毫克/千克剂量的伐伦克林进行预处理后，LD50值分别变为4.2、9.1和4.3毫克/千克。西澳大利亚州 Pendelton 的 L. sulphureus 喹嗪生物碱提取物的啮齿动物半数致死剂量值被伐伦克林改变为较低浓度，而西澳大利亚州 Ritzville 的 L. sulphureus 哌啶生物碱提取物的半数致死剂量值被伐伦克林改变为较高浓度。0.5、1.0 和 10.0 毫克/千克静脉注射伐伦克林会加重山羊口服孔雀石绿中毒的临床症状。这些结果表明，伐尼克兰能有效改变哌啶类生物碱在 RD 细胞中的半数致死浓度值，增加哌啶类生物碱在小鼠体内的半数致死浓度值，但不能增加喹嗪类生物碱在小鼠体内的半数致死浓度值。

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引用次数: 0

The evaluation of earwax as a noninvasive specimen to determine livestock exposure to death camas (Zigadenus paniculatus) 将耳垢作为非侵入性标本进行评估，以确定牲畜是否接触过死亡茶花（Zigadenus paniculatus）。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108181

Stephen T. Lee, Clinton A. Stonecipher, Kevin D. Welch, Daniel Cook

Foothill death camas (Z. paniculatus) grows on the foothill ranges of western North America and is acutely toxic to livestock grazing these ranges. The toxic alkaloids in foothill death camas are zygadenine and a series of zygadenine esters, with zygacine, the 3-acetyl ester of zygadenine, being the most abundant. In this study, earwax was evaluated as a specimen to determine livestock exposure to foothill death camas. Death camas alkaloids were detected in the earwax of sheep administered oral doses of foothill death camas alkaloids. In addition, death camas alkaloids were detected in the earwax of sheep that grazed rangeland with abundant death camas. This study demonstrates the potential of earwax as a noninvasive specimen for chemical analyses to aid in the diagnosis of livestock that may have been exposed to and poisoned by death camas. The results from this study indicate that diagnosticians should analyze for zygacine and zygadenine in the earwax of livestock suspected to have been poisoned by foothill death camas.

山麓死亡骆驼（Z. paniculatus）生长在北美西部的山麓山脉，对在这些山脉放牧的牲畜有剧毒。山麓死亡骆驼中的有毒生物碱是颧腺宁和一系列颧腺宁酯，其中以颧腺宁的 3-乙酰酯颧腺宁含量最高。在这项研究中，对耳垢作为标本进行了评估，以确定牲畜是否接触了山麓死亡骆驼。在绵羊的耳垢中检测到了死亡骆驼生物碱。此外，在有大量死亡骆驼的牧场上放牧的羊的耳垢中也检测到了死亡骆驼生物碱。这项研究证明了耳垢作为一种非侵入性标本的潜力，可用于化学分析，帮助诊断可能接触过死亡骆驼草并被其毒害的牲畜。这项研究的结果表明，诊断人员应该对怀疑被山麓死亡骆驼毒害的牲畜耳垢中的齐加辛和齐加腺嘌呤进行分析。

引用次数: 0

ATAK (Adrenaline, Takotsubo, anaphylaxis, and Kounis hypersensitivity-associated syndrome) following common cobra (Naja naja) bite: A case report from Sri Lanka 普通眼镜蛇（Naja naja）咬伤后的 ATAK（肾上腺素、Takotsubo、过敏性休克和 Kounis 超敏反应相关综合征）：斯里兰卡病例报告。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108180

W. Anura K. Wijesinghe , Thilina Rathnasekara , Ajith W. Wanniarachchi , Anjana Silva , Sisira Siribaddana

A 68-year-old woman, after an Indian cobra (Naja naja) bite, developed anaphylaxis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and Kounis syndrome. She was initially diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome after anaphylaxis due to exposure to cobra venom, indicating Kounis syndrome. The echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and almost complete reversal of dyskinetic myocardium established Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Adrenaline, initially given for anaphylaxis, and noradrenaline as an intravenous infusion for hypotension potentially precipitated the ATAK complex. The diagnosis was established by history, low blood pressure, elevated troponin, numerous dyskinetic segments in the echocardiogram, and normal coronary vessels in the angiogram.

一名 68 岁的妇女被印度眼镜蛇（Naja naja）咬伤后，出现了过敏性休克、塔克次博心肌病和库尼斯综合征。她最初被诊断为接触眼镜蛇毒液引起过敏性休克后的急性冠状动脉综合征，这表明她患有库尼斯综合征。通过超声心动图、心电图和几乎完全逆转的运动障碍心肌证实了塔克苏博心肌病。肾上腺素最初用于治疗过敏性休克，而去甲肾上腺素静脉注射用于治疗低血压，这可能会诱发 ATAK 综合征。根据病史、低血压、肌钙蛋白升高、超声心动图显示多个运动障碍节段以及血管造影显示冠状动脉血管正常，可以确诊该病。

引用次数: 0

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