Toxicon最新文献_第6页

Screening of antimicrobial activity in venom: Exploring key parameters 筛选毒液中的抗菌活性：探索关键参数。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108135

Awatef Ouertani , Chloé Mollet , Yasmine Boughanmi , Harold de Pomyers , Amor Mosbah , Hadda-Imene Ouzari , Ameur Cherif , Didier Gigmes , Marc Maresca , Kamel Mabrouk

The escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance significantly threatens global health, underscoring the critical need for new antimicrobial agents. Venoms, increasingly recognized as reservoirs of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological effects, have been the focus of recent research. This work evaluates the use of various screening methodologies in assessing the antimicrobial activities of 185 venoms against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including E. coli ATCC 8739, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 6538P species and explores the influence of settings on the findings. Furthermore, the research explored the possibility of purifying antimicrobial molecules from venoms through HPLC. Several fractions demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the tested strains.

Our results reveal that the measured antimicrobial efficacy of venoms varies according to:i) venom concentration, ii) the detection method, including microdilution and radial diffusion assays, and iii) the choice of culture medium, specifically LB or MH.

This strategy has allowed us, for the first time, to identify antimicrobial activity in: i) Bitis arietans venom against P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, ii) Naja nubiae and Bothrops lanceolatus against B. subtilis ATCC 6633, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 6538P, and iii) Hadogenes zuluanus, Mesobuthus caucasicus, Nebo hierichonticus, Opistophthalmus wahlbergii scorpions, and Mylabris quadripunctata beetles against S. aureus ATCC 6538P.

These findings highlight venoms potential as effective antimicrobial resources and improve our understanding of key factors critical for an accurate detection of venoms antimicrobial properties.

抗生素耐药性的不断升级严重威胁着全球健康，这突出表明了对新型抗菌剂的迫切需要。毒液越来越被认为是具有多种药理作用的生物活性化合物的宝库，是近期研究的重点。这项工作评估了使用各种筛选方法评估 185 种毒液对一些革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的抗菌活性，包括大肠杆菌 ATCC 8739、枯草杆菌 ATCC 6633、铜绿假单胞菌 ATCC 9027 和金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC 6538P，并探讨了环境对研究结果的影响。此外，研究还探讨了通过高效液相色谱法从毒液中纯化抗菌分子的可能性。一些馏分对测试菌株具有抗菌活性。我们的研究结果表明，毒液的抗菌效力因以下因素而异：(i) 毒液浓度；(ii) 检测方法，包括微量稀释法和径向扩散法；(iii) 培养基的选择，特别是 LB 或 MH。通过这一策略，我们首次确定了以下几种毒液的抗菌活性：i) Bitis arietans 毒液对铜绿假单胞菌 ATCC 9027 的抗菌活性；ii) Naja nubiae 和 Bothrops lanceolatus 毒液对枯草杆菌 ATCC 6633、铜绿假单胞菌 ATCC 9027 和枯草杆菌 ATCC 6633 的抗菌活性。铜绿假单胞菌 ATCC 9027 和金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC 6538P；以及 iii) Hadogenes zuluanus、Mesobuthus caucasicus、Nebo hierichonticus、Opistophthalmus wahlbergii 蝎子和 Mylabris quadripunctata 甲虫对金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC 6538P。这些发现凸显了毒液作为有效抗菌资源的潜力，并增进了我们对准确检测毒液抗菌特性关键因素的了解。

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引用次数: 0

First report of aflatoxin and ochratoxin contamination in ginger collected from different agroclimatic zones from Punjab, Pakistan 首次报告从巴基斯坦旁遮普省不同农业气候区采集的生姜中检出黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108138

Ghulam Mustafa, Mian Abdur Rehman Arif, Murad Bakhsh, Syed Wajih ul Hassan

Ginger, a fresh rhizome, an economically important spice with extensive nutraceutical activities finds itself in vegetable and therapeutic market. Aflatoxins (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂) along with ochratoxin A (OTA) are the most significant and the most toxic form of mycotoxins which are produced by various fungi. This study was initiated to assess the contamination of AFs and OTA in raw and dried ginger products, collected from different agro-climatic zones in Punjab, Pakistan employing the high performance liquid chromatography. We found all (raw ginger samples commercial ginger powders) samples contaminated with AFB₁ (range: 29.88–1060.12 μg/kg). AFB₂ contamination was much lower (range: 0–17.54 μg/kg). Variable contamination of AFG₁ was also observed (range: 0–170.58 μg/kg) whereas AFG₂ contamination was found in only three (range: 0–21.88 μg/kg) out of 19 raw ginger samples. OTA contamination ranged from 0.05 to 3.42 μg/kg. Ginger samples from lower altitudes (<1000 m) were more contaminated with AFB₁ sub type mycotoxin. Keeping in view that the toxicity of AFs is in the order of B₁>G₁> B₂>G₂, it was alarming to find that 100% of the samples were contaminated with AFB₁ way beyond the permissible limits. Our very first report about the contamination of ginger with AFs presents a grave health issue because of wide use of ginger. We conclude that ginger production in Pakistan needs to be carefully crafted and due diligence is needed during ginger cultivation, harvest and post-harvest operations because the amount of aflatoxins detected in this study are very much above the permissible limits. In this regard, ginger storage in cooler environments such as refrigerator should be encouraged to contain the AFs proliferation.

生姜是一种新鲜根茎，是一种具有广泛营养保健作用的重要经济香料，在蔬菜和食疗市场上占有一席之地。黄曲霉毒素（AFB1、AFB2、AFG1 和 AFG2）和赭曲霉毒素 A（OTA）是由各种真菌产生的最重要、毒性最强的霉菌毒素。本研究采用高效液相色谱法，对从巴基斯坦旁遮普省不同农业气候区采集的生姜和干姜产品中的 AFs 和 OTA 污染情况进行了评估。我们发现所有（生姜样品、商品姜粉）样品都受到 AFB1 污染（范围：29.88-1060.12μg/kg）。AFB2 的污染程度要低得多（范围：0-17.54μg/kg）。在 19 个生姜样品中，也发现了不同程度的 AFG1 污染（范围：0-170.58μg/kg），而 AFG2 污染只有 3 个（范围：0-21.88μg/kg）。OTA 的污染范围为 0.05-3.42 μg/kg。海拔较低地区的生姜样本（1 个亚型霉菌毒素样本）中的 OTA 含量为每公斤 0.05 至 3.42 微克。鉴于 AFs 的毒性按 B1>G1>B2>G2 的顺序排列，令人震惊的是，100% 的生姜样本都受到 AFB1 的污染，远远超出了允许限值。由于生姜的广泛使用，我们首次报告了生姜受 AFs 污染的情况，这是一个严重的健康问题。我们的结论是，巴基斯坦的生姜生产需要精心设计，在生姜种植、收获和收获后的操作过程中需要尽职尽责，因为这项研究中检测到的黄曲霉毒素含量远远超过了允许的限度。因此，应鼓励在冰箱等低温环境中储存生姜，以控制黄曲霉毒素的扩散。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of the door-to-antivenom time on the resolution of coagulopathy caused by green pit viper bite—a retrospective cohort study 绿蝮蛇咬伤引起的凝血病的缓解受 "门到蛇毒血清 "时间的影响--一项回顾性队列研究。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108139

Ngo Tin James Chan , Pui Kin Rex Lam , Chi Keung Chan , Sik Hon Tsui

Trimeresurus albolabris (green pit viper) accounts for 95% of human venomous snakebites in Hong Kong and the Green Pit Viper antivenin has become the only antivenom available. Little is known about the impact of early antivenom administration on the duration of venom-induced coagulopathy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of the door-to-antivenom time (DTAT) on the duration of such coagulopathy. Consecutive patients with green pit viper bite reported to the Hong Kong Poison Control Centre between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2022 were included. Electronic medical records were reviewed, and the time and dose of antivenom administration were examined. The level of coagulopathy before and after antivenom was graded using the modified Snakebite Severity Scale. The primary outcome was the duration of venom-induced coagulopathy. Univariate and multivariable generalized linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between DTAT and the duration of coagulopathy. In total, 82 adult cases (median age 56 years, 51.2% men) were analyzed. The median DTAT was 4.2 h. DTAT was correlated with the duration of coagulopathy (Spearman r 0.426, p < 0.001), which was correlated with the hospital length of stay (Spearman r 0.357, p = 0.001). However, DTAT was not correlated with the hospital length of stay (Spearman r 0.105, p = 0.346). After adjusting for confounding factors, DTAT (adjusted regression coefficient [β] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38 to 3.08, p = 0.012), pre-antivenom level of coagulopathy (adjusted β 17.08, 95% CI 3.00 to 31.16, p = 0.017), platelet transfusion (adjusted β 217.11, 95% CI 70.43 to 363.80, p = 0.004), and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (adjusted β −175.34, 95% CI 330.90 to −19.77, p = 0.027) were significantly associated with the duration of coagulopathy. These findings suggest that prompt administration of antivenom may shorten the duration of coagulopathy.

在香港，95%的人被绿蝮蛇咬伤，而绿蝮蛇抗蛇毒血清已成为唯一可用的抗蛇毒血清。早期注射抗蛇毒血清对毒液引起的凝血病持续时间的影响鲜为人知。这项回顾性研究旨在评估门到抗蛇毒血清时间（DTAT）对这种凝血病持续时间的影响。研究纳入了2012年1月1日至2022年12月31日期间向香港中毒控制中心报告的绿蝮蛇咬伤患者。研究人员查阅了电子病历，并检查了注射抗蛇毒血清的时间和剂量。抗蛇毒血清前后的凝血病变程度采用改良蛇咬伤严重程度量表进行分级。主要结果是毒液诱发凝血病的持续时间。采用单变量和多变量广义线性回归分析来评估 DTAT 与凝血病持续时间之间的关系。共分析了 82 例成人病例（中位年龄 56 岁，51.2% 为男性）。DTAT 的中位数为 4.2 小时。DTAT 与凝血病持续时间相关（Spearman r 0.426，p < 0.001），与住院时间相关（Spearman r 0.357，p = 0.001）。然而，DTAT 与住院时间无关（Spearman r 0.105，p = 0.346）。调整混杂因素后，DTAT（调整回归系数[β] 1.73，95% 置信区间[CI] 0.38 至 3.08，p = 0.012）、血清前凝血病水平（调整β 17.08，95% CI 3.00 至 31.16，p = 0.017）、血小板输注（调整后 β 217.11，95% CI 70.43 至 363.80，p = 0.004）和新鲜冰冻血浆输注（调整后 β -175.34，95% CI 330.90 至 -19.77，p = 0.027）与凝血病持续时间显著相关。这些研究结果表明，及时注射抗蛇毒血清可缩短凝血病的持续时间。

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引用次数: 0

Acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity assessment of the essential oil from Croton pulegiodorus Baill (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in mice 大戟科植物 Croton pulegiodorus Baill 叶子精油对小鼠急性口服毒性和遗传毒性评估。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108147

Patryck Érmerson Monteiro dos Santos , Matheus Cavalcanti de Barros , Amanda Vieira de Barros , Renata Mendonça Araújo , Amanda de Oliveira Marinho , Anderson Arnaldo da Silva , Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira , Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza , Cristiano Aparecido Chagas , Thâmarah de Albuquerque Lima , Leydianne Leite de Siqueira Patriota , Ana Patrícia Silva de Oliveira , Thiago Henrique Napoleão , Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva

Essential oils obtained from Croton pulegiodorus leaf are renowned for their biological activities; however, data on their toxicity are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity of a C. pulegiodorus leaf essential oil (CPLEO). Chemical characterization of CPLEO was conducted by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro assay was performed to verify the hemolytic capacity of the oil in mice erythrocytes. Next, an acute oral toxicity study was conducted on female mice at CPLEO doses of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 100, and 50 mg/kg. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological markers were assessed in mice from groups were no death occurred. Relative consumption of water and food and the weight of animals and their organs were also recorded. Finally, a genotoxicity analysis was performed using the micronucleus and comet assays. The extraction yield of CPLEO was 1.149% and its major compounds were ascaridole (23.18%), eucalyptol (17.20%), camphor (14.20%), p-cymene (7.91%), α-terpineol (4.69%), and isobornyl acetate (4.57%). CPLEO showed a hemolytic effect only at high concentrations (185.5–1000 mg/mL). It showed acute oral toxicity in mice with a LD₅₀ of 460.42 mg/kg. CPLEO (50–250 mg/kg) caused some significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological evaluation indicated alterations in liver and kidneys but transaminases, urea and creatinine levels remained like the negative control. CPLEO administration impaired weight gain and reduced water and food consumption. Finally, it was not genotoxic by both comet and micronucleus tests. The results highlight the need for attention when choosing doses to evaluate the bioactivities of CPLEO.

从 Croton pulegiodorus（巴豆）叶中提取的精油以其生物活性而闻名，但有关其毒性的数据却很有限。因此，本研究旨在评估一种 C. pulegiodorus 叶精油（CPLEO）的急性经口毒性和遗传毒性。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对 CPLEO 进行了化学表征。体外试验验证了精油在小鼠红细胞中的溶血能力。接着，对雌性小鼠进行了急性口服毒性研究，CPLEO 的剂量分别为 2000、1000、500、250、100 和 50 毫克/千克。对未发生死亡的各组小鼠的血液学、生物化学和组织病理学指标进行了评估。此外，还记录了水和食物的相对消耗量以及动物及其器官的重量。最后，使用微核试验和彗星试验进行了遗传毒性分析。CPLEO 的提取率为 1.149%，其主要化合物为蛔虫醚（23.18%）、桉叶油醇（17.20%）、樟脑（14.20%）、对伞花烯（7.91%）、α-松油醇（4.69%）和乙酸异龙脑酯（4.57%）。CPLEO 仅在高浓度（185.5-1000 毫克/毫升）时才显示出溶血效应。它对小鼠的急性口服毒性为半数致死剂量（LD50）460.42 毫克/千克。CPLEO（50-250 毫克/千克）会导致血液和生化指标发生一些显著变化。组织病理学评估表明肝脏和肾脏发生了变化，但转氨酶、尿素和肌酐水平仍与阴性对照组相同。服用 CPLEO 会影响体重增加，减少水和食物的消耗量。最后，通过彗星和微核试验，CPLEO 不具有遗传毒性。这些结果突出表明，在评估CPLEO的生物活性时，需要注意选择剂量。

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引用次数: 0

Clinical and pathological findings of Africanized bee (Apis mellifera) envenomation in horses 非洲蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）诱导马匹的临床和病理发现。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108136

Beatriz da Costa Kamura , Lukas Garrido Albertino , Ricardo Romera Cavallari , Larissa Queiroz de Souza , Lucas Troncarelli Rodrigues , Isabella Barros de Sousa Pereira , Noeme Sousa Rocha , Regina Kiomi Takahira , Wanderson Adriano Briscola Pereira , Alexandre Secorun Borges , José Paes de Oliveira-Filho , Rogério Martins Amorim

Africanized crossbred bees (Apis mellifera) originated in Brazil in 1957, and since then, the number of accidents involving humans and animals has significantly increased. Although they are considered clinical emergencies, there are few reports describing the clinical and pathological aspects of bee envenomation in horses. In this context, this report aims to describe the clinical and pathological features of bee toxicity after massive bee envenomation in three horses. The horses were referred to the veterinary hospital the day following the attack, and after clinical and laboratory examination, they presented with vascular, muscular, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal impairment. Even after the initiation of therapy immediately upon admission, the clinical condition of the two horses worsened, and they died within two days of hospitalization, with pathological analysis confirming the previously observed clinical alterations of generalized vasculopathy, liver degeneration, pulmonary edema, and renal tubular necrosis. Many cases of massive bee envenomation have been documented in both humans and animals, particularly in dogs. Understanding the mechanism of action of apitoxin, its effects on various tissues, and the ideal therapy for each patient has proven crucial for improving survival rates.

非洲杂交蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）于1957年起源于巴西，自那时起，涉及人类和动物的事故数量显著增加。尽管蜜蜂螫伤被视为临床急症，但很少有报告描述马匹被蜜蜂螫伤的临床和病理方面。在这种情况下，本报告旨在描述三匹马被大量蜜蜂叮咬后蜜蜂中毒的临床和病理特征。这些马匹在发病次日被送往兽医院，经过临床和实验室检查，它们出现了血管、肌肉、肺、肝和肾功能损伤。病理分析证实了之前观察到的全身血管病变、肝脏变性、肺水肿和肾小管坏死等临床改变。在人类和动物身上，特别是在狗身上，有许多大面积蜜蜂中毒病例的记录。事实证明，了解蜂毒素的作用机制、其对各种组织的影响以及针对每位患者的理想疗法，对于提高存活率至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Dietary Chlorella vulgaris mitigates aflatoxin B1 toxicity in broiler chicken: Toxicopathological, hematobiochemical and immunological perspectives 膳食小球藻可减轻黄曲霉毒素 B1 对肉鸡的毒性：从毒理病理学、血液生化学和免疫学的角度看问题。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108127

Aisha Khatoon , Aneela Amin , Sana Majeed , Shafia Tehseen Gul , Muhammad Imran Arshad , Muhammad Kashif Saleemi , Ashiq Ali , Rao Zahid Abbas , Sheraz Ahmad Bhatti

Mycotoxins are the chemical substances, produced as the secondary metabolites of some toxigenic species of fungi which cause critical health issues in humans, birds and different animal species while Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a unicellular microalga which contains plenty of important nutritional ingredients. This study was planned to evaluate the toxicopathological, hematobiochemical and immune changes incurred by dietary supplementation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and their mitigation through CV in broilers. For this study to be conducted, 180 broiler birds of one day old were uniformly distributed into six (06) groups and administered various combinations of AFB1 (200 μg/kg) or CV (0.5 and 1.0%) and the duration of the experiment was 42 days. Parameters deliberated were body weight, feed intake, relative visceral organ weights, gross and histopathological examination, hematological parameters (erythrocytic and leukocytic count, hematocrit and hemoglobin), serum biochemical analysis (serum total proteins, ALT, globulin, albumin, creatinine and urea), humoral response against sheep RBCs, response to subcutaneous injection of phytohemagglutinin-P and phagocytic system function assay. The results of this experiment confirmed that 1.0% CV efficiently mitigated AFB1 induced alterations in the studied parameters while this mitigation was partial when 0.5% CV was used with AFB1. Further studies in this regard are still needed to investigate the exact AFB1:CV ratio responsible for complete amelioration.

霉菌毒素是某些有毒真菌产生的次级代谢产物，对人类、鸟类和不同动物物种造成严重的健康问题，而绿藻（CV）是一种单细胞微藻，含有大量重要的营养成分。本研究计划评估在肉鸡日粮中添加黄曲霉毒素 B1（AFB1）所引起的毒理学、血液生化和免疫变化，以及通过 CV 对这些变化的缓解作用。为了开展这项研究，180 只一天龄的肉鸡被均匀地分为六（06）组，并施以不同的 AFB1（200 μg/kg ）或 CV（0.5% 和 1.0%）组合，实验持续时间为 42 天。实验参数包括体重、采食量、相对内脏器官重量、大体和组织病理学检查、血液学参数（红细胞和白细胞计数、血细胞比容和血红蛋白）、血清生化分析（血清总蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、球蛋白、白蛋白、肌酐和尿素）、对绵羊红细胞的体液反应、对皮下注射植物血凝素-P的反应以及吞噬系统功能测试。实验结果证实，1.0% 的 CV 能有效缓解 AFB1 引起的研究参数的变化，而 0.5% 的 CV 与 AFB1 合用时，这种缓解是部分的。在这方面仍需进一步研究，以确定完全改善的 AFB1:CV 的确切比例。

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引用次数: 0

LC-MS/MS profiling of the poisonous wild mushroom, Entoloma mastoideum, (Entolomataceae, Basidiomycota) in Sabah (Northern Borneo), Malaysia 马来西亚沙巴（北婆罗洲）有毒野生蘑菇 Entoloma mastoideum（Entolomataceae，Basidiomycota）的 LC-MS/MS 分析。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108133

Ily Azzedine Alaia M.H. Subari , Gowri Mutthumanickam , Muhammad Hj. Jikal , Muhammad Dawood Shah , Jen Kit Tan , Yee Shin Tan , Praneetha Palasubermaniam , Kishneth Palaniveloo , Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan

In Malaysia, mushroom poisoning poses a significant public health concern, particularly as local communities frequently consume wild mushrooms without fully recognizing the potential dangers they present. Ingestion of wild mushrooms, which resemble edible species but contain deadly chemicals, is the main cause of poisoning risk. The genus Entoloma (Fr.) P. Kumm is dispersed worldwide, with over 1500 species recorded. Entoloma mastoideum, a poisonous mushroom, was recorded for the first time at Kota Marudu district, Sabah, Malaysia, where ten cases of mushroom poisoning outbreaks were recorded during the rainy season of October 2019. The morphological characters of the specimens were documented and their microscopic features were analyzed using compound microscope and scanning electron microscope. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Chemical profiling of the poisonous mushroom specimen was done via liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify toxic metabolites. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Bornean E. mastoideum is closely related to the Chinese isolates (100% BS/1.0 PP). LC-MS/MS profiling detected a total of 162 metabolites that were classified into ten general groups, where several toxic compounds were detected amongst the aromatics, essential amino acids, and fatty acid derivatives. The toxic compounds identified in the mushroom extract, including amino acid derivatives such as 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyynorleucine, valpromide, and betaine, have been reported to cause neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, liver damage, and gastrointestinal harm. The presence of these toxic compounds underscores the need for caution when consuming wild mushrooms. Further research on poisonous Entoloma species is vital for developing accurate identification methods and understanding their toxic potential. This knowledge is essential for enhancing public awareness, preventing mushroom poisoning incidents and safeguarding public health.

在马来西亚，蘑菇中毒是一个重大的公共卫生问题，特别是当地社区经常食用野生蘑菇，却没有充分认识到它们带来的潜在危险。野生蘑菇与可食用蘑菇相似，但却含有致命的化学物质，摄入野生蘑菇是造成中毒风险的主要原因。Entoloma (Fr.) P. Kumm属蘑菇分布在世界各地，有记录的种类超过1500种。Entoloma mastoideum是马来西亚沙巴州哥打马鲁都区首次记录到的一种毒蘑菇，在2019年10月的雨季期间，该地区记录到了10起蘑菇中毒事件。研究人员记录了标本的形态特征，并使用复合显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了标本的显微特征。利用最大似然法和贝叶斯分析法构建了系统发生树。通过液相色谱质谱法（LC-MS/MS）对毒蘑菇标本进行了化学分析，以确定有毒代谢物。系统进化分析表明，婆罗洲的马氏蘑菇与中国的分离株关系密切（100% BS/1.0 PP）。LC-MS/MS 图谱共检测到 162 种代谢物，这些代谢物被分为十个大类，其中在芳香族化合物、必需氨基酸和脂肪酸衍生物中检测到了几种有毒化合物。据报道，在蘑菇提取物中发现的有毒化合物，包括氨基酸衍生物，如 3,4,5,6-四羟基炔亮氨酸、缬氨酸和甜菜碱，会导致神经毒性、心脏毒性、肝损伤和胃肠道损伤。这些有毒化合物的存在突出表明，食用野生蘑菇需要谨慎。对有毒 Entoloma 物种的进一步研究对于开发准确的鉴别方法和了解其毒性潜力至关重要。这些知识对于提高公众意识、预防蘑菇中毒事件和保障公众健康至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Concerns regarding the study on mangrove pit viper envenomation in Malaysia 对马来西亚红树林蝮蛇感染研究的关注。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108126

Ahmad Khaldun Ismail, David A. Warrell, Scott A. Weinstein

引用次数: 0

Deoxynivalenol induces ovarian damage and uterine changes in prepubertal and adult mice 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇可诱导青春期前小鼠和成年小鼠的卵巢损伤和子宫变化。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108123

G.A.A. Lemos , J.R. Gerez , J.B. Costa , E.J. Venâncio , M. Souza , P.O. Favaron , J.R. Greghi , E.M. Gloria , L. Staurengo-Ferrari , W.A. Verri , A.P.F.R.L. Bracarense

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is associated with reproductive toxicity in animals. The frequent contamination of cereal-based foods with DON and the high intake of these by children raises particular concern about the susceptibility of this subpopulation to adverse effects from this mycotoxin. However, age-related differences in the in vivo reproductive toxicity of DON have not been evaluated. Therefore, the effects of DON on serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, histology, and inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the ovaries and uteruses of prepubertal and adult mice were investigated. Twenty female prepubertal Swiss mice (21 days old) and 20 young adult mice (65 days old) were fed a control diet or a diet containing 10 mg of DON/kg of feed for 15 days (prepubertal mice) and 28 days (adult mice). In the ovaries, DON induced an increase in the lesional score in both age groups. Ingestion of DON decreased FSH levels in prepubertal females, whereas an increase was observed in adult mice. In prepubertal mice, a reduction in the number of macrophages and increased levels of TNF-α were observed in the ovaries of the DON group, while in adult animals, an increase in the number of macrophages and higher levels of TNF-α were noted. Exposure to DON led to an increase in type I collagen in the uteruses of adult mice, while in prepubertal mice, a decrease in type III collagen was observed. DON exposure also resulted in a decrease in FRAP levels and an increase in ABTS and lipid peroxidation in the uteruses of prepubertal mice. Taken together, the results indicate that the effects of DON on reproductive organs are age-specific, with toxicity established as early as the prepubertal period.

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）与动物的生殖毒性有关。谷物类食品经常受到 DON 污染，而儿童又摄入了大量此类食品，这就特别令人担忧这部分人群是否容易受到这种霉菌毒素的不良影响。然而，DON 的体内生殖毒性与年龄有关的差异尚未得到评估。因此，我们研究了 DON 对青春期前小鼠和成年小鼠卵巢和子宫中血清促卵泡激素（FSH）水平、组织学以及炎症和氧化应激反应的影响。给 20 只青春期前的雌性瑞士小鼠（21 天大）和 20 只年轻的成年小鼠（65 天大）喂食对照组饲料或每公斤饲料含 10 毫克 DON 的饲料，分别喂食 15 天（青春期前小鼠）和 28 天（成年小鼠）。在两个年龄组的小鼠卵巢中，DON 都会导致病变评分增加。摄入 DON 会降低青春期前雌性小鼠的 FSH 水平，而成年小鼠的 FSH 水平会升高。在青春期前的小鼠中，DON 组卵巢中的巨噬细胞数量减少，TNF-α 水平升高，而在成年动物中，巨噬细胞数量增加，TNF-α 水平升高。青春期前动物的子宫组织出现水肿，子宫壁和子宫内膜厚度增加。暴露于 DON 会导致成年小鼠子宫中 I 型胶原蛋白的增加，而在青春期前的小鼠中则观察到 III 型胶原蛋白的减少。暴露于 DON 还会导致 FRAP 水平下降，以及青春期前小鼠子宫中 ABTS 和脂质过氧化反应的增加。总之，这些结果表明，DON 对生殖器官的影响具有年龄特异性，其毒性早在青春期前就已确立。

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引用次数: 0

Using a conditioned place preference assay in fruit flies to examine effects of insecticidal compounds on contextual memory 利用果蝇条件性地点偏好试验研究杀虫化合物对情境记忆的影响。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108128

Yachen Wang , Shaodong Guo , Tomer Ventura , Volker Herzig

Insecticides are vital for safeguarding agricultural crops against pests, albeit many lack selectivity towards pest species and are poorly bio-degradable. This leads to targeting of beneficial organisms like pollinators and widespread environmental contamination of soil and water. Exposure to insecticides such as neonicotinoids causes insect paralysis and mortality at higher doses, while sublethal doses can disrupt other functions that are crucial for survival such as learning and memory performance. Potent and selective arachnid venom peptides affecting a variety of molecular targets are being explored as bioinsecticide candidates. However, their effect on insect learning is poorly understood. We therefore established a sucrose-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) assay using Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies to provide a means of evaluating how various classes of insecticidal compounds interact with insect memory to assess their broader ecological consequences. Our results confirmed the adverse effect of a sublethal dose of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (20 pg/fly) on fly CPP formation upon daily injection during the conditioning phase. However, imidacloprid did not affect CPP retrieval when applied after the conditioning phase. Sublethal doses of the two insecticidal spider venom peptides μ-DGTX-Dc1a (Dc1a; 70 pg/fly) and U1-AGTX-Ta1a (Ta1a; 125 pg/fly) had no effect on either CPP formation or retrieval, underlining their potential as novel and safe bioinsecticide candidates.

杀虫剂对保护农作物免受虫害至关重要，但许多杀虫剂对害虫种类缺乏选择性，而且生物降解性差。这导致有益生物（如授粉昆虫）成为杀虫剂的目标，并对土壤和水造成广泛的环境污染。接触新烟碱类杀虫剂会导致昆虫麻痹和死亡，而亚致死剂量则会破坏对生存至关重要的其他功能，如学习和记忆能力。目前正在探索将影响各种分子靶点的强效和选择性蛛形纲毒液肽作为候选生物杀虫剂。然而，人们对它们对昆虫学习的影响知之甚少。因此，我们利用黑腹果蝇建立了一种蔗糖诱导条件性位置偏好（CPP）试验，提供了一种评估各类杀虫化合物如何与昆虫记忆相互作用的方法，以评估其更广泛的生态后果。我们的研究结果证实，在调节阶段，每天注射亚致死剂量的新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉（20 pg/只）会对果蝇CPP的形成产生不利影响。然而，在调节阶段之后施用吡虫啉并不影响 CPP 的回收。亚致死剂量的两种杀虫蜘蛛毒肽μ-DGTX-Dc1a（Dc1a；70 pg/只苍蝇）和U1-AGTX-Ta1a（Ta1a；125 pg/只苍蝇）对CPP的形成和回收都没有影响，这凸显了它们作为新型安全生物杀虫剂候选物的潜力。

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引用次数: 0