Toxicon最新文献_第6页

Baicalein antagonises Rhopilema esculentum toxin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by modulating ROS-MAPK-NF-κB and inhibiting PLA2 activity

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108266

Zengfa Wang , Fengling Yang , Yi Wang , Xiaoyu Geng , Jinyu Zhang , Xinming Wang , Chang Liu , Blessing Danso , Jingbo Chen , Marina Pozzolini , Xianpeng Zu , Liang Xiao , Jing Zhang

The toxicity of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum (R. esculentum), an edible jellyfish that releases venom, has been controversial. The aim of this comprehensive study was to investigate the toxic effects of jellyfish tentacle extract (TE), which was evaluated in vivo and in vitro using ICR mice and RAW264.7 cells respectively. A library of natural compounds was screened for their ability to antagonize phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) activity to identify potential protective agents and mechanisms. Of the 20 natural compounds evaluated, baicalein was found to have the strongest PLA₂ antagonistic and cytoprotective effects. In vivo, experiments showed that TE at a dose of 7.02 mg/kg only resulted in a 50% survival rate in mice. However, pretreatment with 30 mg/kg baicalein significantly increased the survival rate to 75%, while also attenuating TE-induced cardiac and hepatic injuries, and ameliorating TE-induced elevations in LDH, CK-MB, and AST levels. In vitro studies found that baicalein reduced cellular ROS and MDA levels, increased the expression of CAT, SOD, and GSH/GSSG to enhance cellular antioxidant defenses against TE-induced oxidative stress, and also inhibited TE-induced upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL10. Importantly, baicalein was found to modulate dysregulated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways disrupted by TE. Taken together, these findings suggest that baicalein can antagonize R. esculentum toxin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by modulating ROS/MAPK/NF-κB, which provides a viable therapeutic strategy to control the deleterious effects of jellyfish stings and associated inflammation.

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引用次数: 0

Does a diagnostic nerve block predict the outcome of botulinum toxin treatment? A narrative review 诊断性神经阻滞能预测肉毒杆菌毒素治疗的结果吗？叙述性评论

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108226

Thierry Deltombe , Anthony B. Ward

Botulinum toxin type A is a first line choice in the treatment of spastic muscle overactivity. However, targeting the muscles involved in the deformity with the appropriate dose as well as choosing the goal to achieve and predicting the expected results can be challenging. Diagnostic nerve block with anaesthetics rapidly and temporarily suppresses overactivity of the selected muscle allowing clinicians to identify the involved muscles and the potential improvement of botulinum toxin injections. This narrative review summarizes the predictive value of the diagnostic nerve block before botulinum toxin injections. In the case of a stiff knee gait, rectus femoris blockade seems to predict knee flexion and gait speed improvement, which is subsequently obtained after rectus femoris botulinum toxin injections, but underestimates improvements in balance. In the case of spastic equinovarus foot, tibial nerve block provides a greater reduction in spasticity. Diagnostic nerve block assessment prior to botulinum toxin type A injections leads to an increase in the number of injected muscles, in the dose per muscle and in the overall cumulative dose. Finally, diagnostic nerve block may help to increase the goal achievement rate. Further well conducted studies are necessary.

A型肉毒毒素是治疗痉挛性肌肉过度活动的首选药物。然而，用适当的剂量靶向与畸形有关的肌肉，以及选择要实现的目标和预测预期结果可能是具有挑战性的。诊断神经阻滞与麻醉迅速和暂时抑制过度活动选定的肌肉，使临床医生识别受损伤的肌肉和潜在的改善肉毒杆菌毒素注射。本文综述了肉毒毒素注射前诊断性神经阻滞的预测价值。在膝关节僵硬步态的情况下，股直肌阻断似乎预测膝关节屈曲和步态速度改善，这随后在股直肌肉毒杆菌毒素注射后获得，但低估了平衡的改善。在痉挛性马蹄内翻足的情况下，胫神经阻滞可以更大程度地减少痉挛。A型肉毒毒素注射前的诊断性神经阻滞评估导致注射肌肉数量、每块肌肉剂量和总累积剂量的增加。最后，诊断性神经阻滞可能有助于提高目标完成率。有必要进一步进行良好的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Strychni Semen and two alkaloidal components cause apoptosis in HK-2 cells through TRADD-MAPK/NF-κB pathway 马钱子和两种生物碱成分通过trad - mapk /NF-κB通路引起HK-2细胞凋亡。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108224

Wenyi Tian , Yuling Li , Fengzhi Liu , Hui Liu , Chen Li , Lin Bao , Xiaodong Liang

Strychni Semen is the dried ripe seeds of the plant Strychnos nux-vomica L, and has great medicinal value and developmental potential.However, Strychni Semen is severely toxic, with adverse effects on the central nervous system, urinary system, and other organ systems, and severe cases can be life-threatening. The present study was to reveal the mechanism of nephrotoxicity induced by Strychni Semen and its alkaloid components using experiments. HK-2 cells were randomly divided into control, experimental, and inhibitor groups. The experimental group was divided into Strychni Semen (SS, 10 mg/mL), brucine (B, 8 μg/mL) and strychnine (S, 4 μg/mL) groups,and the inhibitor group was treated with 1 μm/L Apostatin-1. To detect the effects of each group of drugs on the expression of inflammatory cytokines, KIM-1 and TRADD downstream pathway-related proteins. Network pharmacology predicted that nephrotoxicity caused by Strychni Semen may be related to MAPK. Cell experiments showed that Strychni Semen and its alkaloids could induce the activation of the JNK and p38 pathways in the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, upregulate the activation and expression of caspase-3, promote the apoptosis of HK-2 cells, and enhance the production of the cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α and KIM-1. Apostatin-1 antagonises the apoptosis of HK-2 cells induced by Strychni Semen and its alkaloids and reduces the production of the above-mentioned cytokines. The results showed that Strychni Semen and its alkaloids can induce apoptosis of HK-2 cells by activating TRADD-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways, showing cytotoxicity to HK-2 cells. Thus, inhibiting TRADD can reduce apoptosis.

马钱子（Strychnos nux-vomica L）是马钱子（Strychnos nux-vomica L）干燥成熟的种子，具有很大的药用价值和开发潜力。然而，马钱子有严重的毒性，对中枢神经系统、泌尿系统和其他器官系统有不良影响，严重的情况下可能危及生命。本研究旨在通过实验揭示马钱子及其生物碱成分致肾毒性的机制。HK-2细胞随机分为对照组、实验组和抑制剂组。试验组分为马钱子（SS, 10 mg/mL）、马钱子碱（B, 8 μg/mL）和马钱子碱（S, 4 μg/mL）组，抑制剂组以1 μm/L Apostatin-1处理。检测各组药物对炎症细胞因子、KIM-1、TRADD下游通路相关蛋白表达的影响。网络药理学预测马钱子所致肾毒性可能与MAPK有关。细胞实验表明，马钱子及其生物碱可诱导NF-κB和MAPK通路中JNK和p38通路的激活，上调caspase-3的激活和表达，促进HK-2细胞的凋亡，增强细胞因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和KIM-1的产生。Apostatin-1可拮抗马钱子及其生物碱诱导的HK-2细胞凋亡，减少上述细胞因子的产生。结果表明马钱子及其生物碱可通过激活tradd介导的MAPK和NF-κB通路诱导HK-2细胞凋亡，对HK-2细胞具有细胞毒性。因此，抑制TRADD可减少细胞凋亡。

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引用次数: 0

Protective effects of Lavandula stoechas and Thymus numidicus essential oils against deltamethrin-induced hematological and biochemical toxicity in female rabbits. 薰衣草和胸腺精油对溴氰菊酯致兔血液学和生化毒性的保护作用。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108232

Ouardia Chaouchi, Farida Fernane, Nacira Daoudi Zerrouki, Hakima Ait Issad, Thinhinane Chaouchi, Azdinia Zidane, Karim Houali

Recent studies have shown that essential oils (EOs) extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants have herbicidal and/or insecticidal properties, helping to mitigate the toxicity experienced by living organisms exposed to pesticides. Moreover, the primary compounds isolated from these EOs also have the potential to reduce pesticide-induced damage. The present work aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Thymus numidicus (TNEO) and Lavandula stoechas (LSEO) against Deltamethrin-induced toxicity in female rabbits. The results obtained by GC/MS analysis showed that monoterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenes were the main components of the EOs extracted from the aerial parts of Thymus numidicus and Lavandula stoechas. The use of the pesticide Deltamethrin caused significant damage to the liver and kidneys (p < 0.05), together with blood disorders, signs of restlessness and tremors. However, females treated with TNEO showed better tolerance than the group treated with LSEO. The combination of both oils showed more pronounced protective effects. This suggests a potential synergistic effect in reducing deltamethrin-induced toxicity.

最近的研究表明，从药用和芳香植物中提取的精油（EOs）具有除草和/或杀虫特性，有助于减轻暴露于农药的生物体所经历的毒性。此外，从这些植物中分离出的主要化合物也有可能减少农药引起的损害。研究了胸腺（thyymus numidicus， TNEO）和薰衣草（Lavandula stoechas， LSEO）对溴氰菊酯致雌性家兔毒性的保护作用。GC/MS分析结果表明，从胸腺和薰衣草的地上部位提取的精油主要成分为单萜烯和氧合单萜烯。杀虫剂溴氰菊酯的使用对肝脏和肾脏造成了显著损害（p < 0.05），并伴有血液紊乱、烦躁不安和震颤的迹象。然而，用TNEO治疗的雌性比用LSEO治疗的组表现出更好的耐受性。两种油的组合显示出更明显的保护作用。这表明在降低溴氰菊酯引起的毒性方面具有潜在的协同作用。

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引用次数: 0

Coma and confirmed epileptiform activity induced by Amanita pantherina poisoning 毒金刚伞中毒致昏迷及确认癫痫样活动。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108208

Marco Cirronis, Andrea Giampreti, Georgios Eleftheriou, Mariapina Gallo, Gioia Contessa, Lorella Faraoni, Raffaella Butera, Giuseppe Bacis

Amanita pantherina poisoning is a rare event poorly described. The clinical picture is usually associated with the one of A. muscaria, but A. pantherina contains more muscimol causing more often coma. We describe a case of severe coma and seizures after A. pantherina ingestion.

A woman of 56 years old was found at home unresponsive with miosis, clonic movements of four limbs, normal respiratory and cardiovascular functions and without cerebral ischemic symptoms. Her husband reported mushrooms ingestion 4 hours earlier that were picked up in the home garden and believed to be Macrolepiota procera. Unenhanced brain CT and cerebral CT angiography were normal. Blood tests were within normal range, including troponin I, creatine phosphokinase and lactate. Toxicological screening was negative for methadone, ecstasy, amphetamines, barbiturate, cannabinoids, cocaine, opioids and benzodiazepines. Suspecting ingestion of A. pantherina, gastrointestinal decontamination was done. Mycological examination of residual stems of the ingested mushrooms identified A. pantherina, and evaluation of photos of the same mushrooms growing in their garden confirmed the species. Electroencephalogram confirmed epileptiform activity and levetiracetam 3.000 mg/day was started. The patient was always hemodynamically stable but daily neurologic wake-up test highlighted the presence of agitation and clonic movements of the limbs up to the 7th day of hospitalization. Levetiracetam was tapered and stopped after two months based on neurological improvement. The patient recovered without sequelae.

Amanita pantherina poisoning is a rare event and clinical picture of convulsions and coma often guides the diagnosis towards organic pathologies. The latter should be excluded first but an accurate anamnesis should also consider mushrooms consumption. Gastrointestinal decontamination may be the only therapy for reducing toxins absorption and clinical severity. Our patient had acute severe neurological effects lasted many days, but she completely recovered with intensive treatment and levetiracetam administration.

豹毒伞中毒是一种罕见的事件，描述很少。临床表现通常与麻蝇有关，但黑豹麻蝇含有较多的麻素，常引起昏迷。我们描述了一个病例严重昏迷和癫痫发作后，豹甲摄入。一名56岁妇女在家中被发现无反应，瞳孔缩小，四肢阵挛运动，呼吸和心血管功能正常，无脑缺血症状。她的丈夫报告说，4小时前，她在家里的花园里吃了一些蘑菇，据信是大圆头菌。无增强CT及脑血管造影正常。血液检查在正常范围内，包括肌钙蛋白I、肌酸磷酸激酶和乳酸。毒理学筛查美沙酮、摇头丸、安非他明、巴比妥酸盐、大麻素、可卡因、阿片类药物和苯二氮卓类药物均呈阴性。怀疑误食豹甲，对其进行了胃肠消毒。对摄入蘑菇的残茎进行真菌学检查，鉴定为豹孢菌，并对在他们的花园中生长的相同蘑菇的照片进行评估，确认该物种。脑电图证实癫痫样活动，并开始使用左乙拉西坦3.000 mg/d。患者血流动力学一直稳定，但每日神经唤醒试验显示住院第7天存在躁动和四肢阵挛性运动。基于神经系统的改善，左乙拉西坦在两个月后逐渐减少并停止使用。病人痊愈无后遗症。毒金刚伞中毒是一种罕见的事件，临床表现为惊厥和昏迷往往指导器质性病变的诊断。后者应首先排除，但准确的记忆还应考虑蘑菇的摄入量。胃肠净化可能是减少毒素吸收和减少临床严重程度的唯一治疗方法。我们的病人有急性严重的神经系统影响，持续了许多天，但经过强化治疗和左乙拉西坦的治疗，她完全康复了。

{"title":"Coma and confirmed epileptiform activity induced by Amanita pantherina poisoning","authors":"Marco Cirronis, Andrea Giampreti, Georgios Eleftheriou, Mariapina Gallo, Gioia Contessa, Lorella Faraoni, Raffaella Butera, Giuseppe Bacis","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Amanita pantherina</em> poisoning is a rare event poorly described. The clinical picture is usually associated with the one of <em>A. muscaria</em>, but <em>A. pantherina</em> contains more muscimol causing more often coma. We describe a case of severe coma and seizures after <em>A. pantherina</em> ingestion.</div><div>A woman of 56 years old was found at home unresponsive with miosis, clonic movements of four limbs, normal respiratory and cardiovascular functions and without cerebral ischemic symptoms. Her husband reported mushrooms ingestion 4 hours earlier that were picked up in the home garden and believed to be <em>Macrolepiota procera.</em> Unenhanced brain CT and cerebral CT angiography were normal. Blood tests were within normal range, including troponin I, creatine phosphokinase and lactate. Toxicological screening was negative for methadone, ecstasy, amphetamines, barbiturate, cannabinoids, cocaine, opioids and benzodiazepines. Suspecting ingestion of <em>A. pantherina</em>, gastrointestinal decontamination was done. Mycological examination of residual stems of the ingested mushrooms identified <em>A. pantherina</em>, and evaluation of photos of the same mushrooms growing in their garden confirmed the species. Electroencephalogram confirmed epileptiform activity and levetiracetam 3.000 mg/day was started. The patient was always hemodynamically stable but daily neurologic wake-up test highlighted the presence of agitation and clonic movements of the limbs up to the 7th day of hospitalization. Levetiracetam was tapered and stopped after two months based on neurological improvement. The patient recovered without sequelae.</div><div><em>Amanita pantherina</em> poisoning is a rare event and clinical picture of convulsions and coma often guides the diagnosis towards organic pathologies. The latter should be excluded first but an accurate anamnesis should also consider mushrooms consumption. Gastrointestinal decontamination may be the only therapy for reducing toxins absorption and clinical severity. Our patient had acute severe neurological effects lasted many days, but she completely recovered with intensive treatment and levetiracetam administration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of molluscicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil against Eobania vermiculata under laboratory and field conditions 室内和野外条件下合欢精油对蛭形线虫的杀虫活性评价。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108217

Laila Mowafy , Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki , Heba Abdel-Tawab , Saleh Al-Quraishy , Nadia Moustafa , Mohamed Y. Zaky , Abdul-Mawgoud A. Asran , Manal Abdul-Hamid

The present study focused on assessing the impact of clove oil on adult snails, specifically Eobania vermiculata, due to their detrimental effects on plants and crops. Our investigation aimed to explore both the lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of clove oil under laboratory and field conditions, with the goal of elucidating the mechanisms underlying its toxic effects on E. vermiculata. Snails were exposed to various concentrations of clove oil for one week to determine the LC₅₀, which was calculated to be 5.25% v/v (4.029–6.087). To investigate the molluscicidal effects of clove oil, snails were divided into three groups: control, vehicle-treated (1 % Tween 80), and treated group exposed to sub-lethal concentration (½ LC₅₀) of clove oil for one week.

Compared to the control group, the exposure to ½ LC₅₀ of clove oil for 7 days resulted in significant increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Conversely, the level of acetylecholnstrase (AChE) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was decreased. Furthermore, testosterone (T) and estrogen (E) levels were significantly reduced. Histological and ultrastructural studies revealed significant tissue disorganization. Additionally, Comet assay results confirmed the genotoxic potential of clove oil on E. vermiculata. Field trials demonstrated a higher reduction in snail populations in plots treated with methomyl (80% and 92% reduction after 7 and 14 days, respectively) compared to those treated with clove oil (64% and 73% reduction, respectively). While slightly less effective than methomyl, clove oil offers a valuable, natural, and residue-free alternative for eco-friendly snail management.

本研究的重点是评估丁香油对成年蜗牛（特别是蚯蚓）的影响，因为它们会对植物和农作物造成有害影响。我们的调查旨在探索丁香油在实验室和田间条件下的致死和亚致死毒性，目的是阐明丁香油对蚯蚓产生毒性影响的机制。将蜗牛暴露在不同浓度的丁香油中一周以确定半数致死浓度，计算得出的半数致死浓度为 5.25% v/v (4.029-6.087)。为研究丁香油的杀软体动物作用，蜗牛被分为三组：对照组、车辆处理组（1 % 吐温 80）和接触亚致死浓度（½ LC₅₀）丁香油一周的处理组。与对照组相比，接触 ½ LC₅₀丁香油 7 天后，碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）均显著增加。相反，乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）的水平则有所下降。此外，睾酮（T）和雌激素（E）水平也明显降低。组织学和超微结构研究显示组织出现了明显的紊乱。此外，彗星测定结果证实了丁香油对 E. vermiculata 的潜在遗传毒性。田间试验表明，与使用丁香油处理的地块（分别减少 64% 和 73%）相比，使用灭多威处理的地块蜗牛数量减少得更多（7 天和 14 天后分别减少 80% 和 92%）。虽然丁香油的效果略逊于甲氧苄啶，但它为生态友好型蜗牛管理提供了一种宝贵、天然、无残留的替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Severe local and systemic haematotoxic envenoming caused by a Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in a pregnant woman in Lao People's Democratic Republic 老挝人民民主共和国一名孕妇因马来亚蝮蛇（Calloselasma rhodostoma）引起严重的局部和全身血液毒性中毒。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108227

Joerg Blessmann , Bounlom Santisouk , Paul Rahden , Benno Kreuels , Soulaphab Hanlodsomphou

Snakebite envenoming in pregnant women is rare, accounting for approximately 0.5–1.8% of all snakebite cases. A thirty-year-old six months pregnant woman was admitted to Setthatirath Hospital in Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 h after a Malayan pit viper bite at her right lower leg. She developed extensive local swelling affecting the entire right leg and a severe coagulation disorder with clinical signs of bleeding, requiring ten blood transfusions. Due to antivenom shortage only one vial of Hemato Polyvalent snake antivenom produced at Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) in Bangkok, Thailand was given shortly after admission although the recommended initial dose in case of Malayan pit viper envenoming is at least three vials. The patient received ten units of fresh frozen plasma and six platelet transfusion without effect on the unmeasurable prothrombin time or the platelet count of less than 20,000/μl. On day nine, two additional vials of monovalent Malayan pit viper antivenom produced at QSMI were given which eventually normalized the coagulation disorder. There was no vaginal bleeding and repeated ultrasound examinations showed a single live intrauterine pregnancy with a foetal size consistent to a gestational age of 26 weeks. A healthy baby was born three months after the snakebite but the mother retained a permanent nervus peroneus paresis on her right lower leg.

孕妇被蛇咬伤是罕见的，约占所有蛇咬伤病例的0.5-1.8%。一名36岁的怀孕6个月的妇女在她的右小腿被马来亚蝮蛇咬伤两小时后被送入老挝人民民主共和国首都万象的Setthatirath医院。患者出现大面积局部肿胀，影响整个右腿，并出现严重凝血功能障碍，临床表现为出血，需要输血10次。由于抗蛇毒血清短缺，入院后不久只给了泰国曼谷Saovabha皇后纪念研究所（QSMI）生产的一瓶Hemato多价蛇抗蛇毒血清，尽管马来亚蝮蛇中毒的推荐初始剂量至少是三瓶。患者接受10单位新鲜冷冻血浆和6次血小板输注，对凝血酶原时间不可测及血小板计数小于20000 /μl均无影响。在第9天，给予在QSMI生产的另外两瓶单价马来蝮蛇抗蛇毒血清，最终使凝血障碍正常化。无阴道出血，多次超声检查显示单次活宫内妊娠，胎儿大小与胎龄相符，为26周。在被蛇咬伤三个月后，一个健康的婴儿出生了，但这位母亲的右小腿永久性腓骨神经麻痹。

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引用次数: 0

Single oral toxicity assessment and phytochemical analysis of the Ficus erecta Thunb. Leaves extract 榕树单次口服毒性评价及植物化学分析。叶提取物。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108219

Yu Jin Kim , Mee-Young Lee , Hyun Ji Park , Eunjin Sohn , Woo-Young Jeon , Sae-Rom Yoo , In Suk Choi , Joo-Hwan Kim , Soo-Jin Jeong

Ficus erecta Thunb. is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat various diseases in Asian countries. We recently reported the potential of the ethanol extract of F. erecta Thunb. leaves (EEFE) as a source of functional foods for cognitive improvement. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence supporting the safety of EEFE. In this study, we performed an acute oral toxicity test using Sprague–Dawley rats following Good Laboratory Practice regulations to assess the possible toxicity of EEFE. After single oral administration of EEFE at a maximum dose of 5000 mg/kg, the mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross findings were monitored for 2 weeks. No mortality was observed, and EEFE had no adverse effects on body weight or gross findings in all EEFE-administered rats. On the first day after administration, EEFE-colored stool was observed in both male and female groups. However, these symptoms were considered to be transient, caused by the color of the test substance. Overall, the approximate lethal dose of EEFE was determined to be over 5000 mg/kg in the acute toxicity test. Additionally, we established and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-based analytical method for the quality control of EEFE using rutin as a marker compound. The method showed excellent linearity, accuracy, repeatability, and precision. The findings of this study could serve as fundamental data for ensuring the safety and standardization of EEFE.

无花果树。是亚洲国家用来治疗各种疾病的传统药用植物。我们最近报道了直立木乙醇提取物的潜力。茶叶（EEFE）作为功能性食品的来源，以提高认知能力。然而，没有足够的科学证据支持efe的安全性。在这项研究中，我们按照良好实验室操作规范的规定，用Sprague-Dawley大鼠进行了急性口服毒性试验，以评估EEFE可能的毒性。单次口服最大剂量为5000mg /kg的EEFE后，监测2周的死亡率、临床体征、体重变化和大体体征。在所有给药的大鼠中，没有观察到死亡，EEFE对体重或总体检查结果没有不良影响。给药后第1天，男女组均出现efe色大便。然而，这些症状被认为是暂时的，是由测试物质的颜色引起的。总的来说，在急性毒性试验中确定了EEFE的近似致死剂量超过5000 mg/kg。此外，我们建立并验证了以芦丁为标记物的高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器分析方法。该方法具有良好的线性度、准确度、重复性和精密度。本研究结果可为保障EEFE的安全性和规范化提供基础数据。

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引用次数: 0

Isolation and identification of the active constituent β-isocostic acid from the hexane extract of the leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus against mosquito vectors 防蚊用球兰叶己烷提取物中有效成分β-异戊酸的分离与鉴定。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108200

Alex Yagoo , M.C. John Milton , Jelin Vilvest , A. Arokia Ahino Jessie , Osamu Shirota , Kedike Balakrishna

Mosquitoes, as hematophagous ectoparasites, are significant pests and vectors of numerous pathogens, causing diseases such as dengue, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis in India. This study investigates the potential of natural insecticides derived from plants to combat mosquito populations, focusing on botanical extract from the leave of Sphaeranthus indicus. Specifically, the hexane extract of S. indicus exhibited notable efficacy against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The research entailed the extraction, fractionation, and structural identification of active compounds through spectroscopic analysis. Among ten fractions isolated, fraction 4 demonstrated the highest mosquitocidal activity, leading to the identification of β-isocostic acid as the primary active compound. The study's biological assays included ovicidal, larvicidal, and pupicidal tests, revealing that β-isocostic acid exhibited significant efficacy, with ovicidal activity rates of 75.2% and 78.2% at 2 ppm against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Larvicidal and pupicidal assays further confirmed the potent activity of β-isocostic acid, with LC₅₀ values of 1.02 ppm and 0.96 ppm against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, and 1.20 ppm and 1.14 ppm against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae respectively. The isolated compound demonstrated comparable efficacy to azadirachtin and temephos, indicating its potential as a natural mosquitocidal agent. This research underscores the importance of exploring botanical sources for developing effective and environmentally sustainable mosquito control strategies, particularly in light of increasing resistance to synthetic insecticides. The findings suggest that β-isocostic acid could serve as a viable alternative to chemical mosquitocides, contributing to integrated vector management programs.

蚊子是食血的体外寄生虫，是许多病原体的重要害虫和媒介，在印度引起登革热、淋巴丝虫病、疟疾、基孔肯雅热和日本脑炎等疾病。本研究探讨了从植物中提取的天然杀虫剂对蚊子种群的潜力，重点研究了从黄花球（Sphaeranthus indicus）叶中提取的植物提取物。其中，梧桐己烷提取物对埃及伊蚊和致倦库蚊均有显著的杀灭效果。该研究包括通过光谱分析对活性化合物进行提取、分馏和结构鉴定。在分离得到的10个组分中，组分4的杀蚊活性最高，鉴定其主要活性化合物为β-异戊二酸。本研究的生物试验包括杀卵、杀幼虫和杀卵试验，结果表明β-异戊酸具有显著的杀卵效果，在2 ppm浓度下对伊蚊的杀卵率分别为75.2%和78.2%。埃及伊蚊和Cx。分别quinquefasciatus。β-异戊酸对伊蚊的LC50值分别为1.02 ppm和0.96 ppm。埃及伊蚊和Cx。分别用1.20 ppm和1.14 ppm防治致倦库蚊幼虫。埃及伊蚊和Cx。分别为致倦库蚊蛹。分离的化合物表现出与印楝素和双硫磷相当的功效，表明其作为天然杀蚊剂的潜力。这项研究强调了探索植物来源对于制定有效和环境可持续的蚊子控制策略的重要性，特别是考虑到对合成杀虫剂的抗性日益增加。研究结果表明，β-异戊酸可以作为化学杀虫剂的可行替代品，有助于综合媒介管理计划。

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引用次数: 0

An update in recent research on nicotine contamination and nicotine-degrading microorganisms 尼古丁污染和尼古丁降解微生物的最新研究进展。

IF 2.6 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108209

Mingqin Deng , Patangal Basak , Yuhong Zhang , Jiajia Song , Huayi Suo

Nicotine is a toxic and addictive alkaloid found in tobacco and tobacco products that is harmful to human health and is an environmental pollutant. Nicotine-degrading microorganisms are unique microorganisms with the ability to use nicotine molecules as their sole source of nitrogen and carbon needed for growth. They are capable of degrading nicotine into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites. This review describes the environment's primary nicotine contamination sources and potential hazards. It also summarizes various types of nicotine-degrading microorganisms, their optimal culture conditions, and degradation efficiency. Four different catabolic pathways of nicotine in microorganisms are discussed, and the applications of nicotine-degrading microorganisms in different fields, such as the tobacco, pharmaceutical, and environmental protection industries, are outlined. This review describes the hazards of nicotine and the current research and application of nicotine-degrading microorganisms. It provides a theoretical reference for future research on nicotine-degrading microorganisms and their applications.

尼古丁是存在于烟草及烟草制品中的一种有毒、成瘾性生物碱，对人体健康有害，是一种环境污染物。尼古丁降解微生物是一种独特的微生物，它们能够利用尼古丁分子作为生长所需的氮和碳的唯一来源。它们能够将尼古丁分解成毒性较小或无毒的代谢物。本文综述了环境中尼古丁的主要污染源及其潜在危害。综述了各种类型的尼古丁降解微生物及其最佳培养条件和降解效率。讨论了微生物中尼古丁的四种不同的分解代谢途径，并概述了尼古丁降解微生物在烟草、制药和环保等不同领域的应用。本文综述了尼古丁的危害以及尼古丁降解微生物的研究和应用现状。为今后对尼古丁降解微生物及其应用的研究提供了理论参考。

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引用次数: 0