Tropical Medicine and Health最新文献

Background: Weak acids, such as acetic acid, show virucidal effects against viruses, and disinfectants are considered effective virucidal agents possibly because of their low pH, depending on the proton concentration. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different weak acids (acetic, oxalic, and citric acids) and eligible vinegars under different pH conditions by comparing their inactivation efficacies against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.

Methods: Acetic, oxalic, and citric acids were adjusted to pH values of 2, 4 and 6, respectively. They were also diluted from 1 M to 0.001 M with distilled water. Enveloped influenza A virus (FulV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and non-enveloped feline calicivirus (FCV) were treated with adjusted weak acids for up to 30 min. These viruses were also reacted with white distilled vinegar (WDV) and grain-flavored distilled vinegar (GV) for up to 30 min. Infectious viral titers after the reactions were expressed as plaque-forming units per mL.

Results: Acetic acid showed virucidal effects against FulV at pH 4, whereas citric and oxalic acids did not. Acetic and citric acids inactivated SARS-CoV-2 at pH 2, whereas oxalic acid did not. All acids showed virucidal effects against FVC at pH 2; however, not at pH 4. The virucidal effects of the serially diluted weak acids were also reflected in the pH-dependent results. WDV and GV significantly reduced FulV titers after 1 min. SARS-CoV-2 was also susceptible to the virucidal effects of WDV and GV; however, the incubation period was extended to 30 min. In contrast, WDV and GV did not significantly inactivate FCV.

Conclusions: The inactivation efficacy of weak acids is different even under the same pH conditions, suggesting that the virucidal effect of weak acids is not simply determined by pH, but that additional factors may also influence these effects. Moreover, eligible vinegars, the main component of which is acetic acid, may be potential sanitizers for some enveloped viruses, such as FulV, in the domestic environment.

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), significant morbidity and mortality have been linked to diarrhea, which is frequently caused by microorganisms. A rise in antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has reignited the search for alternative therapies. This scoping review aims to map the literature on medicinal plants in relation to their anti-diarrheal potential from SSA.

Methods: Studies published from 1990 until April 2022 on medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhea from each country in SSA were searched on Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and PubMed. The selection of articles was based on the availability of data on the in vitro and/or in vivo, ethnobotanical, and cross-sectional studies on the efficacy of medicinal plants against diarrhea. A total of 67 articles (ethnobotanical (n = 40); in vitro (n = 11), in vivo (n = 7), cross-sectional (n = 3), in vitro and in vivo (n = 2) and ethnobotanical and in vitro (n = 2), were considered for the descriptive analysis, which addressed study characteristics, herbal intervention information, phytochemistry, outcome measures, and toxicity findings.

Results: A total of 587 different plant species (from 123 families) used for diarrhea treatment were identified. Most studies were conducted on plants from the Fabaceae family. The plants with the strongest antimicrobial activity were Indigofera daleoides and Punica granatum. Chromatographic methods were used to isolate six pure compounds from ethyl acetate extract of Hydnora johannis, and spectroscopic methods were used to determine their structures. The majority of anti-diarrheal plants were from South Africa (23.9%), Ethiopia (16.4%), and Uganda (9%). This study highlights the value of traditional remedies in treating common human diseases such as diarrhea in SSA.

Conclusion: Baseline knowledge gaps were identified in various parts of SSA. It is therefore recommended that future ethnobotanical studies document the knowledge held by other countries in SSA that have so far received less attention. Additionally, we recommend that future studies conduct phytochemical investigations, particularly on the widely used medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrheal illnesses, which can serve as a foundation for future research into the development of contemporary drugs.

Background: Hypertension is responsible for many premature deaths worldwide. However, many individuals with hypertension remain undiagnosed. Tonga is one of the countries that has had a steep increase in hypertension, thus undiagnosed hypertension could also be increasing. Purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among Tongan adults.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used data collected from conveniently sampled 473 participants using electronic questionnaire and digital sphygmomanometer through household visits between February and March 2023. Inclusion criteria were age of 18-65 years, residence in the villages for at least six months, and not being pregnant. Fisher's exact test and mixed-effect logistic regression were performed using the EZR software to assess the association between undiagnosed hypertension and predictor variables.

Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 22.4% (106/473). Five variables that were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension in Fisher's exact test were included in the multivariate logistic regression. Overall, only three variables remained significant. First, participants who never had their blood pressure measured had higher prevalence compared to those who had it checked recently (33.3% vs. 19.1%); odds ratio: 2.24). Secondly, participants who were not aware of the risk of developing hypertension were significantly more likely to have undiagnosed hypertension compared to those who were aware (27.9% vs. 16.7%; odds ratio: 1.81). Lastly, middle-aged participants (30-49 years) and older (50-65 years), were significantly more likely to have undiagnosed hypertension compared to those who were 18-29 years old (30.0% and 23.7% vs. 11.8%; odds ratio: 3.58 and 3.38 vs. 1.00).

Conclusion: The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension could be substantial among Tongan adults, implicating a need to address this issue by doing further research and review current public health work to address hypertension in Tonga. Undiagnosed hypertension was associated with having no experience of blood pressure measurement, lack of awareness about hypertension, and age. Tongan government should provide people with more opportunities to have their blood pressure measured and to improve their awareness.

Background: Artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) for tuberculosis (TB) has become commercially available and several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of AI-CAD for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in clinical settings. However, little is known about its applicability to community-based active case-finding (ACF) for TB.

Methods: We analysed an anonymized data set obtained from a community-based ACF in Cambodia, targeting persons aged 55 years or over, persons with any TB symptoms, such as chronic cough, and persons at risk of TB, including household contacts. All of the participants in the ACF were screened by chest radiography (CXR) by Cambodian doctors, followed by Xpert test when they were eligible for sputum examination. Interpretation by an experienced chest physician and abnormality scoring by a newly developed AI-CAD were retrospectively conducted for the CXR images. With a reference of Xpert-positive TB or human interpretations, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the AI-CAD performance by area under the ROC curve (AUROC). In addition, its applicability to community-based ACFs in Cambodia was examined.

Results: TB scores of the AI-CAD were significantly associated with the CXR classifications as indicated by the severity of TB disease, and its AUROC as the bacteriological reference was 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.83-0.89). Using a threshold for triage purposes, the human reading and bacteriological examination needed fell to 21% and 15%, respectively, detecting 95% of Xpert-positive TB in ACF. For screening purposes, we could detect 98% of Xpert-positive TB cases.

Conclusions: AI-CAD is applicable to community-based ACF in high TB burden settings, where experienced human readers for CXR images are scarce. The use of AI-CAD in developing countries has the potential to expand CXR screening in community-based ACFs, with a substantial decrease in the workload on human readers and laboratory labour. Further studies are needed to generalize the results to other countries by increasing the sample size and comparing the AI-CAD performance with that of more human readers.

Background: Health-promoting schools (HPS) are acknowledged as a comprehensive approach to improving children's health and educational outcomes through learning and school life. Principals are key players in HPS implementation. However, concrete leadership practices in HPS in low- to middle-income countries have not been clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and generate themes surrounding the leadership practices of principals in implementation of school health in Indonesia, a predominantly Muslim country consisting of diverse religions that have expanded HPS at the national level.

Methods: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with the principals, teachers, parent representatives, and school board committee members in 10 target schools. FGDs were conducted with school health supervisory board members in Mataram City. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was undertaken to generate themes.

Results: The principals demonstrated leadership practices based on their religious beliefs, values, and morals. This may suggest that beliefs and morals support an understanding of their responsibility to ensure the well-being of all school community members, regardless of religion, in a diverse environment that is predominantly Muslim but also multicultural and multi-religious. Further, these beliefs and morals might reinforce implementation of school health. Importantly, the principals' coordination skills in cooperating with multiple sectors might contribute to successful implementation of school health. Also, principals emphasized they were tasked to develop capacity for implementation of school health. Thus, principals should understand leadership in the implementation of school health as their duty from the training stage to encourage health at the school level.

Conclusion: In this study, "have professional educators' beliefs and religious beliefs and Indonesia's morals" was generated as a new theme, whereas several common themes were found as in previous studies. The results of this study suggested the importance of leadership by principals in the implementation of school health. Strengthening the capacity of school principals by integrating the contents of school health leadership practice into pre- and in-service training through the development of a policy on principals' duties in school health might contribute to the successful implementation of school health.

Background: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are a public health concern in endemic areas. For efficient control, the epidemiology of the disease needs to be monitored. This report assesses the prevalence, incidence, post-treatment infection (PTI) rate, and risk factors for STH infections in two rural areas of Gabon.

Method: In this longitudinal and prospective study, participants aged six to 30 years from the vicinity of Lambaréné and selected households using a simple randomization process were included and followed in two consecutive periods of six and nine months. Stool samples were obtained at the beginning and the end of each follow-up phase (FUP). The Kato-Katz technique was used for the detection of STH eggs, while the Harada-Mori technique and coproculture were used for the detection of larvae in stool processed within a maximum of four hours of collection. Prevalence was determined at the three main time points of the study, incidence was assessed during the two study phases, and PTI was defined as an infection detected nine months post-treatment.

Results: A total of 262 participants were included. The overall prevalence of STH infections was 42% (95%CI: 34-50) and 44% (95%CI: 37-51) at baseline for the six and nine month FUPs, respectively. Trichuris trichiura was the most prevalent species at each time point of assessment. The cumulative incidence of STH at the 6- and 9-month follow-ups was 18% (95%CI: 12-27) and 35% (95%CI: 27-43), respectively, while the incidence rates were 41 (95%CI: 28-55) and 56 (95%CI: 46-67) per 100 person-years, respectively. The PTI rates at the 9-month follow-up for T. trichiura, hookworm, and Ascaris lumbricoides were 58% (95%CI: 41-74), 31% (95%CI: 11-59) and 18% (95%CI: 5-40), respectively. The STH infection intensity was generally light.

Conclusion: The prevalence level of STH infection is moderate in the vicinity of Lambaréné, with T. trichiura being the most prevalent species. Our results reveal a rapid spread of the disease in the population mainly following intervention, particularly for trichuriasis, and therefore call for the full implementation of the World Health Organization's recommendations in the area. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT02769013. Registered 21 April 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02769013.

Background: The institutional delivery dropout (IDD) is a major problem that disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It is associated with increased risks of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women. Hence, this study assessed the pooled estimate and determinants of IDD after antenatal care (ANC) visit among women in LMICs.

Method: The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 29 LMICs were used for this study. Data analysis was performed with STATA version 14. The forest plot was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of IDD. Multilevel binary logistic regression was fitted to identify determinants of IDD. The statistical significance level between the outcome and independent variables was determined through the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI and p-value less than 0.05.

Result: The pooled prevalence of IDD after ANC booking among reproductive age women in LMICs was 22.25% (95%CI: 18.25, 26.25). Additionally, the prevalence of IDD was highest (29.83%) among women from the South and Central Europe and the Caribbean countries and lowest (13.72%) in Central/Western Asia and the Oceania. In the multilevel analysis; no education (AOR = 2.92; 95% CI: 2.72, 3.13), poorest wealth index (AOR = 3.46; 95% CI: 3.28, 3.66), inadequate ANC visits (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.39, 1.77), no media exposure (AOR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.30), rural (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.43, 1.54), distance a big problem (AOR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.31), and women located in the South/Eastern Europe and Caribbean region 6.67 (AOR = 6.67; 95% CI: 6.20, 7.20), women lived in low-income countries 7.05 (AOR = 7.05; 95% CI: 6.57, 7.56), and women from lower middle-income countries 5.34 (AOR = 5.57; 95% CI: 4.93, 5.78), had increased odds of IDD after ANC among women in LMICs. However, women who had ever born one child (AOR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.31), and women from Central and Western Asia and the Oceania (AOR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.74, 0.82) had decreased odds of IDD.

Conclusion: The IDD was high among women in LMICs and significantly increased among women with no education, from poorest household, had inadequate ANC visit, no media exposure, rural, distance a big problem. Hence, interventions to reduce IDD should focus on addressing the gaps related to maternal education, access to media, and number of ANC visits among women in LMICs.

Background: Preventive chemotherapy with a single dose of praziquantel given to an all-at-risk population through mass drug administration is the cornerstone intervention to control and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem. This intervention mainly targets school age children, and pre-school age children (pre-SAC) are excluded from receiving preventive chemotherapy, partly due to scarcity of data on praziquantel treatment outcomes.

Methods: We conducted active efficacy and safety surveillance of praziquantel treatment among 240 Schistosoma mansoni-infected pre-SAC who received a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) in southern Ethiopia. The study outcomes were egg reduction rates (ERR) and cure rates (CRs) four weeks after treatment using the Kato-Katz technique and treatment-associated adverse events (AEs) that occurred within 8 days post-treatment.

Results: The overall ERR was 93.3% (WHO reference threshold ≥ 90%), while the CR was 85.2% (95% CI = 80.0-89.5%). Baseline S. mansoni infection intensity was significantly associated with CRs, 100% among light infected than moderate (83.4%) or heavy (29.4%) infected children. An increase of 100 in baseline S. mansoni egg count per gram of stool resulted in a 26% (95% CI: 17%, 34%) reduction in the odds of cure. The incidence of experiencing at least one type of AE was 23.1% (95% CI: 18.0%, 29.0%). Stomachache, diarrhea, and nausea were the most common AEs. AEs were mild-to-moderate grade and transient. Pre-treatment moderate (ARR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.69, 6.14) or heavy infection intensity (ARR = 6.5, 95% CI: 3.62, 11.52) was a significant predictor of AEs (p < 0.001). Sex, age, or soil-transmitted helminth coinfections were not significant predictors of CR or AEs.

Conclusions: Single-dose praziquantel is tolerable and effective against S. mansoni infection among pre-SAC, and associated AEs are mostly mild-to-moderate and transient. However, the reduced CR in heavily infected and AEs in one-fourth of S. mansoni-infected pre-SAC underscores the need for safety and efficacy monitoring, especially in moderate-to-high infection settings. Integrating pre-SACs in the national deworming programs is recommended to accelerate the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem.