Tropical Science最新文献

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The biology, ecology and economic importance of the pink scavenger caterpillar Pyroderces rileyi (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) on banana in Jamaica 牙买加香蕉粉红食腐毛虫的生物学、生态学和经济意义

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.217

E. Garraway, Dc Henry, B. Critchley

The pink scavenger caterpillar Pyroderces rileyi Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) is a recent pest of bananas in Jamaica. The larval faecal pellets result in scarring of the banana fruit. The pest occurs on several crops, including cotton, sorghum and maize, across the world. Its biology in Jamaica, food plant preferences and impact of the recommended control method are examined. Adult trapping methods are investigated. Development from egg to adult took an average of approximately 37 days. The number of larvae increases with the age of the bunch, probably due to decreased amounts of latex as the bunch matures. Adult male moths were caught using traps baited with (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as a pheromone lure. Pheromone lures based on a related species, P. simplex Walsingham, were tested but a second minor (< 10%) component, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, present in P. simplex did not appreciably enhance the attractancy of the acetate component. Deflowering was effective as a control measure, significantly reducing adult numbers as well as the level of scarring. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

粉红食腐毛虫(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)是牙买加最近发生的香蕉害虫。幼虫粪便颗粒会在香蕉果实上留下疤痕。这种害虫发生在世界各地的几种作物上，包括棉花、高粱和玉米。它在牙买加的生物学，食用植物的偏好和推荐的控制方法的影响进行了检查。研究了诱捕成虫的方法。从卵到成虫平均需要37天。幼虫的数量随着束的年龄而增加，可能是由于束成熟时乳胶量减少。采用以(E)-11-十四烯乙酸酯为饵的诱捕器诱捕成年雄蛾。对一种亲缘种单形假蝇(P. simplex Walsingham)的信息素诱饵进行了试验，但单形假蝇中存在的第二种次要成分(< 10%)(E)-11-十四烯-1-醇)并没有明显增强醋酸成分的吸引力。除花是有效的控制措施，可显著减少成虫数量和疤痕水平。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 0

Soil respiration curves as soil fertility indicators in perennial central Amazonian plantations treated with charcoal, and mineral or organic fertilisers 土壤呼吸曲线作为多年生亚马孙河中部人工林的土壤肥力指标，分别施用木炭、矿物或有机肥

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.216

C. Steiner, Murilo Rodrigues de Arruda, W. Teixeira, W. Zech

We assessed substrate-induced respiration and soil chemical properties in order to study the influence of charcoal, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation on two different perennial crops in a confounded factorial design on a highly weathered Amazonian upland soil. Each plantation tested three different factors in three different levels making up 27 (33) treatment combinations. Whereas the banana plantation received mineral fertilisation in addition to charcoal applications (3rd factor), the guarana (Paullinia cupana) plantation was fertilised organically using chicken manure and bone meal as the corresponding factors. Charcoal increased pH, total nitrogen, availability of sodium, zinc, manganese, copper and soil humidity, and decreased aluminium availability and acidity in the mineral-fertilised plantation only. This caused a significant increase in basal respiration and microbial efficiency in terms of carbon dioxide release per microbial carbon in the soil. The microbial biomass, efficiency and population growth after substrate addition was significantly increased with increasing levels of organic fertiliser amendments. We conclude that charcoal is a valuable component especially in inorganic-fertilised agricultural systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

为了研究木炭、氮和磷施肥对两种不同多年生作物的影响，我们采用混合因子设计，在高度风化的亚马逊高地土壤中评估了基质诱导的呼吸和土壤化学性质。每个人工林在三个不同的水平上测试了三个不同的因子，构成27(33)个处理组合。香蕉种植园在木炭施用的基础上进行了矿物施肥(第三因子)，瓜拉那(Paullinia cupana)种植园则采用鸡粪和骨粉作为相应因子进行有机施肥。木炭增加了pH值、总氮、钠、锌、锰、铜的有效性和土壤湿度，降低了铝的有效性和酸度。就土壤中每个微生物碳的二氧化碳释放而言，这导致了基础呼吸和微生物效率的显著增加。随着有机肥添加量的增加，基质添加后的微生物生物量、效率和种群生长均显著增加。我们得出结论，木炭是一种有价值的成分，特别是在无机施肥的农业系统中。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 69

Diagnosis, occurrence and seed transmission studies of viruses infecting four Centrosema species in Nigeria 尼日利亚四种中心花蝇病毒的诊断、发生和种子传播研究

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.218

O. Odedara, J. Hughes, E. Ayo-John

In a survey to detect viruses affecting Centrosema species in two agroecological zones in Nigeria (the derived and northern guinea savanna zones: DSZ and NGSZ), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of leaf samples of four species (C. brasilianum, C. pascuorum, C. pubescens and C. macrocarpum) revealed infections of two Potyviruses – Bean common mosaic virus and Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus – and three Comoviruses – Cowpea mosaic virus, Cowpea severe mosaic virus and Bean pod mottle virus. Other viruses detected included: a Carmovirus, Cowpea mottle virus; a Cucumovirus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV); a Sobemovirus, Southern bean mosaic virus; and a Tobamovirus known as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While no viruses were detected in leaf samples of C. brasilianum and C. pubescens collected from NGSZ, leaf samples of the same species collected from DSZ were highly infected, with the former being infected with seven viruses and the latter with all nine viruses tested for. Seed transmission studies of these viruses in Centrosema species showed CMV to be the most frequently detected, followed by TMV, and four different viruses were found in seeds of C. brasilianum in DSZ. The paper discusses the implications of these results for cropping of Centrosema legumes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

在尼日利亚两个农业生态区(衍生区和北几内亚热带草原区:DSZ和NGSZ)检测影响中心花楸属植物的病毒的一项调查中，酶联免疫吸附法检测了四种植物的叶片样本(巴西芽孢杆菌、帕桑芽孢杆菌、短毛芽孢杆菌和大carpum芽孢杆菌)，发现感染了两种potyvirus(豌豆普通花叶病毒和豇豆蚜虫传播的花叶病毒)和三种comovirus(豇豆花叶病毒、豇豆严重花叶病毒和豆荚斑纹病毒)。检测到的其他病毒包括:卡莫病毒、豇豆斑驳病毒;黄瓜病毒，黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV);南豆花叶病毒;以及一种被称为烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的多巴胺病毒。虽然在NGSZ采集的巴西香椿和短毛香椿叶片样品中未检测到病毒，但在DSZ采集的同一种叶片样品中，前者感染了7种病毒，后者感染了所有9种病毒。这些病毒的种子传播研究表明，CMV是最常见的，其次是TMV，并且在DSZ的巴西栗种子中发现了四种不同的病毒。本文讨论了这些研究结果对豆花苜蓿种植的意义。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 5

Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of three botanical sources of ω‐3 fatty acid planted in the Yungas ecosystem of tropical Argentina 阿根廷热带Yungas生态系统中三种植物源ω - 3脂肪酸的种子产量、含油量和脂肪酸组成

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.211

R. Ayerza, W. Coates

Studies have shown that the fatty acid composition of oils consumed can affect the risk of cardiovascular heart disease, and many consumers are therefore looking for sources of ω-3 fatty acids. Three herbs of the family Lamiaceae, chia (Salvia hispanica L.), golden chia (Salvia columbariae Benth.) and winter savory (Satureja montana L.), all of which produce seeds rich in ω-3 fatty acid, were planted in northwestern Argentina to determine their production potential in terms of seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition. Chia seed had the highest oil content (29.9%), followed by golden chia (21.0%) and winter savory (8.0%). All three crops exhibited similar fatty acid profiles, with α-linolenic ω-3 fatty acid being the largest component. Golden chia had the highest α-linolenic fatty acid content: 17% and 11% more than chia and winter savory, respectively. Golden chia's shattering, however, is a major disadvantage for commercial production, making this the least attractive crop of the three. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

研究表明，食用的油脂的脂肪酸组成会影响患心血管心脏病的风险，因此许多消费者正在寻找ω-3脂肪酸的来源。在阿根廷西北部种植了三种Lamiaceae草本植物——奇亚(Salvia hispanica L.)、金奇亚(Salvia columbariae Benth.)和冬香(Satureja montana L.)，它们的种子都富含ω-3脂肪酸，从种子产量、含油量和脂肪酸组成等方面确定了它们的生产潜力。奇亚籽含油量最高(29.9%)，其次是金奇亚籽(21.0%)和冬香籽(8.0%)。3种作物的脂肪酸分布相似，α-亚麻酸ω-3脂肪酸含量最高。金奇亚α-亚麻酸脂肪酸含量最高，分别比奇亚和冬香高17%和11%。然而，金花的破碎是商业生产的主要缺点，使其成为三种作物中最不吸引人的作物。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 15

Green‐maize potential of hybrid and open‐pollinated cultivars at varying levels of applied nitrogen: relationship with grain yield 不同施氮水平下杂交和开放授粉品种绿玉米潜力:与籽粒产量的关系

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.208

SK Kim, V. Adetimirin, S. Yoon, M. Adepoju, B. Gbadamosi

Two sets (white- and yellow-kernelled) of six cultivars of field-maize, each comprising three hybrids and three open-pollinated (OP) varieties, were evaluated for green-maize productivity under three levels of nitrogen fertilisation (0, 60 and 120 kg ha−1) at two locations in southwestern Nigeria. The relationship between green-maize and grain yield was also investigated. Numbers of marketable ears and marketable-ear yield were significantly correlated. Green-maize traits and grain yields showed different responses to increased nitrogen fertiliser application: grain yield was significantly greater at 120 kg ha−1 than at 60 kg ha−1 whereas marketable-ear yield was not significantly changed by the higher rate. The hybrids showed higher green-maize and grain yield responses than the OPs to fertiliser application. At 60 kg ha−1 nitrogen application, marketable-ear yield averaged 0.620 kg m−2 and 0.567 kg m−2 for white hybrids and OPs, respectively, and 0.576 kg m−2 and 0.439 kg m−2 for yellow hybrids and OPs. Marketable-ear yield was significantly correlated with grain yield for both the white and yellow cultivars. Regressions of grain yield on marketable-ear yield were significant and such regression equations can thus be used to estimate marketable-ear yield potential from grain yield data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

在尼日利亚西南部的两个地点，在三种氮肥水平(0,60和120 kg ha - 1)下，对两组(白粒和黄粒)6个大田玉米品种(每个品种包括3个杂交品种和3个开放授粉品种)的绿玉米产量进行了评估。研究了绿玉米与籽粒产量的关系。售穗数与售穗产量呈极显著相关。施氮量增加对绿玉米性状和籽粒产量有不同的影响:施氮肥120 kg ha - 1时籽粒产量显著高于施氮肥60 kg ha - 1时的籽粒产量，而施氮肥对商品穗产量无显著影响。杂交种对化肥施用的绿玉米和籽粒产量的响应均高于普通杂交种。在60 kg ha - 1施氮条件下，白色杂交种和OPs的可售穗平均产量分别为0.620 kg m - 2和0.567 kg m - 2，黄色杂交种和OPs的平均产量分别为0.576 kg m - 2和0.439 kg m - 2。白、黄品种的商品穗产量与籽粒产量呈显著相关。籽粒产量对售穗产量的回归显著，可用于从籽粒产量数据中估计售穗产量潜力。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 2

Changes in the thiamine and riboflavin contents of rice during artisanal parboiling in Ghana 加纳手工煮米过程中大米中硫胺素和核黄素含量的变化

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.215

JT Manful, A. Swetman, R. Coker, A. Drunis

Rice samples mildly parboiled at various combinations of soaking temperatures and steaming times were analysed for their thiamine and riboflavin contents. The relative parboiling index was calculated and this provided a reliable measure of the overall effects of different conditions on the degree of parboiling. The thiamine content of parboiled rice samples increased gradually as parboiling intensity was increased from initial soaking temperature at 30°C and steaming for 4 min to soaking at 70°C and steaming for 12 min. There was a sharper rise in thiamine when the soaking temperature was increased to 90°C, and the sample that was steamed for 12 min after soaking at 90°C had a thiamine content of 0.612 µg g−1. The level of riboflavin also initially increased with parboiling, but it peaked at 0.278 µg g−1 in the sample that was soaked at 70°C and steamed for 12 min, and then decreased as parboiling intensity was increased further. The commercially parboiled rice sample had a riboflavin content of 0.206 µg g−1. This pattern of change in riboflavin levels with parboiling was probably due to thermal breakdown of the vitamin at higher soaking temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

对不同浸泡温度和蒸煮时间下轻度半煮大米样品的硫胺素和核黄素含量进行了分析。计算了相对过沸指数，这为不同条件对过沸程度的总体影响提供了可靠的度量。从初始浸泡温度为30℃，蒸4 min到浸泡温度为70℃，蒸12 min，随着蒸煮强度的增加，半熟大米样品的硫胺素含量逐渐增加。当浸泡温度提高到90℃时，硫胺素的含量上升幅度更大，90℃浸泡后蒸12 min的样品硫胺素含量为0.612µg g−1。核黄素的含量也随着过煮而增加，但在70℃浸泡、蒸12 min时达到峰值，为0.278µg g−1，随后随着过煮强度的增加而下降。商业蒸熟大米样品的核黄素含量为0.206µg g−1。这种核黄素水平的变化模式可能是由于维生素在较高的浸泡温度下的热分解。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 12

On-farm evaluation of methods for storing fresh sweet potato roots in East Africa 东非储存新鲜甘薯根方法的农场评价

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.214

K. Tomlins, G. Ndunguru, F. Kimenya, T. Ngendello, E. Rwiza, R. Amour, Q. V. Oirschot, A. Westby

Methods for sweet potato storage, previously developed at a research station, were tested on-farm by subsistence farmers in Lake Zone, Tanzania. On-farm testing confirmed that the methods were suitable but indicated that practical and simple improvements were necessary, without which losses in the proportion of market-quality roots from the store could be as high as 79%. These practical improvements were mainly concerned with the position of stores on the farms. The addition of a new step, dehaulming, improved the recovery of market-quality roots by 48%. However, although the storage methods were developed in order to improve farmer income, most farmers said they would use the stored roots as a subsistence staple for household food security. Variations among the farmers in their attitudes to storing sweet potato suggest that, when transferring methods from the research station to the farm, it is necessary to target those most able to adopt the approach. Additionally, the farmers considered that local market traders may not be keen to sell stored roots. Therefore, other actors in the value chain, such as market traders and consumers, ought to be included in the process of transferring methods from the research station to the farm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

以前在一个研究站开发的甘薯储存方法由坦桑尼亚Lake Zone的自给农民在农场上进行了试验。农场测试证实了这些方法是合适的，但表明有必要进行实际和简单的改进，否则商店中市场质量根的比例损失可能高达79%。这些实际的改进主要与农场上仓库的位置有关。增加了一个新的步骤，脱毛，使市场质量根的回收率提高了48%。然而，尽管开发储存方法是为了提高农民的收入，但大多数农民表示，他们将使用储存的根作为家庭粮食安全的基本主食。农民对储存甘薯的不同态度表明，当把方法从研究站转移到农场时，有必要针对那些最有能力采用这种方法的人。此外，农民认为当地市场的商人可能不热衷于出售储存的根。因此，价值链中的其他参与者，如市场贸易商和消费者，应该包括在将方法从研究站转移到农场的过程中。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 19

Effect of roasting time and storage time on sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of peanut butters in southern Africa 烘焙时间和储存时间对南部非洲花生酱感官属性和消费者接受度的影响

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.210

K. Tomlins, T. Rukuni, A. Mutungamiri, Sheila Mandeya, A. Swetman

This study explored how sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of peanut butters varied with differing roasting times (40 to 55 min) and storage times (up to 48 weeks) for shelf-life testing. Quantitative descriptive analysis generated sensory terms that were appropriate to the local situation. Increased roasting time was associated with the sensory attributes brown colour, roasted taste and burnt taste. Consumer acceptance varied among consumers with two preferred roasting times of either 40 min (67% of consumers) or 50 min (23% of consumers). This was related to distinct peanut flavour profiles. During the storage study of five selected butters consumer acceptability did not alter with storage period. Sensory testing, however, was more sensitive to product changes: sensory attributes that varied with storage were sticky texture, stale odour and sweetness.

本研究探讨了不同烘焙时间(40至55分钟)和保存时间(长达48周)对花生酱的感官属性和消费者接受度的影响。定量描述性分析产生了适合当地情况的感官术语。烘烤时间的延长与褐色、烘烤味和焦味的感官属性有关。消费者的接受程度各不相同，消费者喜欢的烘焙时间为40分钟(67%的消费者)或50分钟(23%的消费者)。这与花生独特的风味特征有关。在对5种黄油的贮存研究中，消费者的接受度没有随贮存时间的变化而变化。然而，感官测试对产品的变化更敏感:随着储存的不同，感官属性的变化是粘性质地、不新鲜的气味和甜味。

引用次数: 11

Nutritive value of different varieties and morphological fractions of oats harvested at the soft dough stage 不同品种及软面团期燕麦形态组分的营养价值

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.213

Fekede Feyissa, A. Tolera, S. Melaku

Chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were measured in whole forage and morphological fractions of 20 varieties of oats (Avena sativa) harvested at the soft dough stage. Among the varieties, crude protein (CP) varied from 48 to 76 g kg−1 dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from 586 to 683 g kg−1 DM, acid detergent fibre (ADF) from 370 to 482 g kg−1 DM and lignin from 54 to 83 g kg−1 DM. The IVOMD of the whole forage ranged from 43 to 62%. Among the morphological fractions, leaf blades had the highest CP content and IVOMD, whereas the fibre constituents (NDF, ADF and lignin) were highest in the stems. The results revealed considerable variation in chemical composition and IVOMD among the oat varieties and morphological fractions. This implies that there are opportunities for improving forage production and quality from oats through appropriate exploitation of varietal differences. However, manipulation of management practices (such as choice of harvesting stage, use of mixed cropping with compatible legumes and fertiliser application) may still be needed for further improvement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

测定了20个品种软面团期燕麦的全饲和形态组分的化学成分和体外有机物消化率(IVOMD)。粗蛋白质(CP)含量在48 ~ 76 g kg - 1干物质(DM)之间，中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量在586 ~ 683 g kg - 1 DM之间，酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量在370 ~ 482 g kg - 1 DM之间，木质素含量在54 ~ 83 g kg - 1 DM之间。全草的IVOMD为43% ~ 62%。各形态组分中，叶片CP含量和IVOMD含量最高，茎部纤维成分(NDF、ADF和木质素)含量最高。结果表明，不同燕麦品种和形态组分的化学成分和IVOMD存在较大差异。这意味着，通过适当利用品种差异，有机会提高燕麦的饲料产量和质量。然而，为了进一步改进，可能仍然需要操纵管理实践(例如选择收获阶段，使用与兼容豆类和施肥的混合种植)。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 7

Agronomic and nutritional characteristics of fourteen Ghanaian groundnut varieties 14个加纳花生品种的农艺和营养特性

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.209

A. Frimpong, P. N. Johnson, E. Baidoo

The growth and yield parameters of 14 groundnut varieties were evaluated at three locations in Ghana, and key physical and nutritional characteristics of the grains were measured and compared. Kernel yields ranged from 940 kg ha−1 to 1463 kg ha−1. Grain length and 100-grain mass were not consistently and strongly correlated, and the inconsistency may be partly due to differences in oil content, which has implications for processing of the different varieties. The protein content of the varieties ranged from 25.6% to 29.6% and many of the varieties would be suitable for dietary protein supplementation. No variety scored consistently highly for all characteristics, but varieties CSTV404MB and CS-49 grew very well, and had high protein contents and moderately high oil contents, so they can be recommended for oil extraction and protein supplementation of local diets low in protein. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

在加纳的三个地点对14个花生品种的生长和产量参数进行了评估，并对籽粒的主要物理和营养特性进行了测量和比较。籽粒产量在940 ~ 1463 kg ha - 1之间。籽粒长与百粒质量的相关性不一致且不强，其部分原因可能是含油量的差异，这对不同品种的加工具有指导意义。各品种蛋白质含量在25.6% ~ 29.6%之间，许多品种适合作为饲粮蛋白质补充。没有一个品种在所有性状上取得一致的高得分，但品种CSTV404MB和CS-49生长良好，蛋白质含量高，油脂含量中等，可作为当地低蛋白质饲粮的提油和补充蛋白质的推荐品种。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 1

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