Tropical Science最新文献

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Genetic improvement of the Kenya Dual Purpose goat: Influence of economic values and prospects for a practical breeding programme 肯尼亚双重用途山羊的遗传改良:经济价值的影响和实际育种计划的前景

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.204

R. Bett, I. Kosgey, B. Bebe, A. Kahi

This study determined the influence of economic values on genetic gain and explored the prospects for a practical breeding programme for the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat. The economic values for production traits (live weight (direct), live eight (maternal), milk yield and consumable meat) and functional traits (doe weight, number of kids weaned, kidding frequency and rate, doe weaning and survival rate, pre- and post-weaning survival rate, and residual feed intake for yearlings and does) in the breeding goal addressed the smallholder production system. There was a potential for genetic progress in the breeding-goal traits even by using simple selection criteria. In the breeding programme, the predicted genetic gains per year for milk yield were 0.737 and 0.047 kg for the sires of sires and dams of dams pathways, respectively. The required population size of 2500 does in the nucleus would be attained within ten years after the start of the breeding programme. The availability of a simple breeding programme for the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat offers enormous opportunities for private large-scale flocks or for flocks owned by parastatal or research organisations to exploit genetic and economic benefits from the breeding programme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

这项研究确定了经济价值对遗传增益的影响，并探讨了肯尼亚双用途山羊实际育种方案的前景。在养殖目标中，生产性状(活重(直接)、活重(母)、产奶量和食用肉)和功能性状(母鹿体重、断奶幼仔数、打杂频率和发生率、母鹿断奶和存活率、断奶前后存活率、幼鹿和母鹿的剩余采食量)的经济价值是针对小农生产系统的。即使使用简单的选择标准，也有可能在育种目标性状上取得遗传进展。在育种方案中，预测的sires of sires和dams of dams途径的年产奶量遗传增益分别为0.737和0.047 kg。在育种计划开始后的十年内，核心区将达到所需的2500只种群规模。肯尼亚双重用途山羊的简单育种计划为私人大规模羊群或半国有或研究组织拥有的羊群提供了巨大的机会，可以从育种计划中获得遗传和经济利益。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 15

Spatial and temporal aspects of agricultural sustainability in the semi‐arid tropics: a case study in Mbeere district, Eastern Kenya 半干旱热带地区农业可持续性的时空方面:肯尼亚东部Mbeere地区的案例研究

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.207

D. Onduru, C. C. Preez

A study was conducted in the semi-arid Mbeere district, Eastern Kenya, to determine spatial and temporal variability of crop yields and climatic factors and their impacts on sustainability of semi-arid agriculture. Spatial aspects were assessed by conducting a survey of on-farm crop yields and using a computer model (QUEFTS) to predict maize yields from soil chemical indices. Temporal aspects were studied using time-series data (rainfall, temperature and crop yields). The study did not find a significant correlation between farmers' actual yields and QUEFTS predictions, and soil nutrients were thus not the only factors influencing maize yields in the study area. Other yield-reducing factors (climate and management) not accounted for in the QUEFTS model played a role. Grain yields of staple food crops were highly variable, fluctuating in time and space, and suboptimal. Particular aspects of rainfall (e.g. the short rains, for cowpeas and beans) were more important than mean annual rainfall in determining crop yields, and factors other than rainfall and soil fertility apparently played a role. The observed low grain yields, large yield gaps and high rainfall variability challenge the sustainability of these farming systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

在肯尼亚东部半干旱的Mbeere地区进行了一项研究，以确定作物产量和气候因素的时空变异及其对半干旱农业可持续性的影响。通过对农田作物产量进行调查，并利用计算机模型(QUEFTS)根据土壤化学指标预测玉米产量，对空间方面进行了评估。使用时间序列数据(降雨、温度和作物产量)研究时间方面。该研究没有发现农民的实际产量与QUEFTS预测之间存在显著相关性，因此土壤养分不是影响研究区域玉米产量的唯一因素。在QUEFTS模型中没有考虑到的其他减产因素(气候和管理)也发挥了作用。主粮作物产量变化较大，时空波动较大，属于次优产量。在决定作物产量方面，降雨的特定方面(例如，豇豆和豆类的短雨)比年平均降雨量更重要，而降雨量和土壤肥力以外的因素显然也起了作用。观测到的低粮食产量、大产量缺口和高降雨变率对这些耕作系统的可持续性构成挑战。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 14

Milk production and reproductive performance of Sahiwal cattle in semi‐arid Kenya 肯尼亚半干旱地区Sahiwal牛的产奶量和繁殖性能

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.205

E. Ilatsia, T. Muasya, W. B. Muhuyi, A. Kahi

The aim of this study was to evaluate milk production and reproductive performance of Sahiwal cattle in semi-arid Kenya. Milk production traits considered were lactation milk yield, lactation length and test-day milk yield, while reproductive traits included age at first calving, calving interval and number of services per conception. Various fixed effects affected performance of milk production and reproductive traits to varying significance levels. The mean estimates for milk production traits were 1368 kg, 282 days and 4.9 kg for lactation milk yield, lactation length and test-day milk yield, respectively. For reproductive traits, mean estimates were 468 days, 2.2 and 1345 days for calving interval, number of services per conception and age at first calving, respectively. There was a decline in lactation milk yield and lactation length, and an increase in calving interval and age at first calving over the years. Satisfactory management and appropriate genetic improvement strategies would result in improved performance. Implications of the results for genetic improvement of the breed in Kenya are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

本研究的目的是评估半干旱肯尼亚Sahiwal牛的产奶量和繁殖性能。考虑的产奶量性状包括泌乳量、泌乳时长和试验日产奶量，而生殖性状包括首次产犊年龄、产犊间隔和每次受胎次数。各种固定效应对奶牛产奶量和繁殖性状的影响有不同程度的显著性。泌乳量、泌乳时长和试验日产奶量的平均估计值分别为1368 kg、282 d和4.9 kg。在生殖性状方面，产犊间隔、每次受胎次数和首次产犊年龄的平均估计分别为468天、2.2天和1345天。泌乳量和泌乳时长逐年下降，产犊间隔和初产犊龄逐年增加。满意的管理和适当的遗传改良策略将导致性能的提高。讨论了结果对肯尼亚品种遗传改良的影响。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 16

Inheritance of resistance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the pod‐sucking bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) 豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)对吸豆荚虫(半翅目:绒蚧科)抗性的遗传

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.206

G. Olatunde, Ia Biobaku, D. Ojo, O. Pitan, E. Adegbite

Inheritance of resistance in cowpea to Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal was studied on F1, F2 and F3 generations produced from crosses made between Ife Brown, a susceptible cultivar (PS), and TVu 3354, a resistant variety (PR), on the pods of which freshly emerged nymphs of C. tomentosicollis were caged. Nymphal weight gain was significantly higher (p < 0.05) on PS. There were no significant differences between the weight gains of nymphs that fed on F1, F2 and F3 pods. Insect mortality was significantly higher on PR (86.7%) and the F2 (70.0%) generation. Total nymphal development period was significantly longer on PR (15.0 days) while that on F1 and F2 generations was significantly longer than on the F3 generation. Nymphal survival and adult emergence were observed on eight plants out of 60 and 19 plants out of 80 from the F2 and F3 generations, respectively. Broad-sense heritability estimates were 90.3% and 94.3% for the F2 and F3 generations, respectively. The results clearly indicated that TVu 3354 has highly heritable resistance to C. tomentosicollis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

用易感品种Ife Brown (PS)与抗性品种TVu 3354 (PR)杂交的F1、F2和F3代豇豆对毛囊线虫抗性的遗传特性进行了研究，并将新出的毛囊线虫若虫圈养在荚果上。采食PS的若虫增重显著高于(p < 0.05)，采食F1、F2和F3荚果的若虫增重差异不显著。PR代(86.7%)和F2代(70.0%)的昆虫死亡率显著高于F2代(70.0%)。PR代的总若虫发育期显著长于F3代(15.0 d)， F1和F2代显著长于F3代。F2代60株中有8株成虫存活，F3代80株中有19株成虫羽化。广义遗传力估计F2代和F3代分别为90.3%和94.3%。结果表明，TVu 3354对绒毛虫病具有高度的遗传抗性。版权所有©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 5

Gross anatomy and characteristics of the reproductive system of the land snail Archachatina marginata ovum (Pfeiffer) during the breeding season 繁殖季节地螺卵的大体解剖及生殖系统特征

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.197

R. Egonmwan

The changes that occurred in the reproductive system during the breeding season of the land snail Archachatina marginata ovum (Pfeiffer) were investigated from April to July 2005 in collections obtained from snail hunters. These changes were divided into four stages (juvenile stage, mating readiness, egg production and post reproductive), which are described. The observations on the changes in the reproductive organs of A. marginata ovum suggest that the adult population is vulnerable during the breeding season. Management guidelines that will enhance commercial production of the snails are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

引用次数: 2

Marketing margin and determinants of net returns of beef marketing in southeast Nigeria 尼日利亚东南部牛肉市场营销利润和净收益的决定因素

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.201

C. Eze

This study examined: the marketing costs, margins and returns of retailed beef meat in southeast Nigeria; factors influencing the traders' net returns; problems associated with marketing of beef; and the socio-economic characteristics of respondent traders. Sixty respondents were selected at random, with 20 respondents from each of three purposively selected markets in the study area. A structured interview schedule and personal observations were sources of primary data. The field data were analysed using cost-return principles, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. The gross margin for trading was 9,790 (=US$81.58) per 250 kg dressed meat, with a net return of 8,605 (=US$71.71) and an average sales receipt of 78,400 (= US$653.33). The cost of meat, transport costs, other costs (garage fees, storage, taxes), experience in the trade and level of education significantly (p < 0.05) affected the traders' net returns. Insufficient capital, inadequate stock supply, high transport cost and storage were identified as the major problems associated with meat trading in the study area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

本研究考察了尼日利亚东南部零售牛肉的营销成本、利润和回报;影响交易者净收益的因素;与牛肉销售有关的问题;以及被调查者的社会经济特征。随机选择60名受访者，其中20名受访者来自研究区域中三个有目的地选择的市场。结构化的访谈时间表和个人观察是原始数据的来源。采用成本回报原则、多元回归分析和描述性统计对现场数据进行分析。交易毛利率为每250公斤屠宰肉9790美元(= 81.58美元)，净收益为8605美元(= 71.71美元)，平均销售收入为78,400美元(= 653.33美元)。肉类成本、运输成本、其他成本(车库费、仓储费、税费)、贸易经验和文化程度显著影响交易者的净收益(p < 0.05)。资本不足、库存供应不足、运输和储存费用高被确定为研究地区肉类贸易的主要问题。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 4

Survival and transmission of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum from naturally infected common bean seeds to the seedlings 普通豆自然侵染后炭疽病菌的存活及向幼苗的传播

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.202

M. Yesuf, S. Sangchote

Surveys were made of major seed-borne fungi associated with seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in different bean-growing areas of Ethiopia. Field and laboratory experiments were also carried out during the 2003 and 2004 crop seasons to study the survival and transmission of bean anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum to the seedlings. The major seed-borne fungi associated with common bean seeds were Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Phaeoisariopsis griseola and Ascochyta phaseolorum. Bean anthracnose survived in infected seeds but not in the soil, and the primary source of bean anthracnose infection in the field was from infected seeds. Seed infection of common beans by bean anthracnose resulted in both pre-emergence and post-emergence mortality of bean seedlings. A significant positive relationship was found between the levels of primary seed infection and seedling infection in the field. Further development of bean anthracnose in the field was influenced by weather variables (rainfall, number of rainy days, humidity and temperature). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

对埃塞俄比亚不同豆区普通豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L)种子相关的主要种传真菌进行了调查。在2003年和2004年两季进行了大田和室内试验，研究了大豆炭疽病病原菌lindemuthianum在幼苗上的存活和传播情况。与普通豆种子相关的主要种传真菌有炭疽菌(Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)、灰绿褐毛菌(Phaeoisariopsis grisiseola)和phaseolorum。大豆炭疽病在侵染种子中存活，但在土壤中不存活，田间侵染大豆炭疽病的主要来源是侵染种子。赤豆种子侵染赤豆炭疽病可导致赤豆苗期出生前和出生前死亡。田间初代种子侵染水平与幼苗侵染水平呈显著正相关。大豆炭疽病在田间的进一步发展受天气变量(降雨量、阴雨天数、湿度和温度)的影响。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 24

Clonal propagation in cashew (Anacardium occidentale): effect of rooting media on the rootability and sprouting of air-layers 腰果(Anacardium occidentale)无性系繁殖:生根介质对空气层生根性和发芽的影响

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.198

O. Aliyu

An evaluation of three different rooting media (topsoil, sawdust and river sand) mixed in different proportions for the rooting of cashew layers was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria at Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected on percentage take, number of days to rooting, number of roots, root length and percentage sprouting, and were statistically analysed. Significant differences were recorded for the effects of medium, mixture proportion, genotype and medium × mixture proportion interaction, showing the strong influence of the rooting medium (and thus its composition – texture, nutrient status and water-holding capacity) and the variation in genotypic response to rooting in cashew layers. Topsoil ranked best among the three media tested, and its combination with either sawdust or river sand in the ratio 1 : 1 (v/v) gave the best rooting and sprouting, thus suggesting its use as an effective rooting medium for cashew layering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

在尼日利亚西南部伊巴丹的尼日利亚可可研究所，对以不同比例混合的三种不同生根介质(表土、锯末和河砂)对腰果层生根的影响进行了评估。采集采食量、生根天数、根数、根长、出芽率等数据，并进行统计分析。培养基、混合比例、基因型和培养基×混合比例互作的影响差异显著，说明生根培养基(及其组成质地、营养状况和持水能力)对腰果层生根的影响较大，基因型对腰果层生根的响应差异较大。表土与木屑或河砂按1:1 (v/v)的比例组合生根发芽效果最好，可作为腰果分层生根的有效培养基。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 10

Changes in nutritional properties of yam (Dioscorea spp.), plantain (Musa spp.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) during storage 山药(Dioscorea spp.)、车前草(Musa spp.)和木薯(Manihot esculenta .)贮藏期间营养特性的变化

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.200

D. Sahoré, G. Nemlin, A. Kamenan

White cassava roots (bitter variety), plantain stems (‘Afoto’ variety) and yam tubers (Dioscorea alata ‘Florido’) were stored for 28 days after harvest in the laboratory in ambient conditions (28°C). The changes in their nutritional properties (moisture, acidity, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, total sugar, ash and calorific value) were studied after different periods of storage. The nutritional changes of the three commodities were described and compared. Cassava and green plantain could be kept for a week without significant deterioration but showed progressive deterioration thereafter, while yam tubers underwent only slight changes over the total 4-week storage period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

白木薯根(苦品种)、大蕉茎(Afoto品种)和山药块茎(Dioscorea alata ' Florido ')收获后在实验室环境条件(28°C)下储存28天。研究了不同贮藏期后其营养特性(水分、酸度、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、总糖、灰分和热值)的变化。对三种商品的营养变化进行了描述和比较。木薯和青车前草保存1周后无明显变质，但此后呈渐进式变质，而山药块茎在4周的总保存期内变化不大。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 25

Dimensions of food insecurity and livelihood strategies among rural households in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚东部迪勒达瓦农村家庭粮食不安全的维度和生计战略

Tropical Science

Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/TS.199

A. Shimelis, A. Bogale

Based on household-level data gathered from 115 randomly selected rural locations in Dire Dawa, the extent of food security and livelihoods strategies was scrutinised. Food insecurity was found to be a severe problem in the area with 76% of the households being food insecure, and with a food-insecurity gap and severity of food insecurity of 31% and 15%, respectively. The study also identified various livelihood strategies of the rural households, which were found to be a composite of different activities to enable them to make a living. These activities included mixed crop-livestock farming, diversification of crop production, diversification of livestock production, and supplementation of crop and livestock production with off-farm activities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

根据从随机选择的115个农村地区收集的家庭一级数据，对粮食安全和生计战略的程度进行了审查。粮食不安全是该地区的一个严重问题，76%的家庭处于粮食不安全状态，粮食不安全差距和粮食不安全严重程度分别为31%和15%。该研究还确定了农村家庭的各种生计战略，发现这些战略是使他们能够谋生的不同活动的组合。这些活动包括作物-牲畜混合养殖、作物生产多样化、牲畜生产多样化以及以非农活动补充作物和牲畜生产。版权所有©2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 18

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