Background: Warmed intravenous (IV) fluids administration to prevent hypothermia provide controversial results in humans, cats and dogs, but its effect on calves is unknown.
Objectivxe: To evaluate the effectiveness of warmed IV fluids administered to prevent intraoperative heat loss in anaesthetised calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy.
Methods: Thirty Simmental breed calves (aged 10-30 days) were randomly divided between two equal groups, wherein the infusion fluid (Ringer's lactate, 5 mL/kg/h) was administered either at room temperature (Group RoT) or warmed (Group WF). Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded immediately after the onset of anaesthesia induction (T0) at T5, T10, T15, T30, T45 and T60. Duration of anaesthesia, surgery time and recovery scores were also noted.
Results: The PR, RT and fR values showed no significant difference between groups over time (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in duration of anaesthesia, surgery time or recovery score between groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of the current study suggest that warmed IV fluid as the warming method did not prevent intraoperative hypothermia in calves. A constant-rate infusion of warmed fluid (5 mL/kg/h) is insufficient to prevent intraoperative hypothermia in calves.
Objective: This study looked at how different concentrations of curcumin (Curc), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and Curc loaded on ZnO-NPs (Curc-co-ZnO-NPs) in cryopreservation dilution affected the quality of ram sperm after thawing.
Methods: ZnO-NPs were synthesised using Berberis vulgaris leaf aqueous extract. Then, Curc was loaded on the ZnO-NPs that had been synthesised. We used analytical methods to look at the composition, morphology and size of green synthesised ZnO-NPs and Curc-co-ZnO-NPs, including UV-Vis, zeta potential, EDX, DLS, FE-SEM and FT-IR. Using a Tris-base extender containing various concentrations of Curc, ZnCl2, ZnO-NPs and Curc-co-ZnO-NPs (0, 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL), semen samples from four rams were combined. Sperm motility, viability, DNA and plasma membrane integrity, total abnormalities and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation were all evaluated in treatment groups after thawing.
Results: The results showed that adding 1 µg/mL of ZnO-NPs and Curc-co-ZnO-NPs significantly reduced the level of MDA and total abnormalities (p < 0.05). Additionally, following the freeze-thawing procedure, the presence of 1 µg/mL of Curc-co-ZnO-NPs in the diluent of ram sperm significantly increased the percentage of sperm viability and motility in comparison to the control and other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, as compared to the control group and other treatments, treatments containing 1 µg/mL of Curc-co-ZnO-NPs significantly improved membrane and DNA integrity (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: It appears that following freeze-thawing, the Curc-co-ZnO-NPs (1 µg/mL) enhanced sperm parameters.
Background: Stress associated with changes in host immunity occurs in response to altered environmental conditions, endogenous imbalances, infectious agents and harmful stimuli. The importance of genetic diversity in chickens has increased due to individual immune differences towards resistance and susceptibility to various stimuli.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphism with acute phase response (APR) in Ross 308 broiler chickens.
Methods: The allelic diversity of the LEI0258 microsatellite marker was determined in 120 Ross broilers. In addition, acute phase proteins (APPs), including serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), were analysed as markers of the APR. Furthermore, leukocyte count and the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) were examined. The antibody response to the Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) was also measured to assess humoral mediated immunity. Lastly, the correlation between immune responses and MHC alleles was investigated to identify the most effective alleles in a stress-related situation.
Results: A total of six alleles, ranging from 195 to 448 bp, were identified. Association study revealed a significant influence of MHC alleles on APPs in Ross population (p < 0.05). Notably, Allele 448 had a significant correlation with SAA concentration and the H/L ratio. Allele 207 displayed a positive association with AGP concentration, whereas Allele 195 showed a negative association. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between Allele 448 and basopenia, as well as between Allele 195 and monocytosis.
Conclusions: Results confirmed the significance of MHC as a candidate gene marker for immune responses, which supports its use for vaccine design, genetic improvement of disease-resistant traits and resource conservation in commercial broiler chickens.
Background: The utilization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) has significantly increased across various industries.
Objectives: This study rigorously explored the impact of TiO2 NPs exposure on chicken embryos, focusing particularly on alterations in the immune system, liver functionality and key biochemical markers.
Methods: The study involved three groups of 30 eggs each, subjected to increasing doses of TiO2 NPs: Group C (control), Group T1 (150 µg/mL) and Group T2 (300 µg/mL). After 48 h of incubation, the eggs in Groups T1 and T2 each received an injection of 0.3 mL of the TiO2 NPs solution. In contrast, the eggs in the control group (Group C) were injected with 0.3 mL of saline solution. Histopathological changes were analysed using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, whereas amniotic fluid's biochemical properties were examined photometrically. The study also assessed the expression of immune genes (AvBD9, IL6 and IL8L2) through quantitative PCR. The evaluations included growth metrics, amniotic fluid biochemistry and histological analysis of the liver, caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius.
Results: The results revealed subcutaneous haemorrhage, significant reductions in total body weight and marked changes in biochemical markers, including urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in the amniotic fluid of the groups treated with TiO2 NPs, compared to the control. Histological examinations indicated noticeable alterations in the liver, caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius following TiO2 NP exposure. These alterations were characterized by disruptions in cellular structures and variations in lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, a notable decrease in the expression of immunity genes, namely, AvBD9, IL8L2 and IL6, was observed in the TiO2 NP-treated groups compared to the control.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for risk assessments of TiO2 NPs exposure due to its impact on development and immunity. Future research should explore its impact on neurodevelopment and degeneration.
Although Amblyomma variegatum and Ehrlichia ruminantium infections have been reported in cattle from some agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Cameroon, the transmission patterns of this bacterium seem to vary according to endemic areas and its prevalence as well as that of Heartwater remains not well understood in most sub-Saharan African countries. This study was designed to detect E. ruminantium infections in cattle of four AEZs of Cameroon and to identify areas presenting enzootic stability and those with potentially high risk for Heartwater. Blood samples were collected from cattle in four AEZs of Cameroon. DNA was extracted from blood and semi-nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of E. ruminantium was used to search for this bacterium. From 569 cattle analysed, an E. ruminantium DNA fragment was detected in 197 of them, giving an overall prevalence of 34.6%. The highest prevalence of E. ruminantium of 48.0% was recorded in cattle from AEZ IV and the lowest (26.0%) in those from AEZ III. Among the AEZs, significant differences (X2 = 14.85, p = 0.002) were recorded in terms of the prevalence of E. ruminantium infections. Villages of the westerly areas are at higher risk for E. ruminantium infections. This study revealed a high prevalence and a wide distribution of E. ruminantium infections in AEZs of Cameroon. It enabled the identification of areas showing an enzootic stability for E. ruminantium transmission as well as those where the transmission of this bacterium is low and where livestock are at higher risk of developing Heartwater.
A 12 years-old, male indigenous dog was presented to Shahedul Alam Qaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) in Chattogram, Bangladesh with a large tumour on its right front leg. The histopathological findings of the tumour were highly suggestive of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS). The tumour was surgically removed from the dog. While there had been no recurrence for 5 months, the patient died 5 months post-operatively. The cause of the death and presence of metastasis could not be confirmed as follow-up investigations were declined by the owner. A histopathological study showed poorly differentiated neoplastic mononuclear cells forming nests in an alveolar pattern. Despite that the limited resources prevented myogenin staining for diagnostic confirmation, the well-contained, defined appearance of the tumour supports the diagnosis of ARMS. This report highlights the challenges in diagnosing and treating ARMS in indigenous dogs and emphasizes the need for further research and diagnostic markers to improve detection and management.
Background: The investigation on natural antimicrobial compounds against zoonotic pathogens has gained more attention due to the public health concerns regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Objectives: The current study aimed to assess the effects of thyme essential oil at sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) on bacterial growth and expression of some virulence genes in Salmonella enteritidis.
Methods: The bacterial growth rate and the expression of four virulence genes in S. enteritidis during 18-72 h of exposure to the essential oil at 25%-75% MIC were evaluated via colony counting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively.
Results: Sub-inhibitory concentrations of thyme essential oil significantly reduced the growth rate compared to the control. Expression of all tested virulence genes was also reduced by the essential oil in a significant dose- and time-dependent manner. As an example, decreased down-regulation of hilA, spv, sefA and invA as 1.7-, 4.14-, 2.92- and 1.04-fold in 25% MIC and 6.42-, 7.81-, 4.4- and 3.75-fold in 75% MIC was observed, respectively, after 24 h of incubation. Likewise, levels of transcription for hilA, spv, sefA and invA were reduced 4.75-, 6.95-, 3.75- and 2.98-fold after 18 h and 9.54-, 8.81-, 5.65- and 4.77-fold, respectively, after 72 h in 75% MIC compared to the control.
Conclusions: According to our data, aside from the growth inhibitory effect of thyme essential oil, the results of current study highlight the potential of thyme for reducing the transcriptional level of virulence genes and therefore the pathogenicity of S. enteritidis.
Background: The vegetable-based diet alone does not provide the lysine (Lys) needed to maximize poultry productive performance.
Objectives: This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary digestible Lys (dLys) level on productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, blood metabolites and immune responses in breeding Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica).
Methods: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 15 (12 females and 3 meals) 10-week-old breeding Japanese quails each. A basal diet was formulated to meet nutritional requirements of breeding quails except dLys. The basal diet was supplemented with graded (+0.82 g/kg) levels of l-Lys-HCl, corresponding to dietary dLys levels of 0.690%, 0.755%, 0.820%, 0.885%, 0.950% and 1.015%. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, which was divided into 3-4-week periods.
Results: Significant differences were observed for egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and feed efficiency (FE) in response to increasing dietary dLys concentration with quadratic trends. The highest traits were observed in the birds fed with a diet containing 0.885% dLys. However, feed intake, egg quality, reproductive performance, blood metabolites and immune responses against sheep red blood cell inoculation were not significantly affected by increasing dietary dLys concentrations. The dLys requirements during 11-14, 15-18, 19-22 and 11-22 (overall) weeks of age for optimal EP, EM and FE, based on the quadratic broken-line regression analysis, were estimated 272, 265, 250 and 266; 293, 285, 264 and 279; and 303, 294, 281 and 293 mg/bird/day, respectively.
Conclusions: The dLys requirements vary depending on the EP phase and the trait being optimized. The estimated dLys requirement for FE was higher than those for EP and EM. During the peak stage of the first laying cycle, the dietary dLys level of 0.932% and a daily intake of 303 mg dLys/bird are sufficient for optimal performance.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is widely used to treat reproductive dysfunction by enhancing testicular blood flow and stimulating hormonal activity. This study investigates the seasonal variations in the response to hCG treatment in male dogs, focusing on its effects on testicular blood flow and plasma concentrations of testosterone and oestrogen. Conducted across different seasons (spring, summer, fall and winter), the study utilised colour Doppler ultrasonography to measure testicular haemodynamics and analysed hormonal levels at multiple time points post-hCG injection. The findings revealed that the response to hCG is modulated by seasonal factors, with significant variations in both blood flow and hormone levels. A significant negative relationship was indicated between testicular blood flow and testosterone levels, particularly during spring and summer. These results suggest that seasonality should be considered when administering hCG for reproductive treatments in canines.
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