Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110791
Yanan Xu , Wenqing Ma , Hongmei Wang , Hongbin He
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection can lead to host immunosuppression, and its tegument proteins play a critical role in suppressing antiviral immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which BoHV-1 tegument proteins modulate the RLR signaling pathway and influence the replication of bovine RNA viruses remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that BoHV-1 tegument protein UL3 significantly suppresses BPIV3 infection-trigged RLR signaling response and promotes virus replication. Through in-depth mechanistic investigations, we found that UL3 upregulates the expression of Smurf2, thereby enhancing the polyubiquitination of MAVS. This modification targets MAVS for proteasomal degradation and subsequent degradation. Notably, the knockdown of Smurf2 rescues MAVS from degradation. Collectively, our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized mechanism by which BoHV-1 UL3 enables BPIV3 to evade the host innate immune surveillance system.
{"title":"BoHV-1 UL3 inhibits RLR signaling response by degrading MAVS","authors":"Yanan Xu , Wenqing Ma , Hongmei Wang , Hongbin He","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection can lead to host immunosuppression, and its tegument proteins play a critical role in suppressing antiviral immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which BoHV-1 tegument proteins modulate the RLR signaling pathway and influence the replication of bovine RNA viruses remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that BoHV-1 tegument protein UL3 significantly suppresses BPIV3 infection-trigged RLR signaling response and promotes virus replication. Through in-depth mechanistic investigations, we found that UL3 upregulates the expression of Smurf2, thereby enhancing the polyubiquitination of MAVS. This modification targets MAVS for proteasomal degradation and subsequent degradation. Notably, the knockdown of Smurf2 rescues MAVS from degradation. Collectively, our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized mechanism by which BoHV-1 UL3 enables BPIV3 to evade the host innate immune surveillance system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145507315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110792
Xia Wen , Rong Chen , Yingjun Lv , Jinzhu Geng , Jingjing Guo , Yaru Sun , Aohan Yang , Yuhao Dong , Meirong Li , Changlin Deng , Guodong Wang , Yongjie Liu
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major pathogen that threatens human and animal health. In June 2022, seven golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) developed flu-like symptoms in succession at a zoo in Jiangsu Province, China, with two succumbing to respiratory distress. Histopathological and immunostaining results supported a diagnosis of pulmonary infection with IAV, and a novel H3N2 canine/human reassortant virus, designated A/golden monkey/Jiangsu/1/2022 (Gm-1), was isolated from the lungs of deceased animals. Genomic sequencing revealed that the PB1 gene of Gm-1 exhibited > 97 % identity with human strains, while the remaining 7 segments originated from early local canine H3N2 virus (A/canine/Jiangsu/06/2010, JS06). To determine whether the human-origin PB1 segment conferred a virulence advantage to Gm-1, we reconstructed this reassortant event using reverse genetics, generating two reassortment viruses, rGm-1 (human-origin PB1) and rJS06 (canine-origin control). Mice infected with rGm-1 showed more severe lung pathology and elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels compared to rJS06, indicating that the human-origin PB1 enhanced viral virulence. Further analysis identified a unique cytotoxic motif (68I, 69 L and 70 V) in PB1-F2 protein of Gm-1, absent in JS06, which may contribute to increased pathogenicity. This is the first report confirming IAV infection in golden monkeys. Our finding highlight the importance of enhanced biosecurity surveillance for this endangered species.
{"title":"Fatal infection of a novel canine/human reassortant H3N2 influenza A virus in the zoo-housed golden monkeys","authors":"Xia Wen , Rong Chen , Yingjun Lv , Jinzhu Geng , Jingjing Guo , Yaru Sun , Aohan Yang , Yuhao Dong , Meirong Li , Changlin Deng , Guodong Wang , Yongjie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major pathogen that threatens human and animal health. In June 2022, seven golden monkeys (<em>Rhinopithecus roxellana</em>) developed flu-like symptoms in succession at a zoo in Jiangsu Province, China, with two succumbing to respiratory distress. Histopathological and immunostaining results supported a diagnosis of pulmonary infection with IAV, and a novel H3N2 canine/human reassortant virus, designated A/golden monkey/Jiangsu/1/2022 (Gm-1), was isolated from the lungs of deceased animals. Genomic sequencing revealed that the PB1 gene of Gm-1 exhibited > 97 % identity with human strains, while the remaining 7 segments originated from early local canine H3N2 virus (A/canine/Jiangsu/06/2010, JS06). To determine whether the human-origin PB1 segment conferred a virulence advantage to Gm-1, we reconstructed this reassortant event using reverse genetics, generating two reassortment viruses, rGm-1 (human-origin PB1) and rJS06 (canine-origin control). Mice infected with rGm-1 showed more severe lung pathology and elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels compared to rJS06, indicating that the human-origin PB1 enhanced viral virulence. Further analysis identified a unique cytotoxic motif (68I, 69 L and 70 V) in PB1-F2 protein of Gm-1, absent in JS06, which may contribute to increased pathogenicity. This is the first report confirming IAV infection in golden monkeys. Our finding highlight the importance of enhanced biosecurity surveillance for this endangered species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110780
Amanda Carvalho Rosado Ferreira , Mariana Fernandes de Moura , Isabela Maki Sato , Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa , Thales Quedi Furian , Marcos Rogério André , Renato Gregorin , Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
The bats have stood out for their flexibility and adaptation to urban centers; moreover, are described as potential carriers of pathogens, which altogether raises One health concerns. Therefore, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Leptospira spp., Bartonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Rickettsia spp., Pasteurella multocida, Coxiella burnetii, and Listeria monocytogenes) in bat species in Brazil was investigated. A total of 283 bat liver samples belonging to 78 bat species from six Brazilian states were retrieved from the Mammal Collection of the Federal University of Lavras. DNA was extracted from liver samples and tested for the presence of the described pathogens using PCR and qPCR techniques. The results showed that 5.65 % of the bats were positive for at least one pathogen, with the most commonly observed being Salmonella spp. and Y. enterocolitica. The positive samples were mainly from Minas Gerais state, with a higher prevalence in males and aerial insectivorous species. These results highlight the importance of monitoring these mammals as potential vectors/reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and contribute to a broader understanding of the role of bats for public and animal health.
{"title":"Molecular evaluation of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in high diversity of bats from Brazil","authors":"Amanda Carvalho Rosado Ferreira , Mariana Fernandes de Moura , Isabela Maki Sato , Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa , Thales Quedi Furian , Marcos Rogério André , Renato Gregorin , Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bats have stood out for their flexibility and adaptation to urban centers; moreover, are described as potential carriers of pathogens, which altogether raises One health concerns. Therefore, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (<em>Salmonella</em> spp., <em>Leptospira</em> spp., <em>Bartonella</em> spp., <em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Rickettsia</em> spp., <em>Pasteurella multocida</em>, <em>Coxiella burnetii</em>, and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>) in bat species in Brazil was investigated. A total of 283 bat liver samples belonging to 78 bat species from six Brazilian states were retrieved from the Mammal Collection of the Federal University of Lavras. DNA was extracted from liver samples and tested for the presence of the described pathogens using PCR and qPCR techniques. The results showed that 5.65 % of the bats were positive for at least one pathogen, with the most commonly observed being <em>Salmonella</em> spp. and <em>Y. enterocolitica</em>. The positive samples were mainly from Minas Gerais state, with a higher prevalence in males and aerial insectivorous species. These results highlight the importance of monitoring these mammals as potential vectors/reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and contribute to a broader understanding of the role of bats for public and animal health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110789
Lan Yang , Fandan Meng , Hanrong Zhou , Hongwei Ma , Tongqing An , Ning Jiang , Haiwei Wang , Xuehui Cai
Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is critical for disease eradication and emerging infection surveillance. Senecavirus A (SVA), which causes vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in pigs, is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), posing significant economic risks to swine production. Therefore, a reliable DIVA diagnostic method is urgently needed for accurate SVA detection. In this study, we employed the IgG sero-dynamic curves to aid epitope discovery (IsDAED) approach, utilizing peptide microarrays to identify transiently produced IgG (TPI)-associated linear B-cell epitopes on SVA structural proteins. VP2–15 emerged as a dominant linear epitope shared across multiple infected samples, exhibiting a characteristic short-lived antibody response. In addition, sample-specific epitopes VP2–4, VP3–12, and VP1–24 were also identified. Vaccination trials revealed that VP2–15 has a diagnostic window between 7 and 42 days post-boost (dpb), with a DIVA window established beyond 60 dpb. Challenge experiments following inactivated vaccine immunization confirmed that VP2–15 reliably indicates new infections. Virus neutralization test (VNT) and in vitro blocking assays revealed that VP2–15 peptide could partially block the neutralization effect of neutralizing antibodies on SVA. Still, it could not induce neutralizing antibodies in pigs. A diagnostic kit based on a combination of peptide probes (VP2–15, VP2–4, VP3–12, and VP1–24) exhibited high sensitivity (97.9 %) and specificity (90.6 %) in clinical samples, with no cross-reactivity to FMDV. Collectively, the antigenic epitopes identified in this study enable DIVA via TPI detection, offering a valuable tool for SVA surveillance and advancing both control strategies and our understanding of host-virus interactions.
{"title":"Identification of transiently produced IgG linear epitopes in Senecavirus A for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals","authors":"Lan Yang , Fandan Meng , Hanrong Zhou , Hongwei Ma , Tongqing An , Ning Jiang , Haiwei Wang , Xuehui Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is critical for disease eradication and emerging infection surveillance. Senecavirus A (SVA), which causes vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in pigs, is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), posing significant economic risks to swine production. Therefore, a reliable DIVA diagnostic method is urgently needed for accurate SVA detection. In this study, we employed the IgG sero-dynamic curves to aid epitope discovery (IsDAED) approach, utilizing peptide microarrays to identify transiently produced IgG (TPI)-associated linear B-cell epitopes on SVA structural proteins. VP2–15 emerged as a dominant linear epitope shared across multiple infected samples, exhibiting a characteristic short-lived antibody response. In addition, sample-specific epitopes VP2–4, VP3–12, and VP1–24 were also identified. Vaccination trials revealed that VP2–15 has a diagnostic window between 7 and 42 days post-boost (dpb), with a DIVA window established beyond 60 dpb. Challenge experiments following inactivated vaccine immunization confirmed that VP2–15 reliably indicates new infections. Virus neutralization test (VNT) and <em>in vitro</em> blocking assays revealed that VP2–15 peptide could partially block the neutralization effect of neutralizing antibodies on SVA. Still, it could not induce neutralizing antibodies in pigs. A diagnostic kit based on a combination of peptide probes (VP2–15, VP2–4, VP3–12, and VP1–24) exhibited high sensitivity (97.9 %) and specificity (90.6 %) in clinical samples, with no cross-reactivity to FMDV. Collectively, the antigenic epitopes identified in this study enable DIVA via TPI detection, offering a valuable tool for SVA surveillance and advancing both control strategies and our understanding of host-virus interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110784
Nadine Ruchti , Aude A. Ferran , Andrew Mead , Ludovic Pelligand , Alexis Viel , Marine Boulanger , Gudrun Overesch
Targeted interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) raw data is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate interpretative criteria, such as clinical breakpoints (CBP) or at least epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFF) as potential surrogates for CBPs. However, these criteria have not yet been defined for important first line antibiotics used to treat infections with veterinary pathogens. Therefore, the aims of our study were, (1) to produce minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions for important veterinary pathogens with trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole 1:19 combination and with sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, and trimethoprim alone, furthermore, (2) to estimate the proportion of microbiological resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim in the selected bacterial species, and lastly, (3) to propose presumptive quality control (QC) ranges for potential QC strain candidates. MIC determination was carried out by broth microdilution according to the recommendations of the European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST). For the majority of the veterinary pathogens analysed, MIC distributions for trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole 1:19, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim met the EUCAST criteria and presumptive ECOFFs could be proposed. In contrast, for sulfadiazine and sulfadimethoxine the tested concentration ranges (> 256 mg/L) were too low for generating data acceptable for estimation of presumptive ECOFFs. The presented MIC distributions form the basis for an inter-laboratory study with the goal to generate aggregated MIC data to be submitted to the EUCAST steering committee for setting missing ECOFFs for sulfonamides and trimethoprim and thereby supporting the use of these first-line antibiotics.
{"title":"Minimum inhibitory concentrations of sulfonamides and trimethoprim for veterinary pathogens: New data for old antibiotics","authors":"Nadine Ruchti , Aude A. Ferran , Andrew Mead , Ludovic Pelligand , Alexis Viel , Marine Boulanger , Gudrun Overesch","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Targeted interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) raw data is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate interpretative criteria, such as clinical breakpoints (CBP) or at least epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFF) as potential surrogates for CBPs. However, these criteria have not yet been defined for important first line antibiotics used to treat infections with veterinary pathogens. Therefore, the aims of our study were, (1) to produce minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions for important veterinary pathogens with trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole 1:19 combination and with sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, and trimethoprim alone, furthermore, (2) to estimate the proportion of microbiological resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim in the selected bacterial species, and lastly, (3) to propose presumptive quality control (QC) ranges for potential QC strain candidates. MIC determination was carried out by broth microdilution according to the recommendations of the European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST). For the majority of the veterinary pathogens analysed, MIC distributions for trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole 1:19, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim met the EUCAST criteria and presumptive ECOFFs could be proposed. In contrast, for sulfadiazine and sulfadimethoxine the tested concentration ranges (> 256 mg/L) were too low for generating data acceptable for estimation of presumptive ECOFFs. The presented MIC distributions form the basis for an inter-laboratory study with the goal to generate aggregated MIC data to be submitted to the EUCAST steering committee for setting missing ECOFFs for sulfonamides and trimethoprim and thereby supporting the use of these first-line antibiotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145606036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, using 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics, we aimed to determine the presence of infectious bacteria in the ticks collected from Punjab state in north India. Tick samples were collected from the domesticated animals from the Patiala, Ropar, and Mohali districts of Punjab, India from February 2022- April 2022. DNA was extracted, and the library was prepared by targeting the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The sequencing was conducted in Illumina using the 300 bp paired-end chemistry. Eight tick samples were analyzed from the Patiala, Ropar and Mohali districts of Punjab, India, revealing a diverse range of bacterial species within the tick microbiome. Seven out of eight samples were found to harbour Coxiella-like bacteria (46–181,607 reads; closely related to C. burnetii based on 16S rRNA [V3–V4] sequence similarity), indicating their abundance in the tick population. Furthermore, the analysis uncovered the presence of other pathogenic bacterial genera, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, and Micrococcus in the tick microbiome, highlighting the abundance and diversity of infectious organisms within ticks. 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics enables valuable insights into infectious agents in disease-transmitting vectors. Coxiella-like bacteria were found to be predominant bacterial species in the tick microbiomes in this study. The public health significance of this finding in animals and humans needs to be explored in this region. However, as 16S rRNA sequencing offers limited resolution for distinguishing closely related taxa, further confirmation using additional loci or whole-genome sequencing is warranted.
{"title":"Unveiling the Presence of Coxiella-like bacteria in Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks from Punjab, North India: A 16S rRNA metagenomic study","authors":"Vikas Sharma , Shriya Goel , Kamlesh Bisht , Taruna Kaura , Salony Verma , Abhishek Mewara , Gagandeep Singh Grover , Manisha Biswal","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, using 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics, we aimed to determine the presence of infectious bacteria in the ticks collected from Punjab state in north India. Tick samples were collected from the domesticated animals from the Patiala, Ropar, and Mohali districts of Punjab, India from February 2022- April 2022<strong>.</strong> DNA was extracted, and the library was prepared by targeting the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The sequencing was conducted in Illumina using the 300 bp paired-end chemistry. Eight tick samples were analyzed from the Patiala, Ropar and Mohali districts of Punjab, India, revealing a diverse range of bacterial species within the tick microbiome. Seven out of eight samples were found to harbour <em>Coxiella</em>-like bacteria (46–181,607 reads; closely related to <em>C. burnetii</em> based on 16S rRNA [V3–V4] sequence similarity), indicating their abundance in the tick population. Furthermore, the analysis uncovered the presence of other pathogenic bacterial genera, including <em>Staphylococcus, Streptococcus</em>, <em>Corynebacterium</em>, <em>Enterococcus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Bordetella</em>, and <em>Micrococcus</em> in the tick microbiome, highlighting the abundance and diversity of infectious organisms within ticks. 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics enables valuable insights into infectious agents in disease-transmitting vectors. <em>Coxiella</em>-like bacteria were found to be predominant bacterial species in the tick microbiomes in this study. The public health significance of this finding in animals and humans needs to be explored in this region. However, as 16S rRNA sequencing offers limited resolution for distinguishing closely related taxa, further confirmation using additional loci or whole-genome sequencing is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110787
Adrián Beato-Benítez , Moisés Gonzálvez , Kerstin Fischer , Eva Martínez-Nevado , Benjamin Gutjahr , Ricardo Navarro-López , Martin H. Groschup , Mario Torro , David Cano-Terriza , Ignacio García-Bocanegra
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of significant public health concern worldwide. In Spain, CCHFV infection is considered an emerging and underdiagnosed disease. In this country, wildlife exhibits high levels of CCHFV exposure, and 20 autochthonous human cases, including six fatalities, have been officially reported in recent years. Zoos represent unique epidemiological interfaces, housing a high diversity of wildlife species in close contact with humans and serving as habitats for pathogens and tick communities. However, information on the role of captive wildlife inhabiting urban and peri-urban areas in the epidemiology of CCHFV remains limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the circulation of CCHFV in zoo-housed wildlife in Spain. From 2007 and 2024, serum samples from 956 zoo-housed mammals covering 173 species and 38 families were collected across 19 zoos and wildlife rescue centers in Spain through intermittent sampling. Anti-CCHFV antibodies were detected by ELISA in two white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) and one dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) (0.3 %; 95 % CI 0.0–0.7) sampled in the same zoo in central Spain. Virus neutralization test was performed on ELISA-positive samples, confirming the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in one white rhinoceros. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first CCHFV surveillance in zoo-housed animals worldwide. Our results suggest low and geographically localized seropositivity for CCHFV. Including CCHFV monitoring in surveillance programs in zoos could provide valuable insights into the virus’s epidemiology in anthropogenic environments, particularly in high-risk areas.
克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒（CCHFV）是一种蜱传人畜共患病原体，在世界范围内引起重大公共卫生关注。在西班牙，CCHFV感染被认为是一种新出现的未被诊断的疾病。在这个国家，野生动物暴露于CCHFV的水平很高，近年来已正式报告了20例本地人类病例，其中6例死亡。动物园代表着独特的流行病学界面，拥有与人类密切接触的多种野生动物物种，并成为病原体和蜱虫群落的栖息地。然而，关于居住在城市和城郊地区的圈养野生动物在CCHFV流行病学中的作用的信息仍然有限。本研究的目的是评估CCHFV在西班牙动物园野生动物中的传播情况。从2007年到2024年，通过间歇性采样，从西班牙19个动物园和野生动物救援中心收集了956种动物园饲养的哺乳动物的血清样本，涵盖173个物种和38个科。ELISA法在西班牙中部同一动物园采集的2头白犀牛（Ceratotherium simum）和1头单峰骆驼（Camelus dromedarius）（0.3 %;95 % CI 0.0 ~ 0.7）中检测到cchfv抗体。对elisa阳性样品进行病毒中和试验，证实在一头白犀牛中存在特异性中和抗体。据作者所知，这是世界上首次对动物园饲养的动物进行CCHFV监测。我们的研究结果表明，CCHFV血清阳性率低且地理定位。在动物园的监测项目中包括CCHFV监测，可以为病毒在人为环境中的流行病学提供有价值的见解，特别是在高风险地区。
{"title":"Serosurveillance of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in zoo animals, Spain, 2007–2024","authors":"Adrián Beato-Benítez , Moisés Gonzálvez , Kerstin Fischer , Eva Martínez-Nevado , Benjamin Gutjahr , Ricardo Navarro-López , Martin H. Groschup , Mario Torro , David Cano-Terriza , Ignacio García-Bocanegra","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of significant public health concern worldwide. In Spain, CCHFV infection is considered an emerging and underdiagnosed disease. In this country, wildlife exhibits high levels of CCHFV exposure, and 20 autochthonous human cases, including six fatalities, have been officially reported in recent years. Zoos represent unique epidemiological interfaces, housing a high diversity of wildlife species in close contact with humans and serving as habitats for pathogens and tick communities. However, information on the role of captive wildlife inhabiting urban and peri-urban areas in the epidemiology of CCHFV remains limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the circulation of CCHFV in zoo-housed wildlife in Spain. From 2007 and 2024, serum samples from 956 zoo-housed mammals covering 173 species and 38 families were collected across 19 zoos and wildlife rescue centers in Spain through intermittent sampling. Anti-CCHFV antibodies were detected by ELISA in two white rhinoceroses (<em>Ceratotherium simum</em>) and one dromedary camel (<em>Camelus dromedarius</em>) (0.3 %; 95 % CI 0.0–0.7) sampled in the same zoo in central Spain. Virus neutralization test was performed on ELISA-positive samples, confirming the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in one white rhinoceros. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first CCHFV surveillance in zoo-housed animals worldwide. Our results suggest low and geographically localized seropositivity for CCHFV. Including CCHFV monitoring in surveillance programs in zoos could provide valuable insights into the virus’s epidemiology in anthropogenic environments, particularly in high-risk areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110788
Rebecca Abraham , Shafi Sahibzada , Terence Lee , David Jordan , Kate McMillan , Glen Mellor , Lesley Duffy , Kittitat Lugsomya , Mark O'Dea , Sam Abraham , Robert Barlow
Objectives
Enterococci are opportunistic, sometimes life-threatening pathogens with increasing antimicrobial resistance, particularly among clinical human isolates in Australia. While recent studies have ruled out pigs and chickens as major reservoirs of resistant enterococci, the role of cattle remains unclear. This study examines the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of enterococci from Australian cattle and explores the phylogenetic relationship of bovine E. faecium with isolates from other livestock and human sepsis cases.
Methods
A total of 1001 bovine faecal samples were tested, yielding E. faecium (n = 343), E. faecalis (n = 92), and E. hirae (n = 284). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays were conducted against 15 antimicrobials. A subset of 67 isolates underwent whole genome sequencing (WGS).
Results
Most isolates were wild-type to all tested antimicrobials. Resistance was most common to erythromycin in E. faecium (18.7 %), daptomycin in E. faecalis (12.1 %), and tetracycline in E. hirae (13.3 %). A single E. faecalis isolate was non-wild-type to vancomycin, and nine isolates (E. faecium n = 4, E. faecalis n = 2, E. hirae n = 3) showed linezolid resistance. However, WGS did not detect known resistance genes or mutations for vancomycin or linezolid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that bovine E. faecium clustered with other livestock isolates and vancomycin-negative human isolates.
Conclusion
Antimicrobial resistance among enterococci from Australian cattle is low. These strains are genetically distinct from vancomycin-resistant E. faecium circulating in hospitals, suggesting that cattle are not a significant source of clinically relevant AMR enterococci in Australia.
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Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110786
Lei Yin , Xuehuai Shen , Dongdong Yin , Hongyan Hou , Jieru Wang , Yayun Liu , Ruihong Zhao , Yin Dai , Kezong Qi , Xiaocheng Pan
A newly discovered pathogen, Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola), poses a risk to food safety due to its zoonotic potential. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that have been shown to have important functions in the regulation of the host response to infection by a pathogen, but whether circRNAs participate in K. variicola infection and host response remains unclear. This study used high throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptional profiles of host circRNAs in chicken spleens in response to K. variicola infection. A total of 53 circRNAs were significantly altered, including 22 upregulated and 31 downregulated circRNAs (p < 0.05). The biological function of the differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs was determined by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. It was found that the host genes of DE circRNAs were principally involved in the innate immune and inflammatory defense responses to the bacterium. Coupled with previous mRNA and microRNA sequencing data, a competing endogenous RNA analysis was performed and we first revealed two critical ceRNA axes, circRNA_4562/miR-3537/CARD11 and circRNA_0366/miR-129–5p/ITPR2, where circRNAs act as molecular sponges to relieve miRNA-mediated repression of CARD11 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11) and ITPR2 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2), activating innate immune signaling to combat infection. These findings broaden functional insights into circRNAs in bacterial-host interplay and establish novel molecular targets for deciphering avian immune defense against K. variicola, advancing ncRNA-based anti-infective strategies.
{"title":"Decoding host immune response: circRNAs in Klebsiella variicola-infected chicken spleens","authors":"Lei Yin , Xuehuai Shen , Dongdong Yin , Hongyan Hou , Jieru Wang , Yayun Liu , Ruihong Zhao , Yin Dai , Kezong Qi , Xiaocheng Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A newly discovered pathogen, <em>Klebsiella variicola</em> (<em>K</em>. <em>variicola</em>), poses a risk to food safety due to its zoonotic potential. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that have been shown to have important functions in the regulation of the host response to infection by a pathogen, but whether circRNAs participate in <em>K</em>. <em>variicola</em> infection and host response remains unclear. This study used high throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptional profiles of host circRNAs in chicken spleens in response to <em>K</em>. <em>variicola</em> infection. A total of 53 circRNAs were significantly altered, including 22 upregulated and 31 downregulated circRNAs (<em>p</em> < 0.05). The biological function of the differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs was determined by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. It was found that the host genes of DE circRNAs were principally involved in the innate immune and inflammatory defense responses to the bacterium. Coupled with previous mRNA and microRNA sequencing data, a competing endogenous RNA analysis was performed and we first revealed two critical ceRNA axes, circRNA_4562/miR-3537/CARD11 and circRNA_0366/miR-129–5p/ITPR2, where circRNAs act as molecular sponges to relieve miRNA-mediated repression of CARD11 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11) and ITPR2 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2), activating innate immune signaling to combat infection. These findings broaden functional insights into circRNAs in bacterial-host interplay and establish novel molecular targets for deciphering avian immune defense against <em>K. variicola</em>, advancing ncRNA-based anti-infective strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 110786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110785
Wang zekun , Ma wenxuan , Yang Bin , Yu yuetong , Ma zhiyuan , Zhao aiyun , Qi meng , Li jing
In this study, a total of 322 pig fecal samples were collected from various regions of Xinjiang, from which 62 Clostridium perfringens isolates were identified using both morphological and molecular methods, yielding an isolation rate of 19.3 % (62/322). All isolates were classified as type A, with 38.7 % (24/62) carrying the cpb2 gene encoding the β2-toxin. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the isolates exhibited the highest resistance rate to chloramphenicol (a phenicol), at 77.4 % (48/62). 82.3 %(51/62) displayed multidrug resistance. Molecular analysis of resistance genes revealed that lnu(P) had the highest detection rate (51.6 %, 32/62), followed by tetB(P) (50.0 %, 31/62), tetA(P) (45.2 %, 28/62), and aac(6′)-aph(2'') (45.2 %, 28/62). Among the 24 cpb2-positive C. perfringens isolates, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eight distinct sequence types (STs), including four novel STs: ST892, ST893, ST895, and ST896. ST893 was the most prevalent, accounting for 37.5 % (9/24) of cpb2-positive strains. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular types of porcine-origin C. perfringens in Xinjiang. The identification of novel STs and resistance gene distributions offers important information for guiding regional surveillance and control strategies.
{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiling and molecular typing of beta-2 toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens from pig-derived isolates in Xinjiang, China","authors":"Wang zekun , Ma wenxuan , Yang Bin , Yu yuetong , Ma zhiyuan , Zhao aiyun , Qi meng , Li jing","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a total of 322 pig fecal samples were collected from various regions of Xinjiang, from which 62 <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> isolates were identified using both morphological and molecular methods, yielding an isolation rate of 19.3 % (62/322). All isolates were classified as type A, with 38.7 % (24/62) carrying the <em>cpb2</em> gene encoding the β2-toxin. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the isolates exhibited the highest resistance rate to chloramphenicol (a phenicol), at 77.4 % (48/62). 82.3 %(51/62) displayed multidrug resistance. Molecular analysis of resistance genes revealed that <em>lnu(P)</em> had the highest detection rate (51.6 %, 32/62), followed by <em>tetB(P)</em> (50.0 %, 31/62), <em>tetA(P)</em> (45.2 %, 28/62), and <em>aac(6′)-aph(2'')</em> (45.2 %, 28/62). Among the 24 <em>cpb2</em>-positive <em>C. perfringens</em> isolates, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eight distinct sequence types (STs), including four novel STs: ST892, ST893, ST895, and ST896. ST893 was the most prevalent, accounting for 37.5 % (9/24) of <em>cpb2</em>-positive strains. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular types of porcine-origin <em>C. perfringens</em> in Xinjiang. The identification of novel STs and resistance gene distributions offers important information for guiding regional surveillance and control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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