Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114117
Heng Zhang , Zhuo Li , Yuanyuan Liu , Xian Du , Yang Gao , Wuqiang Xie , Xirui Zheng , Huiling Du
Environmental pollution and health hazards caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become critical issues due to rapid industrialization. Photocatalytic technology for treating benzene-related VOCs faces challenges, such as limited light absorption and charge recombination in photocatalysts, making the development of high-performance photocatalysts crucial. A heterojunction C-WO3/BiOBr composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by introducing BiOBr onto oxygen vacancy-rich C-WO3 nanosheets. Under 2 h of visible light irradiation, C-WO3/BiOBr achieves a benzene degradation efficiency of 96.4 %, significantly better than pure C-WO3 (70.4 %) and BiOBr (38.6 %). Additionally, the mineralization rate of the composite material at 3 h reaches as high as 91 %. Oxygen vacancies increase electron density, modify the band structure of C-WO3, and broaden the light absorption range, enhancing the ability to absorb visible light. The presence of oxygen vacancies promotes the formation of an S-scheme heterojunction between C-WO3 and BiOBr, which optimizes the migration pathways of photogenerated electrons and holes. Under the synergistic enhancement of oxygen vacancies on the heterojunction, the C-WO3/BiOBr exhibits improved benzene adsorption and degradation, and a potential mechanism for enhanced degradation is proposed. Our study provides an efficient strategy for the degradation of gaseous benzene using the synergistic enhancement of defects on the heterojunction catalysts.
{"title":"Oxygen vacancies-modulated C-WO3/BiOBr heterojunction for highly efficient benzene degradation","authors":"Heng Zhang , Zhuo Li , Yuanyuan Liu , Xian Du , Yang Gao , Wuqiang Xie , Xirui Zheng , Huiling Du","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental pollution and health hazards caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become critical issues due to rapid industrialization. Photocatalytic technology for treating benzene-related VOCs faces challenges, such as limited light absorption and charge recombination in photocatalysts, making the development of high-performance photocatalysts crucial. A heterojunction C-WO<sub>3</sub>/BiOBr composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by introducing BiOBr onto oxygen vacancy-rich C-WO<sub>3</sub> nanosheets. Under 2 h of visible light irradiation, C-WO<sub>3</sub>/BiOBr achieves a benzene degradation efficiency of 96.4 %, significantly better than pure C-WO<sub>3</sub> (70.4 %) and BiOBr (38.6 %). Additionally, the mineralization rate of the composite material at 3 h reaches as high as 91 %. Oxygen vacancies increase electron density, modify the band structure of C-WO<sub>3</sub>, and broaden the light absorption range, enhancing the ability to absorb visible light. The presence of oxygen vacancies promotes the formation of an S-scheme heterojunction between C-WO<sub>3</sub> and BiOBr, which optimizes the migration pathways of photogenerated electrons and holes. Under the synergistic enhancement of oxygen vacancies on the heterojunction, the C-WO<sub>3</sub>/BiOBr exhibits improved benzene adsorption and degradation, and a potential mechanism for enhanced degradation is proposed. Our study provides an efficient strategy for the degradation of gaseous benzene using the synergistic enhancement of defects on the heterojunction catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114115
Shichen Yan , Xingyu Wang , Yulai Xu , Zhilong Tan , Liuyang Li , Xianhui Luo , Tao Peng , Zeyuan Gao
Brazing strength is a very important mechanical property for brazed joints, but studying brazing strength solely through experimental methods is time-consuming, laborious, and costly. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a mathematical model for predicting brazing strength. We have presented a new mathematical model for precisely predicting vacuum brazing strength based on a small amount of experimental data. This model applies diffusion theory and derives a functional relationship between brazing strength and brazing process parameters based on some assumptions and approximations, and the undetermined coefficients in the functional relationship can be fitted using Origin software. The vacuum brazing experiments on Cu/Ag-49Cu-7Ga/Cu were conducted to validate the model, the error between experimental and calculated values is within 10 %, and the trend of experimental data is consistent with that of the calculated results. The brazing strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of brazing temperature or the extension of brazing time. This microstructure-based mathematical model can be used to predict the maximum brazing strength with high accuracy and to determine the optimal brazing process, reducing experimental costs and providing guidance for scientific research and industrial production.
{"title":"A microstructure-based mathematical model for predicting vacuum brazing strength","authors":"Shichen Yan , Xingyu Wang , Yulai Xu , Zhilong Tan , Liuyang Li , Xianhui Luo , Tao Peng , Zeyuan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brazing strength is a very important mechanical property for brazed joints, but studying brazing strength solely through experimental methods is time-consuming, laborious, and costly. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a mathematical model for predicting brazing strength. We have presented a new mathematical model for precisely predicting vacuum brazing strength based on a small amount of experimental data. This model applies diffusion theory and derives a functional relationship between brazing strength and brazing process parameters based on some assumptions and approximations, and the undetermined coefficients in the functional relationship can be fitted using Origin software. The vacuum brazing experiments on Cu/Ag-49Cu-7Ga/Cu were conducted to validate the model, the error between experimental and calculated values is within 10 %, and the trend of experimental data is consistent with that of the calculated results. The brazing strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of brazing temperature or the extension of brazing time. This microstructure-based mathematical model can be used to predict the maximum brazing strength with high accuracy and to determine the optimal brazing process, reducing experimental costs and providing guidance for scientific research and industrial production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114098
Xin Yu , Guozheng Zha , Wenlong Jiang , Baoqiang Xu , Dachun Liu , Bin Yang
Despite being an eco-friendly and efficient method for purifying crude selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te), due to their similar physical and chemical properties and the lack of the evaporation parameters of selenium during distillation cannot determine the best distillation conditions, so vacuum distillation struggles to achieve complete separation of Se and Te. This study focused on the volatilization behavior of Se and Te during vacuum distillation, using a 97%Se–3%Te alloy produced in the Se extraction industrial. The volatilization behavior of the Se–Te alloy was investigated through differential gravimetrical distillation temperatures of 523 K–723 K and system pressures of 5 Pa–1000 Pa. The results indicated that the evaporation rates of Se and Te in Se–Te alloy and the temperature exhibit an exponentially relationship, which followed the model ω = e(a+bT). Additionally, the relationship between system pressure and evaporation rate followed a logistic model .Notably, the Te content in the volatile compounds was inversely correlated with the system pressure, thereby decreasing significantly with increasing system pressure. The mass transfer coefficient of Se in the Se–Te alloy was also determined, exhibiting a significant increase with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. Furthermore, through comparative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the residual and volatiles phases. The phase of selenium and tellurium in the raw materials, residues, and volatiles remains unchanged, existing in the form of elemental selenium and tellurium, which meets the requirements of the volatilization experiments. Through experimental and data analysis, this study investigated the evaporation rates of selenium and tellurium in a selenium-tellurium alloy system and developed a fundamental model relating to pressure and temperature to obtain evaporation parameters, providing valuable insights into the volatilization behavior of Se and Te under vacuum conditions, thereby offering theoretical guidance for the vacuum distillation separation of these elements.
{"title":"Investigation of similar element selenium and tellurium volatilization behavior in the vacuum distillation separation process","authors":"Xin Yu , Guozheng Zha , Wenlong Jiang , Baoqiang Xu , Dachun Liu , Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite being an eco-friendly and efficient method for purifying crude selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te), due to their similar physical and chemical properties and the lack of the evaporation parameters of selenium during distillation cannot determine the best distillation conditions, so vacuum distillation struggles to achieve complete separation of Se and Te. This study focused on the volatilization behavior of Se and Te during vacuum distillation, using a 97%Se–3%Te alloy produced in the Se extraction industrial. The volatilization behavior of the Se–Te alloy was investigated through differential gravimetrical distillation temperatures of 523 K–723 K and system pressures of 5 Pa–1000 Pa. The results indicated that the evaporation rates of Se and Te in Se–Te alloy and the temperature exhibit an exponentially relationship, which followed the model ω = e<sup>(a+bT)</sup>. Additionally, the relationship between system pressure and evaporation rate followed a logistic model <span><math><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mi>p</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>b</mi></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></math></span>.Notably, the Te content in the volatile compounds was inversely correlated with the system pressure, thereby decreasing significantly with increasing system pressure. The mass transfer coefficient of Se in the Se–Te alloy was also determined, exhibiting a significant increase with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. Furthermore, through comparative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the residual and volatiles phases. The phase of selenium and tellurium in the raw materials, residues, and volatiles remains unchanged, existing in the form of elemental selenium and tellurium, which meets the requirements of the volatilization experiments. Through experimental and data analysis, this study investigated the evaporation rates of selenium and tellurium in a selenium-tellurium alloy system and developed a fundamental model relating to pressure and temperature to obtain evaporation parameters, providing valuable insights into the volatilization behavior of Se and Te under vacuum conditions, thereby offering theoretical guidance for the vacuum distillation separation of these elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114098"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114114
Chun Shang , Jiangpeng Zheng , Xiaodong Hou , Keyu Jin , Mingqiang Chu , Shuyan Zhang
This study investigates microstructure and tensile performance of Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (Ti-185), a high-strength and cost-effective β-titanium (β-Ti) alloy, fabricated using two techniques: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and laser directed energy deposition (LDED). The results demonstrate superior capability of LPBF in producing Ti-185 with a refined microstructure, due to ultra-high cooling rates (∼10⁶ K/s). This process inhibits the formation of brittle ω phase, achieving an impressive tensile strength of approximately 1100 MPa and ductility around 9 %. Conversely, LDED's lower cooling rates (∼102 K/s) result in coarser grains and significant ω phase precipitation, leading to reduced ductility and brittle fracture behavior. This work provides a systematic comparison of LPBF and LDED Ti-185, addressing key challenges such as Fe micro-segregation and brittle phase formation. These findings highlight LPBF's potential for optimizing the balance of strength and ductility in Ti-185 alloy, offering valuable insights into processing strategies for advanced β-Ti alloys in industrial applications.
{"title":"Microstructure and tensile performance of Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion versus directed energy deposition","authors":"Chun Shang , Jiangpeng Zheng , Xiaodong Hou , Keyu Jin , Mingqiang Chu , Shuyan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates microstructure and tensile performance of Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (Ti-185), a high-strength and cost-effective β-titanium (β-Ti) alloy, fabricated using two techniques: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and laser directed energy deposition (LDED). The results demonstrate superior capability of LPBF in producing Ti-185 with a refined microstructure, due to ultra-high cooling rates (∼10⁶ K/s). This process inhibits the formation of brittle ω phase, achieving an impressive tensile strength of approximately 1100 MPa and ductility around 9 %. Conversely, LDED's lower cooling rates (∼10<sup>2</sup> K/s) result in coarser grains and significant ω phase precipitation, leading to reduced ductility and brittle fracture behavior. This work provides a systematic comparison of LPBF and LDED Ti-185, addressing key challenges such as Fe micro-segregation and brittle phase formation. These findings highlight LPBF's potential for optimizing the balance of strength and ductility in Ti-185 alloy, offering valuable insights into processing strategies for advanced β-Ti alloys in industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114113
Y. Gong , S. Wang
Copper/graphite composite materials (CGCM) are widely employed as electric contact material in many fields. However, challenges persist due to weak interface bonding. This study investigates the incorporation of V2AlC into CGCM to enhance the bonding at the copper-graphite interface. The results show that at high temperatures, V2AlC decomposes in situ into VC, releasing V atoms that promote the synthesis of a VC layer at the copper-graphite interface. This contributes to a higher nano-indentation hardness at the copper-graphite interface, from 1.46 ± 0.16 GPa to 6.12 ± 0.48 GPa. Additionally, there is a significant improvement in the hardness and compressive strength of CGCM, with hardness increasing from 19.6 ± 1.2 HV0.2 to 76.3 ± 1.6 HV0.2 and compressive strength rising from 132 ± 5 MPa to 218 ± 6 MPa, respectively.
{"title":"Effect of V2AlC on the microstructure of copper/graphite composite materials","authors":"Y. Gong , S. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper/graphite composite materials (CGCM) are widely employed as electric contact material in many fields. However, challenges persist due to weak interface bonding. This study investigates the incorporation of V<sub>2</sub>AlC into CGCM to enhance the bonding at the copper-graphite interface. The results show that at high temperatures, V<sub>2</sub>AlC decomposes in situ into VC, releasing V atoms that promote the synthesis of a VC layer at the copper-graphite interface. This contributes to a higher nano-indentation hardness at the copper-graphite interface, from 1.46 ± 0.16 GPa to 6.12 ± 0.48 GPa. Additionally, there is a significant improvement in the hardness and compressive strength of CGCM, with hardness increasing from 19.6 ± 1.2 HV<sub>0.2</sub> to 76.3 ± 1.6 HV<sub>0.2</sub> and compressive strength rising from 132 ± 5 MPa to 218 ± 6 MPa, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The vacuum system of Siam Photon Source II (SPS-II), Thailand's first fourth-generation light source, is positioned to significantly enhance the country's local manufacturing capabilities and strengthen the Thai industrial community through technology transfer by domestically fabricating most of the main components in the system. Utilizing existing Thai expertise, conventional pumping technology is chosen. However, Design adaptations are needed to overcome the challenges posed by the dense Double-Triple Bend Achromat (DTBA) magnet lattice with limited aperture. Strategic positioning of pumps is required to achieve optimal pumping efficiency. Lump pumps are being strategically distributed throughout system. A combined approach is employed for pressure profile evaluation, using 1D iteration for the overall pressure profile with conductance values calculated from 3D Molflow + simulation, enabling optimization of the pump distribution strategy. To minimize cost and impedance, bellows are eliminated between chambers in both upstream and downstream arc sections. Finite element analysis is ongoing to ensure the modified design can withstand operational stresses. The paper concludes by outlining the overall progress and future plans for the SPS-II vacuum system design.
{"title":"Progress in vacuum system design for Thailand's new light source","authors":"Thanapong Phimsen, Supan Boonsuya, Sarawut Chitthaisong, Sireegorn Sumklang, Orayanee Seegauncha, Narongsak Sonsuphap, Prapaiwan Sunwong, Supachai Prawanta, Siriwan Jummunt, Porntip Sudmuang, Prapong Klysubun","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vacuum system of Siam Photon Source II (SPS-II), Thailand's first fourth-generation light source, is positioned to significantly enhance the country's local manufacturing capabilities and strengthen the Thai industrial community through technology transfer by domestically fabricating most of the main components in the system. Utilizing existing Thai expertise, conventional pumping technology is chosen. However, Design adaptations are needed to overcome the challenges posed by the dense Double-Triple Bend Achromat (DTBA) magnet lattice with limited aperture. Strategic positioning of pumps is required to achieve optimal pumping efficiency. Lump pumps are being strategically distributed throughout system. A combined approach is employed for pressure profile evaluation, using 1D iteration for the overall pressure profile with conductance values calculated from 3D Molflow + simulation, enabling optimization of the pump distribution strategy. To minimize cost and impedance, bellows are eliminated between chambers in both upstream and downstream arc sections. Finite element analysis is ongoing to ensure the modified design can withstand operational stresses. The paper concludes by outlining the overall progress and future plans for the SPS-II vacuum system design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114090
J.O.W. Poynton , S. Wilde , J. Bourne , E. Jordan , N. Templeton , B. Matheson , T. Capelli , A. Seller
Daresbury Laboratory recently completed the build of a Radio Frequency Dipole (RFD) crab cavity cryomodule for the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). During the build the team faced challenges leak testing welds which could not be tested in the typical evacuation method. Each cryomodule build requires 34 unique cryogenic and insulation vacuum weld configurations, most of which are repeated across multiple weld sites. Each weld must be qualified inspected and tested (visual and leak) before the build can progress.
A suite of bespoke 3D printed weld test tools and procedures have been developed with major savings to time and cost and improved quality of leak testing tooling, developing a methodology which can be adapted to many different weld configurations. All whilst maintaining a baseline leak rate of <5e-12 mbar L/s at or below 1e-3 mbar. The result was a repeatable and cost-effective means of performing high-accuracy leak tests in a short timescale.
{"title":"Development of SLA 3D printed volumes for leak testing of LHC Hi-Lumi cryomodules at STFC","authors":"J.O.W. Poynton , S. Wilde , J. Bourne , E. Jordan , N. Templeton , B. Matheson , T. Capelli , A. Seller","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Daresbury Laboratory recently completed the build of a Radio Frequency Dipole (RFD) crab cavity cryomodule for the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). During the build the team faced challenges leak testing welds which could not be tested in the typical evacuation method. Each cryomodule build requires 34 unique cryogenic and insulation vacuum weld configurations, most of which are repeated across multiple weld sites. Each weld must be qualified inspected and tested (visual and leak) before the build can progress.</div><div>A suite of bespoke 3D printed weld test tools and procedures have been developed with major savings to time and cost and improved quality of leak testing tooling, developing a methodology which can be adapted to many different weld configurations. All whilst maintaining a baseline leak rate of <5e-12 mbar L/s at or below 1e-3 mbar. The result was a repeatable and cost-effective means of performing high-accuracy leak tests in a short timescale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114090"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114110
Z. Du , X. Li , M. Zheng , S.V. Rogozhkin , A.A. Nikitin , H. Pan
The single-phase body-centered-cubic (BCC) multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) have garnered attention as promising materials for extreme conditions in nuclear reactors. However, the limited ductility and high density of BCC MPEAs present challenges for practical applications. In this work, a novel light-weight single-phase BCC MPEA with high strength-ductility, Ti50V40Cr5Al5, was designed using the ΔHmix-δ, and M-VEC under the requirement of ρ < 6 g/cm3. The Ti50V40Cr5Al5 prepared by vacuum arc melting exhibits single-phase BCC microstructure and a low density of 5.09 g/cm³. Compared to conventional reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels, the thermal expansion coefficient of this alloy is reduced by 0.19 × 10−5 K−1 to 0.49 × 10−5 K−1 (a decrease of 15–33 %), while its thermal conductivity increases by > 1.2 W/(m·°C) (an increase of >4 %) at 600 °C. Ti50V40Cr5Al5 exhibits high strength-ductility at room temperature (σy = 796 MPa, εΤΕ = 31 %) and achieves excellent strength-ductility synergy at 25–600 °C. Its yield strength is 125–333 MPa (an increase of 26–132 %) higher than that of conventional RAFM steels, with a 7.7–35.1 % (an increase of 33–396 %) higher total elongation. With its outstanding thermo-physical properties and excellent strength-ductility synergy, Ti50V40Cr5Al5 stands out as a promising candidate for structural materials of nuclear reactors.
{"title":"Light-weight multi-principal element alloy Ti50V40Cr5Al5 with high strength-ductility and improved thermo-physical properties","authors":"Z. Du , X. Li , M. Zheng , S.V. Rogozhkin , A.A. Nikitin , H. Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The single-phase body-centered-cubic (BCC) multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) have garnered attention as promising materials for extreme conditions in nuclear reactors. However, the limited ductility and high density of BCC MPEAs present challenges for practical applications. In this work, a novel light-weight single-phase BCC MPEA with high strength-ductility, Ti<sub>50</sub>V<sub>40</sub>Cr<sub>5</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>, was designed using the Δ<em>H</em><sub>mix</sub>-<em>δ</em>, and M-VEC under the requirement of <em>ρ</em> < 6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The Ti<sub>50</sub>V<sub>40</sub>Cr<sub>5</sub>Al<sub>5</sub> prepared by vacuum arc melting exhibits single-phase BCC microstructure and a low density of 5.09 g/cm³. Compared to conventional reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels, the thermal expansion coefficient of this alloy is reduced by 0.19 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> to 0.49 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> (a decrease of 15–33 %), while its thermal conductivity increases by > 1.2 W/(m·°C) (an increase of >4 %) at 600 °C. Ti<sub>50</sub>V<sub>40</sub>Cr<sub>5</sub>Al<sub>5</sub> exhibits high strength-ductility at room temperature (<em>σ</em><sub>y</sub> = 796 MPa, <em>ε</em><sub>ΤΕ</sub> = 31 %) and achieves excellent strength-ductility synergy at 25–600 °C. Its yield strength is 125–333 MPa (an increase of 26–132 %) higher than that of conventional RAFM steels, with a 7.7–35.1 % (an increase of 33–396 %) higher total elongation. With its outstanding thermo-physical properties and excellent strength-ductility synergy, Ti<sub>50</sub>V<sub>40</sub>Cr<sub>5</sub>Al<sub>5</sub> stands out as a promising candidate for structural materials of nuclear reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The imperative to produce lightweight-components has intensified the need for fabrication of Mg-matrix composites. This investigation addresses this exigency by using friction stir processing (FSP) as a solid-state route. This study's goal was to find out how vibration affects the tribological and mechanical properties of AZ31/CeO2+h-BN surface composites that were made using FSP and FSVP. The attained data showed that FSVP resulted in better homogeneity of CeO2+h-BN particles across the matrix. The findings also showed that adding vibration to FSP leads to improved hardness and increased shear punch strength (SPT), but also leads to higher wear resistance. The 43 % reduction in grain size in FSVPed composites resulted in a 16 % increase in hardness, while the SPT also improved by approximately 33 %. These changes also resulted in a 25 % decrease in wear rate and a 25 % reduction in average friction coefficient for FSVP composites compared to the FSP. These results suggest that FSVP had a great potential in the mechanical and tribological properties enhancement of AZ31Mg alloy composites.
{"title":"Fabrication of novel AZ31/CeO2+h-BN hybrid surface composites using friction stir processing: Study of microstructural, tribological and mechanical behavior","authors":"Jinguo Zhao , Hossein Keshavarz , Moslem Paidar , Sagr Alamri , Shirin Shomurotova , Khidhair Jasim Mohammed","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The imperative to produce lightweight-components has intensified the need for fabrication of Mg-matrix composites. This investigation addresses this exigency by using friction stir processing (FSP) as a solid-state route. This study's goal was to find out how vibration affects the tribological and mechanical properties of AZ31/CeO<sub>2</sub>+h-BN surface composites that were made using FSP and FSVP. The attained data showed that FSVP resulted in better homogeneity of CeO<sub>2</sub>+h-BN particles across the matrix. The findings also showed that adding vibration to FSP leads to improved hardness and increased shear punch strength (SPT), but also leads to higher wear resistance. The 43 % reduction in grain size in FSVPed composites resulted in a 16 % increase in hardness, while the SPT also improved by approximately 33 %. These changes also resulted in a 25 % decrease in wear rate and a 25 % reduction in average friction coefficient for FSVP composites compared to the FSP. These results suggest that FSVP had a great potential in the mechanical and tribological properties enhancement of AZ31Mg alloy composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 1.5 GeV Taiwan Light Source (TLS) BL19B beamline was built to measure the photon stimulated desorption (PSD)-yield (ηPSD) and the associated photoelectron yield (PEY, ηe). Three stainless steel vacuum tubes 0.5 m in length were installed in the beamline for synchrotron radiation exposure. They were coated with non-evaporable getter (NEG) films with different structures, including conductive NEG (TiZrVAg) to reduce RF surface resistance, dual NEG (dense-TiZrV/columnar-TiZrV) for higher pumping performance, and triple-layer NEG (TiZrVN/dense-TiZrV/columnar-TiZrV) in which the nitride-layer (TiZrVN) acted as a hydrogen barrier in the chamber. Both ηPSD and ηe were measured simultaneously under two conditions, namely, “non-activated NEG”, baking only the tube at 80 °C without NEG-activation and “activated NEG” where the NEG was activated after at 180 °C. The intrinsic ηPSD comprises two parts, the ηc is measured via the throughput or conductance method for non-activated NEG, hydrocarbons, and noble gases with a sticking probability of α = 0; and the ηα for the activated NEG which absorbs the gases with α > 0. The results of PSD reveal a much lower intrinsic ηPSD for activated NEG than that of the non-activated NEG by a factor of 10–100 for most of the gases including H2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, and C2H6. The PEY (ηe) measurements for the NEG-tube showed higher values (>0.033 electrons/photon) for the non-activated NEG and lower values (<0.022 electrons/photon) for the activated NEG. Comparison showed that the triple-layer NEG tube possessed both the lowest ηPSD and ηe of all the NEG tubes. The ηe was also lower after activation of the conductive NEG tube. The simultaneous measurements of both ηPSD and ηe for the NEG-coated tubes at the beamline in this experiment are reproducible and practically convincing.
{"title":"Measurements of PSD and photoelectrons on NEG coated vacuum chambers exposed to synchrotron radiation at the Taiwan Light Source beamline","authors":"Gao-Yu Hsiung , Chin Shueh , Chia-Mu Cheng , Che-Kai Chan , Reza Valizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 1.5 GeV Taiwan Light Source (TLS) BL19B beamline was built to measure the photon stimulated desorption (PSD)-yield (η<sub>PSD</sub>) and the associated photoelectron yield (PEY, η<sub>e</sub>). Three stainless steel vacuum tubes 0.5 m in length were installed in the beamline for synchrotron radiation exposure. They were coated with non-evaporable getter (NEG) films with different structures, including conductive NEG (TiZrVAg) to reduce RF surface resistance, dual NEG (dense-TiZrV/columnar-TiZrV) for higher pumping performance, and triple-layer NEG (TiZrVN/dense-TiZrV/columnar-TiZrV) in which the nitride-layer (TiZrVN) acted as a hydrogen barrier in the chamber. Both η<sub>PSD</sub> and η<sub>e</sub> were measured simultaneously under two conditions, namely, “non-activated NEG”, baking only the tube at 80 °C without NEG-activation and “activated NEG” where the NEG was activated after at 180 °C. The intrinsic η<sub>PSD</sub> comprises two parts, the η<sub>c</sub> is measured via the throughput or conductance method for non-activated NEG, hydrocarbons, and noble gases with a sticking probability of α = 0; and the η<sub>α</sub> for the activated NEG which absorbs the gases with α > 0. The results of PSD reveal a much lower intrinsic η<sub>PSD</sub> for activated NEG than that of the non-activated NEG by a factor of 10–100 for most of the gases including H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. The PEY (η<sub>e</sub>) measurements for the NEG-tube showed higher values (>0.033 electrons/photon) for the non-activated NEG and lower values (<0.022 electrons/photon) for the activated NEG. Comparison showed that the triple-layer NEG tube possessed both the lowest η<sub>PSD</sub> and η<sub>e</sub> of all the NEG tubes. The η<sub>e</sub> was also lower after activation of the conductive NEG tube. The simultaneous measurements of both η<sub>PSD</sub> and η<sub>e</sub> for the NEG-coated tubes at the beamline in this experiment are reproducible and practically convincing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}