IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113841

Xingyue Jin , Peng Zhao , Lin Li , Chengzhou Liu , Chuanwen Geng , Qifu Lin , Liqun Hu

Atmospheric pressure inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is widely applied in the production of high-purity coatings and powders. This paper innovatively presents a dual-band imaging ICP temperature diagnostic system that integrates visible light image processing technology and relative spectral line method. The system utilizes a dual-band imaging unit to simultaneously acquire monochromatic grayscale images of ICP at two different wavelengths using a single CCD camera. By establishing the correspondence between the emission intensity received by the emission spectrometer and the grayscale images recorded by the CCD camera, the two-dimensional (2D) electron excitation temperature (EET) field distribution of ICP is obtained by the relative spectral line method. The experimental results demonstrate that the maximum EET is located near to the center line of the RF-driven coil. Additionally, the EET in ICP decreases gradually from the center of the induction coil to the periphery. As the radio frequency (RF) power increases, the maximum EET also increases, and the high-temperature region expands. The accuracy of this method is validated by comparing it with the results obtained from the Boltzmann plot method. Therefore, this method can quickly obtain the transient EET field distribution of ICP, which is significant for optimizing the application of ICP in material processing.

常压电感耦合等离子体（ICP）广泛应用于高纯涂层和粉末的生产。本文创新性地提出了一种双波段成像 ICP 温度诊断系统，该系统集成了可见光图像处理技术和相对谱线方法。该系统利用双波段成像装置，使用单个 CCD 相机同时获取两个不同波长的 ICP 单色灰度图像。通过建立发射光谱仪接收到的发射强度与 CCD 相机记录的灰度图像之间的对应关系，利用相对谱线法获得了 ICP 的二维（2D）电子激发温度（EET）场分布。实验结果表明，最大 EET 位于射频驱动线圈中心线附近。此外，ICP 中的 EET 从感应线圈中心向外围逐渐减小。随着射频（RF）功率的增加，最大 EET 也随之增加，高温区也随之扩大。通过与波尔兹曼图法得出的结果进行比较，验证了该方法的准确性。因此，该方法能快速获得 ICP 的瞬态 EET 场分布，这对优化 ICP 在材料加工中的应用意义重大。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis and spark plasma sintering of Ti5Si3-Mo powders with core-shell structure 具有核壳结构的 Ti5Si3-Mo 粉末的合成与火花等离子烧结

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113843

Ievgen Solodkyi , Vadim Mosiichuk , Oleksandr Kucher , Manja Krüger

Core-shell Ті₅Si₃-Mo powders were successfully synthesized by reducing of ammonium molybdate (para) tetrahydrate with hydrogen and glycerol, respectively. As a result, the Ti₅Si₃ core was coated with submicron and nanosized Mo particles. The morphology and microstructure of the synthesized powders were studied scanning electron microscopy along with local chemical analysis. Phase analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction. The synthesized powders were densified by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at a temperature of 1500 °C. It was shown that powders with a core-shell structure are densified up to a temperature of 1330 °C, while the mechanical mixture of commercial powders at this temperature only begins to densify. The hardness (HV20) of the obtained composites was also investigated. Compressive strength investigation at room temperature shows 5.5 % plastic strain and ultimate strength of about 3 GPa as well as fractographic studies have shown the presence of a pseudo-brittle fracture mechanism for the metal matrix composite (MMC), which was sintered by SPS of the core-shell Ti₅Si₃-Mo powder synthesized by reduction with glycerol.

通过氢气和甘油分别还原四水钼酸铵（对位），成功合成了核壳Ті5Si3-Mo粉末。因此，Ti5Si3 内核被覆上了亚微米和纳米级的 Mo 粒子。通过扫描电子显微镜和局部化学分析研究了合成粉末的形态和微观结构。利用 X 射线衍射进行了相分析。合成粉末通过火花等离子烧结（SPS）在 1500 ℃ 的温度下进行致密化。结果表明，核壳结构粉末的致密化温度可达 1330 °C，而商品粉末的机械混合物在此温度下才开始致密化。此外，还对所获复合材料的硬度（HV20）进行了研究。室温下的抗压强度调查显示，其塑性应变为 5.5%，极限强度约为 3 GPa，断裂力学研究表明，通过甘油还原法合成的核壳 Ti5Si3-Mo 粉末经 SPS 烧结而成的金属基复合材料（MMC）存在伪脆性断裂机制。

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引用次数: 0

Monte Carlo simulation of the magnetic properties of a multilayer mixed-spin system (5/2, 3/2) 多层混合自旋系统（5/2，3/2）磁特性的蒙特卡罗模拟

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113781

H. Saadi , A. Al-Rajhi , E.M. Jalal , O. Hachem , M. Madani , M. El Bouziani

A Monte Carlo simulation has been employed to investigate the critical behavior of a multilayer system composed of two blocks: the upper block A with spin-5/2 and the bottom one B with spin-3/2. In the first instance, the effect of number of layers is studied in order to determine the optimal number of layers to select. The influence of exchange coupling and crystal fields constants on total and sublattice magnetizations, susceptibilities, and internal energy is deduced for specific parameters. The phase diagrams under the effect of different parameters have also been established. Moreover, We analyzed the hysteresis cycles for selected values of temperature, exchange coupling interaction and the crystal fields. At last, we noticed that our findings are comparable with the results of theoretical and experimental studies carried out by others.

蒙特卡洛模拟被用来研究由两个区块组成的多层系统的临界行为：上层区块 A 具有自旋-5/2，下层区块 B 具有自旋-3/2。首先研究了层数的影响，以确定选择的最佳层数。在特定参数下，推导了交换耦合和晶体场常数对总磁化和亚晶格磁化、电感和内能的影响。还建立了不同参数影响下的相图。此外，我们还分析了温度、交换耦合作用和晶体场选定值下的磁滞周期。最后，我们注意到，我们的研究结果与其他人的理论和实验研究结果具有可比性。

引用次数: 0

Effect of preheating treatment in Ar atmosphere on oxidation resistance of Mg-Y alloys and formation of oxide film 氩气环境中的预热处理对 Mg-Y 合金抗氧化性和氧化膜形成的影响

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113836

S.Y. Liu , J. Apell , B. Li , Z.H. Liu , G.J. Liu , X.Y. Lang , Y.F. Zhu , Q. Jiang

Magnesium and its alloys occupy a vital role in the aerospace, automotive and communications industries due to their low density, high specific strength and electromagnetic shielding capabilities. However, due to the strong affinity of Mg for O and the fact that MgO is generally not protective, application of Mg and its alloys at high temperature often results in catastrophic oxidation. One promising approach is based on the addition of Y in combination with a suitable pretreatment to achieve a protective oxide. Therefore, the oxidation resistance (OR) of Mg-xY (x = 0.5, 2.5 and 5.5 wt%) was investigated after using a preheating treatment in Ar atmosphere. The oxidation resistance of preheated Mg-xY alloys is greatly improved compared to unpreheated alloys and pure Mg, particularly for x = 2.5. This improvement is attributed to the enrichment of Y to the surface caused by outward diffusion of Y, and subsequent selective oxidation of Y under low oxygen partial pressure to generate a dense and compact protective film, composed of an outer thin MgO/Y₂O₃ composite layer and an inner thick Y₂O₃ layer. Some flocculent MgO/Y₂O₃ composites were observed on the surface of preheated Mg-5.5Y during the oxidation process, lowering the OR of this alloy.

镁及其合金具有密度低、比强度高和电磁屏蔽能力强的特点，在航空航天、汽车和通信行业中发挥着重要作用。然而，由于镁与 O 的亲和力很强，而且氧化镁通常不具有保护作用，因此在高温下使用镁及其合金往往会导致灾难性的氧化。一种可行的方法是在添加 Y 的同时进行适当的预处理，以获得保护性氧化物。因此，在氩气环境中进行预热处理后，对 Mg-xY（x = 0.5、2.5 和 5.5 wt%）的抗氧化性（OR）进行了研究。与未加热的合金和纯镁相比，预热 Mg-xY 合金的抗氧化性大大提高，尤其是 x = 2.5 时。这种改善归因于 Y 的向外扩散使 Y 富集到表面，随后 Y 在低氧分压下发生选择性氧化，生成一层致密而紧凑的保护膜，该保护膜由外层薄 MgO/Y2O3 复合层和内层厚 Y2O3 层组成。在氧化过程中，在预热的 Mg-5.5Y 表面观察到一些絮状 MgO/Y2O3 复合材料，从而降低了这种合金的 OR。

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引用次数: 0

Interfacial electric field of CdIn2S4/CuS heterostructure induced S-scheme charge transfer for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting CdIn2S4/CuS 异质结构的界面电场诱导 S 型电荷转移，实现高效光电化学水分离

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113838

Zonghan Hu , Qi Wang , Zihang Wang , Lanlan Zhang , Chengwei Hu , Yuanhu Lei , Yupei Qiao , Bing Lv

Currently, the two predominant heterojunction types, namely type II and S-scheme heterojunctions, are extensively employed in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen production. However, type II heterojunctions suffer from the drawback of diminished oxidation-reduction capability. In this work, S-scheme CdIn₂S₄/CuS (CIS/CuS) heterojunction nanoblocks (NBs) photoanode is constructed for the first time by a hydrothermal and the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) methods. The heterojunction achieves a photocurrent density of up to 4.0 mA/cm² at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, 2.37 times that of the pure CIS NBs photoanode. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Tauc plots, Mott-Schottky (M − S) tests and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the formation of S-scheme band structure between the interface of CIS and CuS. As a result, the significantly enhanced PEC water splitting performance of CIS/CuS NBs photoanode is attributed to the superior light absorption ability of CuS and the effective charge separation achieved by S-scheme band structure between the interface of CIS and CuS. This work also provides new ideas and strategies for designing efficient S-scheme heterostructures for efficient PEC water splitting.

目前，两种主要的异质结类型，即 II 型异质结和 S 型异质结，被广泛用于光电化学（PEC）水分离制氢。然而，II 型异质结存在氧化还原能力减弱的缺点。本研究首次采用水热法和连续离子层吸附和反应（SILAR）法构建了 S 型 CdIn2S4/CuS（CIS/CuS）异质结纳米块（NBs）光阳极。该异质结在 0 V 对 Ag/AgCl 时的光电流密度高达 4.0 mA/cm2，是纯 CIS NBs 光阳极的 2.37 倍。X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）、陶氏图、莫特-肖特基（M - S）测试和密度泛函理论（DFT）计算揭示了 CIS 与 CuS 界面之间形成的 S 型带结构。因此，CIS/CuS NBs 光阳极的 PEC 水分离性能的显著提高归功于 CuS 优异的光吸收能力以及 CIS 和 CuS 界面之间的 S 型带结构实现的有效电荷分离。这项研究还为设计高效 S 型异质结构以实现高效 PEC 水分离提供了新的思路和策略。

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引用次数: 0

Electrochemical regulation of graphene infrared image display based on high-efficiency lithium ions intercalation method 基于高效锂离子插层法的石墨烯红外图像显示的电化学调控

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113842

Longhao Liu , Kaixi Bi , Ganying Zeng , Yan Zhuang , Shuqi Han , Shengguo Zhang , Linyu Mei

With the advancement of infrared modulation technologies, infrared display devices have attracted increasing attention. Previous studies have mainly focused on the response time of infrared display devices and have achieved great success. Nevertheless, owing to the restricted material properties or modulation approaches, the response time of the majority of infrared modulating devices remains trapped at level for a few seconds. In this paper, we fabricated an infrared images display device based on lithium-ion intercalated multilayer graphene (MLG). By changing the lithium-ion content and current value, we had successfully improved its response time from approximately 140,000 ms to around 6 ms.Meanwhile, its absorbance also has significant changes within 0.8–1.8 μm (∼75 %–∼25 %) and 2.5–25 μm (∼45 %–∼2 %). In addition, multi-pixel infrared display unit has been realized on a flexible substrate. The letters "N, U, and C″ were dynamically displayed continuously at 3∗3 pixels by controlling lithium-ions intercalate MLG state. Our work is expected to provide theoretical and technological support for ultrafast flexible dynamic infrared display devices.

随着红外调制技术的发展，红外显示设备越来越受到人们的关注。以往的研究主要集中在红外显示设备的响应时间上，并取得了巨大成功。然而，由于材料特性或调制方法的限制，大多数红外调制器件的响应时间仍停留在几秒钟的水平。在本文中，我们制作了一种基于锂离子插层多层石墨烯（MLG）的红外图像显示设备。通过改变锂离子含量和电流值，我们成功地将其响应时间从约 14 万毫秒提高到约 6 毫秒。同时，其吸光度在 0.8-1.8 μm （∼75 %-∼25 %）和 2.5-25 μm （∼45 %-∼2 %）范围内也有显著变化。此外，还在柔性基板上实现了多像素红外显示单元。通过控制锂离子插层 MLG 状态，字母 "N、U 和 C "在 3∗3 像素上连续动态显示。我们的工作有望为超快柔性动态红外显示设备提供理论和技术支持。

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引用次数: 0

On the application of components manufactured with stereolithographic 3D printing in high vacuum systems 在高真空系统中应用立体平版 3D 打印技术制造的部件

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113809

Aleksandar Radić , Sam Morgan Lambrick , Sam Rhodes , David James Ward

We explore the ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) compatibility of Formlabs ‘Clear Resin’ via vat photopolymerisation (VPP). We report on a method for using VPP additive manufacturing, specifically Formlabs’ widely available stereolithographic (SLA) printing using their ‘Clear Resin’ material, to rapidly and cheaply prototype components for use in high-vacuum (HV) environments. We present pump down curves and residual gas analysis to demonstrate the primary vacuum contaminant from freshly printed SLA plastics is water with no evidence of polymers outgassing from the material and thus the vacuum performance can be controlled with simple treatments which do not involve surface sealing. An unbaked vacuum system containing SLA printed components achieved 1.9

\times

10^-8 mbar base pressure whilst retaining structural integrity and manufacturing accuracy. Outgassing rates in the HV test chamber and preliminary results in a UHV chamber indicate that our method can be extended to achieve ultrahigh-vacuum compatibility. We further report on the effect of atmospheric exposure to components and present evidence to suggest that water re-ad/absorption occurs exclusively on the surface, by showing that the bulk mass changes of the material is irreversible on the timescale investigated (

< 2

weeks).

我们通过大桶光聚合（VPP）技术探索了Formlabs公司 "透明树脂 "的超高真空（UHV）兼容性。我们报告了一种使用 VPP 增材制造的方法，特别是使用 Formlabs 公司的 "Clear Resin "材料进行广泛可用的立体光刻 (SLA) 印刷，以快速、廉价地制作在高真空 (HV) 环境中使用的部件原型。我们展示了抽气曲线和残留气体分析，证明新打印的 SLA 塑料的主要真空污染物是水，没有证据表明材料中的聚合物会放气，因此真空性能可以通过简单的处理来控制，无需进行表面密封。含有 SLA 印刷部件的未烘烤真空系统达到了 1.9 × 10-8 毫巴的基本压力，同时保持了结构完整性和制造精度。高真空测试室中的放气率和超高真空室中的初步结果表明，我们的方法可以扩展到实现超高真空兼容性。我们进一步报告了大气暴露对部件的影响，并提出证据表明，在所研究的时间范围内（2 周），材料的体积质量变化是不可逆的，因此水的再添加/吸收只发生在表面上。

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引用次数: 0

DC voltage prestrike characteristics of single VI and series VIs with AMF and TMF contacts 带有 AMF 和 TMF 触点的单个 VI 和串联 VI 的直流电压预触发特性

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113840

Yun Geng , Xiaofei Yao , Siyi Wei , Jianning Yin , Jiangang Ding , Haomin Li , Yingsan Geng , Zhiyuan Liu

The double-break vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) effectively solves the problem of voltage saturation of the single-break VCB and improves the performance of the VCB. However, there is currently a lack of research on the prestrike characteristics of combined series vacuum interrupters (VIs) composed of different contact structures when closing under DC voltage. In this paper, the prestrike characteristics of a single VI and a combined series VIs with a cup-type axial magnetic field (AMF) contact and a spiral-type transverse magnetic field (TMF) contact are studied experimentally and numerically. The prestrike characteristics include 50 % prestrike gap (d₅₀), prestrike gap dispersion (σ_pre), prestrike voltage (U_f) and prestrike field strength (E). Two single VIs and four series VIs are AMF single VI, TMF single VI, AMF-AMF series VIs, AMF-TMF series VIs, TMF-AMF series VIs and TMF-TMF series VIs. This research can provide a basis for the design of the series VIs applied in the phase-controlled closing, and provide theoretical support for further analysis of the prestrike characteristics of the series VIs under capacitive switching.

双断口真空断路器（VCB）有效解决了单断口真空断路器的电压饱和问题，提高了真空断路器的性能。然而，目前对由不同触头结构组成的组合式串联真空灭弧室（VI）在直流电压下合闸时的预分闸特性还缺乏研究。本文通过实验和数值计算研究了单个真空灭弧室和具有杯式轴向磁场（AMF）触头和螺旋式横向磁场（TMF）触头的组合串联真空灭弧室的预触发特性。预启动特性包括 50% 预启动间隙 (d50)、预启动间隙分散 (σpre)、预启动电压 (Uf) 和预启动场强 (E)。两个单VI和四个系列VI分别为AMF单VI、TMF单VI、AMF-AMF系列VI、AMF-TMF系列VI、TMF-AMF系列VI和TMF-TMF系列VI。这项研究可为相控合闸中应用的串联变流器的设计提供依据，并为进一步分析电容开关下串联变流器的预启动特性提供理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

A novel physical vapor deposition setup applying high-frequency currents: Deposition of Cu thin films 应用高频电流的新型物理气相沉积装置：铜薄膜的沉积

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113839

Ioannis A. Poimenidis , Michalis Liapakis , Argyro Klini , Maria Farsari , Stavros D. Moustaizis , Michalis Konsolakis , Panagiotis A. Loukakos

A pioneering laboratory apparatus of physical vapor deposition (PVD) for thin film fabrication is herein introduced. This innovative setup harnesses high-frequency currents (Eddy currents) and a Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) heater to sublimate the sacrificial material. The as-fabricated system offers low energy consumption and fast deposition time, leading to the formation and growth of thin films in various thicknesses. To reveal its effectiveness, Cu thin films were deposited on Si wafers. Morphological, structural, and surface profile characterizations confirmed the growth of thin films consisting of Cu nanoparticles. Also, a parametric study of deposition time was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the thin film fabrication.

本文介绍了一种用于薄膜制造的开创性物理气相沉积（PVD）实验室设备。这种创新装置利用高频电流（涡流）和零电压开关（ZVS）加热器来升华牺牲材料。制造完成的系统能耗低、沉积时间快，可形成和生长各种厚度的薄膜。为了揭示其有效性，我们在硅晶片上沉积了铜薄膜。对形态、结构和表面轮廓的表征证实了由铜纳米颗粒组成的薄膜的生长。此外，还对沉积时间进行了参数研究，以确定薄膜制造的最佳条件。

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of oxygen-rich carbon materials as metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in seawater electrolyte 合成富氧碳材料作为海水电解质中氧还原反应的无金属催化剂

IF 3.8 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Vacuum

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113834

Jiangpeng Li , Qiuchen He , Su Zhan , Lin Zhou , Junjie Zhang , Yuchen Qiao , Ziming Zhao , Dehui Yang , Wenjun Jiang , Feng Zhou

Compared to conventional aqueous metal-air batteries, seawater batteries provide a promising strategy for the sustainable energy conversion and storage systems. However, the intricate ionic environment of seawater, in particular, Cl⁻ significantly restraint the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of the catalysts. Herein, mesoporous carbon materials with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups were simply fabricated as the cost-effective catalysts from the biowaste Ginkgo biloba, exhibiting prominent stability and ORR activity with a 4e⁻ path selectivity up to 92 % in seawater electrolyte. Structure characterization and ORR experimental results indicated the ORR performance was significantly modulated by the C-O-C in carbon matrix, and the synergistic of C-O-C and N-containing configuration may further enhance the dissociation of O-O of ∗OOH, resulting in an optimized 4e⁻ path selectivity. Additionally, the Ginkgo biloba derived catalysts displayed an overpotential of 580 mV for at 10 mA/cm² more negative than that of the previously reported commercial Ir/C in seawater electrolyte. This study highlights the synthesis of sustainable and cost-effective catalysts for seawater batteries, offering a strategy for designing metal-free catalysts of seawater battery, and promoting the advancement of sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies.

与传统的含水金属-空气电池相比，海水电池为可持续能源转换和存储系统提供了一种前景广阔的策略。然而，海水错综复杂的离子环境，尤其是 Cl- 大大限制了催化剂的氧还原反应（ORR）活性。在此，我们利用生物废弃物银杏叶简单地制备了具有丰富含氧官能团的介孔碳材料，作为经济高效的催化剂，在海水电解质中表现出突出的稳定性和 ORR 活性，其 4e 路径选择性高达 92%。结构表征和 ORR 实验结果表明，碳基质中的 C-O-C 对 ORR 性能有显著的调节作用，C-O-C 和含 N 构型的协同作用可进一步增强 ∗OOH 的 O-O 解离，从而优化 4e 路径选择性。此外，银杏叶衍生催化剂在 10 mA/cm2 条件下的过电位为 580 mV，比之前报道的商用 Ir/C 在海水电解质中的过电位更负。这项研究强调了可持续且具有成本效益的海水电池催化剂的合成，为海水电池无金属催化剂的设计提供了一种策略，促进了可持续能源转换和存储技术的发展。

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引用次数: 0

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