Vacuum最新文献

{"title":"Distribution of ion energy and concentration in the expansion region of radio-frequency inductive coupled plasmas with deuterium and deuterium-nitrogen mixtures","authors":"Xiao Xi ,&nbsp;Xuxu Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Jin ,&nbsp;Jipeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Hai Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiu Ye ,&nbsp;Changan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a 13.56 MHz radio frequency power supply was used to generate an external solenoid inductively coupled plasma source. An ion energy mass spectrometer equipped with a Bessel box and quadrupole mass filter was employed to investigate the characteristics of ion in expansion region. The ion species, concentration and their energy distributions with different working gases, including deuterium, nitrogen and their mixtures, have been analyzed by adjusting the gas flow rate or relative concentration over a wide parametric range. The results give the evolution of deuterium series D⁺/D₂⁺/D₃⁺, nitrogen series N⁺/N₂⁺/N₂D⁺, and the ammonia series ND⁺/ND₂⁺/ND₃⁺/ND₄⁺. The ion energy distribution of D₃⁺, N₂⁺ and ND₄⁺ display multi-peak distributions, indicating sheath voltage modulation and frequent collisional production in gas phase. The signal intensities and peak energies of these ions show distinct trends with respect to the gas flow rate. The reaction processes been given to illustrate the transformation path within and between different ion series. The reactions can be divided into three stages: ionization regime, intermediate regime and recombination regime, depending on the overall gas flow rate. And the N₂D⁺ is an effective media during molecular assisted recombination stage. These results benefit plasma processing and chemical synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the phase interface structure and orientation relationship of the intermetallic compounds layer in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu joints during isothermal aging","authors":"Dongdong Chen ,&nbsp;Zan Long ,&nbsp;Sirong Zhu ,&nbsp;Huaxin Liang ,&nbsp;Yuan Teng ,&nbsp;Cunji Pu ,&nbsp;Jikang Yan ,&nbsp;Yanqing Lai ,&nbsp;Jianhong Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structure of the interfacial layer is important for evaluating the reliability of an electronic package. Herein, we comprehensively investigated the changes in morphology and thickness of intermetallic compounds interlayer during aging, the diffusion of elements during the reflow soldering and isothermal aging, as well as the phase structural and crystallographic relationships among β-Sn, Cu₆Sn₅, and Cu₃Sn phases. After aging, Cu₆Sn₅<strong>/</strong>β-Sn interface exhibited special <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>010</mn><mo>]</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>β</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>210</mn><mo>]</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>5</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> crystallographic relationship, while the angle between <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>01</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>β</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>21</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>5</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> was 174.1°. Cu₆Sn₅<strong>/</strong>Cu₃Sn interface showed special <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>111</mn><mo>]</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi>S</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>001</mn><mo>]</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>S</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> crystallographic relationship, while the angle between <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>3</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>5</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>S</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> was 58.7°. The growth patterns of Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn phases during isothermal aging were investigated further based on the interface orientation relationship. This study reported the growth of the interface IMCs layer via the interfacial structure of Cu₆Sn₅<strong>/</strong>β-Sn, Cu₆Sn₅<strong>/</strong>Cu₃Sn, and Cu₃Sn/Cu, which further improves the orientation relationship of interface phases. Meanwhile, this work provides a valuable basis for improving the reliability of solder service.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A carbon nanotubes cathode ionization gauge with a straight path of electrons","authors":"Guoheng Yu ,&nbsp;Detian Li ,&nbsp;Huzhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Weijun Huang ,&nbsp;Changkun Dong ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Xi ,&nbsp;Gang Li ,&nbsp;Zhangyi Zhong ,&nbsp;Weidong Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a type of field emission cathode material with broad application potential. Compared with hot filament cathodes, CNTs cathodes possess advantages such as low operating temperature and energy efficiency. In this article, a CNTs electron emitter is integrated into an ionization gauge featuring a straight electron path. A series of tests were performed on the CNTs cathode and the prototype gauge. The optimal operating potential of the prototype gauge was determined through simulations and experiments. The prototype achieved a sensitivity of 0.317 Pa⁻¹ in argon and 0.240 Pa⁻¹ in nitrogen. This prototype gauge exhibits good linearity in the range from 10⁻⁶ Pa to 10⁻³ Pa in argon and nitrogen, while its sensitivity fluctuations are 1.17 % and 3.2 %, and within half an hour, the sensitivity fluctuations in the two gases are 1.6 % and 2.2 % respectively. Under simulated normal operating conditions, the repeatability is less than 3 %. This novel developed ionization gauge has simultaneously achieved high sensitivity and good stability. This study provides insights for the application of CNTs cathodes in the ionization gauges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of core-shell HEA-reinforced 316L composite prepared by LPBF","authors":"Qiqi Chen,&nbsp;Xueli Zhao,&nbsp;Shaoning Niu,&nbsp;Xini Xiong,&nbsp;Yongjuan Dai,&nbsp;Shaofeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduced the laser powder bed fusion of core-shell AlCrFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA)-reinforced 316L stainless steel matrix composites (MMCs) with enhanced mechanical performance. To prevent diffusion between the HEA and the 316L matrix during the forming process, a core-shell structured HEA-reinforcing phase was prepared by an in-situ hydrolysis reaction of a silicon source salt. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of LPBF-fabricated MMCs containing 20 wt% AlCrFeCoNi were systematically examined. Microstructural analysis revealed that core-shell HEAs with a single BCC phase were homogeneously dispersed within the 316L matrix, effectively transforming the coarse-grained microstructure into a refined one. This grain refinement can be attributed to the heterogeneous nucleation effect induced by the core-shell HEA particles during solidification. The 20 wt% HEA-316L composite exhibited higher strength and fracture toughness, namely a yield strength of 759±2 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 798±2 MPa, and elongation of 29.6 ± 1.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the principle of mass loss of Penning Negative ion source cathode","authors":"Yuhang Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Chao Pan ,&nbsp;Ruili Ma ,&nbsp;Jidong Long ,&nbsp;Xiaozhong He ,&nbsp;Jinshui Shi ,&nbsp;Kefu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-power, compact, built-in Penning negative hydrogen ion source has been widely used in particle accelerator applications. But the problem of its short operating life has been an issue, with cathode mass loss being the main factor affecting its life. The material lost from the cathode will condense on the anode wall and will flake off under alternating heat and cold. The flaking material is directed from the cathode to the anode under the action of an electric field, and when the debris is too large it will short-circuit the cathode and anode directly. To solve this key problem, it is necessary to study the specific causes of cathode mass loss, and optimize the operation methods and design ideas of the ion source through these causes. In this paper, the cathode mass loss mechanism was investigated. It is considered that the cathode mass of this ion source is mainly lost through the evaporation process during the large arc current operation under the high purity gas environment. And several optimization measures are proposed in the operation and design of the equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal stability of nano-mesoscopic structure in Ce-Added FeCrAl ODS steel aged at 700 °C for 10,000 h","authors":"Zhan-Xing Li,&nbsp;Wen-Qian Wang,&nbsp;Peng Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>FeCrAl oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel is a promising candidate cladding material for Generation IV nuclear reactors due to its excellent resistance to creep, irradiation, oxidation, and corrosion. The thermal stability of matrix grains and, moreover, the phase, dispersion morphology and metal/oxide interface structure of nanoparticles in 16Cr–2Al–0.1Ti–0.35Ce–0.35Y₂O₃ (wt. %) ODS steel aged at 700 °C for 10,000 h was investigated using S/TEM and HRTEM. After aging, the matrix grain size increased from 1.0 μm to 1.1 μm. For the nanoparticles, the mean diameter changed from 8.9 nm to 9.3 nm; the number density decreased from 5.9 × 10²¹ m⁻³ to 5.5 × 10²¹ m⁻³, and the inter-particle spacing increased from 139.5 nm to 140.7 nm. The proportion of Y–Ce–O oxides changed slightly from 52.2 % to 55.3 %, while that of Y–Ti–O changed from 22.1 % to 21.3 %. The proportion of coherent/semi-coherent particles changed from 88.6 % to 90.7 %. The nano-mesoscopic structure exhibited no significant changes, demonstrating its excellent thermal stability. Owing to the stable nano-mesoscopic structure, the Vickers hardness decreased only slightly from 275 HV to 263 HV. The origins of the thermal stability of the nano-mesoscopic structure were discussed in terms of Ostwald ripening, diffusion behavior, Zener pinning, and strengthening mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed-layer-assisted crystallization engineering of CdS for high-performance CdS/SnS heterojunction solar cells","authors":"Yanping Lv ,&nbsp;Ziyi Qin ,&nbsp;Menghe Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ming Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tin(II) sulfide (SnS) has exhibited promising characteristics for photovoltaic applications, yet the efficiency of SnS thin-film photovoltaics is still constrained by carrier transport bottlenecks at interfaces and defect-mediated recombination near the buffer/absorber heterojunction. This study systematically investigates the influence of seed-layer-induced crystallization engineering on the CdS buffer layer to optimize SnS device performance. XRD and cross-sectional TEM confirm the transition to a polycrystalline CdS structure, while TPV and EIS analyses reveal a significant enhancement in recombination resistance and carrier lifetime. Moreover, the seed-layer-induced crystallization leads to a favorable downshift of the CdS conduction band minimum, facilitating electron injection from SnS into CdS and thereby improving charge collection. As a result, the optimized FTO/CdS/SnS/Ag solar cells achieve a notable 83 % increase in PCE (from 1.16 % to 2.12 %), underscoring the critical importance of crystallinity control and interface engineering in developing high-performance SnS-based photovoltaics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating long period stacking ordered phases in Mg-Gd-Ag alloys with Zn doping: A synergistic experimental and first-principles study","authors":"Yao Tao ,&nbsp;Xia Chen ,&nbsp;Qiang Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium alloys are promising candidates for lightweight engineering applications. However, the presence of Ag impedes the formation of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases in Mg-Gd-Ag alloys, thereby restricting the optimization of their mechanical properties. While Zn doping is well-documented to facilitate LPSO phase formation in Mg-RE-TM systems, the underlying mechanism by which Zn modulates this process in Ag-containing Mg-Gd alloys remains elusive. Herein, we investigate the LPSO phases in Mg₁₄₀Gd₁₆TM₁₂ (TM = Ag, Zn) alloys with varying Zn/Ag ratios via HAADF-STEM and first-principles calculations, clarifying their thermodynamic stability, mechanical properties, and electronic structures. Experimental results confirm the formation of 14H and 18R LPSO phases, with Zn substituting Ag to facilitate LPSO nucleation. First-principles calculations show that all Zn-containing phases exhibit negative formation enthalpies, with increasing Zn content enhancing thermodynamic stability (Mg₁₄₀Gd₁₆Zn₁₂ being the most stable). Zn doping reduces Young's and shear moduli but improves ductility, as indicated by the increasing Pugh ratio (1.49–1.55) and Poisson's ratio (0.226–0.233). Electronic structure analysis reveals deep hybridization of Mg-p, Gd-d, and Zn-d orbitals in the −2.5∼2.0 eV range; Zn enrichment weakens Ag's bridging effect, making Zn-d orbitals dominant in bonding. This work provides insights for optimizing Mg-Gd-Ag alloy performance via composition regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Co addition on the heterogenous gradient structure, magnetic properties, and nanocrystallization process of FeSiBPCCu nanocrystalline alloys with high Fe and Cu contents","authors":"Lei Xie ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Chuntao Chang ,&nbsp;Aina He ,&nbsp;Yaqiang Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of Co addition on the glass-forming ability (GFA), thermal stability, soft magnetic properties (SMPs), and crystallization behavior of the Fe_84-xCo_xSi₂B₉P₃C_0.5Cu_1.5 (x = 0–20) nanocrystalline alloys (NAs). Research has found that rapid cooling ribbons form uneven gradient structures along the thickness direction due to the cooling rate of the wheel-side (WS) being greater than that of the free-side (FS), while the addition of Co enhances the GFA and weakens this gradient structure. Crystallization kinetics analysis shows that the nucleation and growth activation energy of the FS α-Fe(Co) crystal is higher than that of the WS, resulting in slower crystallization rate α-Fe(Co) crystals in the FS. Furthermore, Co addition leads to a more significant difference in crystallization rates between the FS and WS, thus resulting in a more uniform and finer NA nanostructure. Meanwhile, the addition of Co expands the crystallization window and inhibits the precipitation of compound phases. Finally, the NAs obtained by annealing at 480 °C for 10 min achieved excellent combination of high <em>B</em>_s (1.83–1.94 T) and low <em>H</em>_c (5–10 A/m), breaking through the trade-off between <em>B</em>_s and <em>H</em>_c in traditional soft magnetic materials. This study contributes to the understanding of the crystallization process of gradient non-uniform materials and provides guidance for the development of Fe-based NAs with high <em>B</em>_s and low <em>H</em>_c.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115108"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dependence of vacuum gap breakdown voltage on field emission properties","authors":"S.A. Barengolts ,&nbsp;Yu.I. Mamontov ,&nbsp;I.V. Uimanov ,&nbsp;Yu.A. Zemskov","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dielectric strength of high-voltage vacuum gaps is a critical issue in the development and operation of high-power electrophysical devices. It is well known that the onset of a significant field-emission current from the vacuum gap cathode precedes vacuum breakdown. In this study, we investigate the correlation between the static vacuum breakdown voltage and the cathode's field emission properties. We examined a pure copper cathode with dimensions on the order of tens of micrometers. A series of sequential field-emission current-voltage measurements and vacuum breakdown tests were conducted. Additionally, the field-emission orthodoxy factor was calculated. For different cathode surface states, we obtained sets of local electric field enhancement factors, <em>β</em>, emission orthodoxy factors, and breakdown voltages. Assuming a specific breakdown electric field strength and using the determined <em>β</em> values, we estimated breakdown voltage values and compared these with experimentally measured ones. Our analysis revealed that within a particular range of the field-emission orthodoxy factor, the corresponding <em>β</em> values allowed the estimation of the breakdown voltage with approximately 10 % error. These results suggest that it is possible to develop an approach for predicting static vacuum breakdown voltage based solely on the field emission properties of the cathode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}