Pub Date : 2008-10-22DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V22I1.14768
I. Ononiwu, B. Uko
The effects of two potential drug candidates: BP16524 [a synthetic analogue of cryptolepine] and SU 2242 [an enriched methanolic extract from Enantia chlorantha] on Plasmodium berghei were evaluated in this study. Investigations were performed using suppressive (early infection) and curative (established infection) test procedures. BP16524 showed significant dose dependent suppressive activity but was not effective against established infection. Significant (p Keywords : BP16524, SU 2242, Plasmodium berghei , early and established infections West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 22/23 2007: pp. 51-54
本研究评估了两种潜在的候选药物BP16524(隐tolepine的合成类似物)和SU 2242(绿刺苋的浓缩甲醇提取物)对伯氏疟原虫的作用。采用抑制性(早期感染)和治疗性(已确定感染)试验程序进行调查。BP16524表现出明显的剂量依赖性抑制活性，但对已建立的感染无效。关键词:BP16524, SU 2242，伯氏疟原虫，早期和建立感染西非药理学与药物研究Vol 22/23 2007: pp. 51-54
{"title":"Antiplasmodial Activity of Bp16524 and Su 2242 Against Plasmodium berghei","authors":"I. Ononiwu, B. Uko","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V22I1.14768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V22I1.14768","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of two potential drug candidates: BP16524 [a synthetic analogue of cryptolepine] and SU 2242 [an enriched methanolic extract from Enantia chlorantha] on Plasmodium berghei were evaluated in this study. Investigations were performed using suppressive (early infection) and curative (established infection) test procedures. BP16524 showed significant dose dependent suppressive activity but was not effective against established infection. Significant (p Keywords : BP16524, SU 2242, Plasmodium berghei , early and established infections West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 22/23 2007: pp. 51-54","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"16 1","pages":"51-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73641371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-22DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V22I1.14767
A. Adeneye, A. Benebo, E. Agbaje
Various parts of Phyllanthus amarus (PA) Schum. and Thonn. (family: Euphorbiaceae) are associated with diverse phytotherapeutic properties including hepatoprotective functions. In the present study, of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of PA (50-300 mg/kg) was investigated for its hepatoprotective activities on ethanol-induced liver injured, non-hepatectomised adult male Wistar rats, for 7 days. Of the five (5) groups of rats each, four (4) groups had alcohol hepatotoxicity induced by repeated daily oral dosing with 5g/kg of 50% ethanol for 14 days. Three groups of treated rats were then orally administered 50-300 mg/kg/day of PA for additional 7days. Hepatotoxic enzyme markers consisting of serum transaminases (AST, ALT, ALP) and serum triglyceride (STG), were assayed for after blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture under ether anesthesia. Oral treatment of rats with 5 g/kg b.w./day of 50% ethanol for 14 days reliably established ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by significant (p Keywords : Phyllanthus amarus , protective activity, ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 22/23 2007: pp. 42-50
{"title":"Protective Effect of the Aqueous Leaf and Seed Extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats","authors":"A. Adeneye, A. Benebo, E. Agbaje","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V22I1.14767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V22I1.14767","url":null,"abstract":"Various parts of Phyllanthus amarus (PA) Schum. and Thonn. (family: Euphorbiaceae) are associated with diverse phytotherapeutic properties including hepatoprotective functions. In the present study, of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of PA (50-300 mg/kg) was investigated for its hepatoprotective activities on ethanol-induced liver injured, non-hepatectomised adult male Wistar rats, for 7 days. Of the five (5) groups of rats each, four (4) groups had alcohol hepatotoxicity induced by repeated daily oral dosing with 5g/kg of 50% ethanol for 14 days. Three groups of treated rats were then orally administered 50-300 mg/kg/day of PA for additional 7days. Hepatotoxic enzyme markers consisting of serum transaminases (AST, ALT, ALP) and serum triglyceride (STG), were assayed for after blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture under ether anesthesia. Oral treatment of rats with 5 g/kg b.w./day of 50% ethanol for 14 days reliably established ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by significant (p Keywords : Phyllanthus amarus , protective activity, ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 22/23 2007: pp. 42-50","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"28 1","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82848354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14756
P. Nwafor, F. Okwuasaba, M. O. Uguru
The effect of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root was investigated on non-vascular smooth muscle in experimental animals. The extract dose-dependently reduced spontaneous rhythmic contraction of rat uterine smooth muscle. It also inhibited acetylcholine, ergometrine, oxytocin, prostaglandin E2, 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as nicotine-induced contractions on rat uterine muscle. These dose-related inhibitions were statistically significant (p Keywords : Asparagus pubescens , non-vascular smooth muscle, methanolic extract, non-specific mechanism West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 31-36
研究了芦笋根甲醇提取物对实验动物非血管平滑肌的影响。提取物剂量依赖性地减少大鼠子宫平滑肌自发节律性收缩。它还能抑制乙酰胆碱、麦角新碱、催产素、前列腺素E2、5-羟色胺以及尼古丁引起的大鼠子宫肌肉收缩。关键词:短毛芦笋，非血管平滑肌，甲醇提取物，非特异性机制《西非药理学与药物研究》Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 31-36
{"title":"Effect of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root on non-vascular smooth muscle in experimental animals","authors":"P. Nwafor, F. Okwuasaba, M. O. Uguru","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14756","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root was investigated on non-vascular smooth muscle in experimental animals. The extract dose-dependently reduced spontaneous rhythmic contraction of rat uterine smooth muscle. It also inhibited acetylcholine, ergometrine, oxytocin, prostaglandin E2, 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as nicotine-induced contractions on rat uterine muscle. \u0000These dose-related inhibitions were statistically significant (p Keywords : Asparagus pubescens , non-vascular smooth muscle, methanolic extract, non-specific mechanism West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 31-36","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"13 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87295591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14760
S. A. Igwe, N. Akunyili, A. Ngokere, S. O. Stephen
In a prospective study using sex-matched pigmented and non-pigmented rabbits, the role of pigmentation or melanin on chloroquine-induced retinal or ocular toxicity was determined. Results showed that chloroquine produced a series of ocular toxicity ranging from loss of pupillary and corneal reflex to severe retinopathy. The minimal dose at which these ocular toxicities develop on pigmented rabbits was found to be 5 mg/kg daily for 30 days or a cumulative dose of 225 mg of chloroquine. Furthermore, the cumulative effect of the drug depends on the body weight of the animal, total dose administered and duration of therapy. It is concluded that the effect of chloroquine on pigmentation depends on total amount of drug used, which would predispose to retinal pathology. Keywords : Chloroquine, pigmentation, melanin, retinopathy, retinotoxic West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 55-59
在一项前瞻性研究中，使用性别匹配的色素沉着兔和非色素沉着兔，确定了色素沉着或黑色素在氯喹诱导的视网膜或眼部毒性中的作用。结果表明，氯喹可引起瞳孔和角膜反射丧失、严重视网膜病变等一系列眼毒性反应。对有色素的兔子产生这些眼部毒性的最小剂量是每天5毫克/公斤，持续30天，或累积剂量为225毫克氯喹。此外，药物的累积效应取决于动物的体重、给予的总剂量和治疗的持续时间。由此可见，氯喹对视网膜色素沉着的影响与用药总量有关，可导致视网膜病变。关键词:氯喹，色素沉着，黑色素，视网膜病变，视网膜毒性西非药理学与药物研究杂志Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 55-59
{"title":"The role of pigmentation on the development of chloroquine retinopathy in rabbits","authors":"S. A. Igwe, N. Akunyili, A. Ngokere, S. O. Stephen","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14760","url":null,"abstract":"In a prospective study using sex-matched pigmented and non-pigmented rabbits, the role of pigmentation or melanin on chloroquine-induced retinal or ocular toxicity was determined. Results showed that chloroquine produced a series of ocular toxicity ranging from loss of pupillary and corneal reflex to severe retinopathy. The minimal dose at which these ocular toxicities develop on pigmented rabbits was found to be 5 mg/kg daily for 30 days or a cumulative dose of 225 mg of chloroquine. Furthermore, the cumulative effect of the drug depends on the body weight of the animal, total dose administered and duration of therapy. It is concluded that the effect of chloroquine on pigmentation depends on total amount of drug used, which would predispose to retinal pathology. Keywords : Chloroquine, pigmentation, melanin, retinopathy, retinotoxic West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 55-59","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"1 1","pages":"55-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83811489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14757
G. R. Tchouya, J. Bickii, J. Tchouankeu, E. Tsamo
Four limonoids, atomasin A 1, atomasin B 2, entilin A 3 and entilin B 4 from Entandrophragma candollei and Entandrophragma utile (Meliaceae) were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine–resistant W2 strain. Three limonoids (1, 3, 4) were moderately active with IC50 values between 11.6 and 28.2 µg/mL. atomasin B was devoid of activity. The in vitro activities of the compounds were further analysed using fresh isolates of P. falciparum among which three were chloroquine–resistant. The comparison of the mean IC50 values of atomasin A and entilin B did show any significant difference between chloroquine-resistant and –sensitive isolates. Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum ; Antimalarial activity; Meliaceae; Limonoids; Entandrophragma candollei; Entandrophragma utile . West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 39-42
{"title":"In Vitro anti-malarial activity of limonoids from two meliacious plants","authors":"G. R. Tchouya, J. Bickii, J. Tchouankeu, E. Tsamo","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14757","url":null,"abstract":"Four limonoids, atomasin A 1, atomasin B 2, entilin A 3 and entilin B 4 from Entandrophragma candollei and Entandrophragma utile (Meliaceae) were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine–resistant W2 strain. Three limonoids (1, 3, 4) were moderately active with IC50 values between 11.6 and 28.2 µg/mL. atomasin B was devoid of activity. The in vitro activities of the compounds were further analysed using fresh isolates of P. falciparum among which three were chloroquine–resistant. The comparison of the mean IC50 values of atomasin A and entilin B did show any significant difference between chloroquine-resistant and –sensitive isolates. Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum ; Antimalarial activity; Meliaceae; Limonoids; Entandrophragma candollei; Entandrophragma utile . West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 39-42","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"8 1","pages":"39-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87485063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14752
L. B. Mabeku, J. Kouam, V. P. Beng, B. Ngadjui, Z. Fomum, F. Etoa
Ethyl acetate(EA) extract of the stem bark of Cylicodiscus gabunensis (CG) and methanol(M) extract of the fruit-rinds of Picralima nitida (PN) were analysed phytochemically and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella thyphi, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus feacalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus T, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata . Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, cardiac glycoside and glycoside were detected in the (M) extract of PN whereas flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, coumarins, triterpenes and/or sterols and reducing sugars were detected in the (EA) extract of CG. The best MIC and MBC values for the microorganisms sensitive to the (EA) extract of CG were 0.00078 and 0.00315mg/ml respectively whereas its were 0.00078 and 0.001525mg/ml respectively to the methanol extract of PN. The greater and remarkable antimicrobial activities of the (EA) extract of CG were recorded with Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus cereus T whereas it was recorded with Proteus mirabilis for the (M) extract of PN. These results provide a rationalization for the traditional use of both plants for the treatment of infections diseases. Keywords : Antimicrobial activity, Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Picralima nitida West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 6-12
用乙酸乙酯(EA)萃取物和硝酸皮(PN)甲醇(M)萃取物对17种病原菌进行了植物化学分析和抑菌活性评价。大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、福氏志贺氏菌、摩根氏菌、寻常变形杆菌、奇迹变形杆菌、胸腺沙门氏菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、聚集性肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌T、白色念珠菌和心念珠菌。PN (M)提取物中检测到生物碱、黄酮类、皂苷、多酚、心糖苷和糖苷，而CG (EA)提取物中检测到黄酮类、皂苷、单宁、多酚、香豆素、三萜和/或甾醇和还原糖。对CG (EA)提取物敏感的微生物MIC和MBC分别为0.00078和0.00315mg/ml，对PN甲醇提取物敏感的微生物MIC和MBC分别为0.00078和0.001525mg/ml。CG提取物(EA)对金黄色葡萄球菌、普通变形杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌具有较强的抑菌活性，而PN提取物(M)对奇异变形杆菌具有较强的抑菌活性。这些结果为传统上使用这两种植物治疗感染性疾病提供了合理的依据。关键词:抗微生物活性，加本环板栗，小木栗，西非药理学与药物研究Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 6-12
{"title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the fruitrind of Picralima nitida (Aapocynaceae) and the stem bark of Cylicodscus gabunensis (Mimosaceae)","authors":"L. B. Mabeku, J. Kouam, V. P. Beng, B. Ngadjui, Z. Fomum, F. Etoa","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14752","url":null,"abstract":"Ethyl acetate(EA) extract of the stem bark of Cylicodiscus gabunensis (CG) and methanol(M) extract of the fruit-rinds of Picralima nitida (PN) were analysed phytochemically and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella thyphi, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus feacalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus T, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata . Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, cardiac glycoside and glycoside were detected in the (M) extract of PN whereas flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, coumarins, triterpenes and/or sterols and reducing sugars were detected in the (EA) extract of CG. The best MIC and MBC values for the microorganisms sensitive to the (EA) extract of CG were 0.00078 and 0.00315mg/ml respectively whereas its were 0.00078 and 0.001525mg/ml respectively to the methanol extract of PN. The greater and remarkable antimicrobial activities of the (EA) extract of CG were recorded with Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus cereus T whereas it was recorded with Proteus mirabilis for the (M) extract of PN. These results provide a rationalization for the traditional use of both plants for the treatment of infections diseases. Keywords : Antimicrobial activity, Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Picralima nitida West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 6-12","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"21 1","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79080416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14759
O. Ebong, E. Ajaiyeoba, I. Ononiwu, M. Eteng, D. Akinboye, G. O. Gbostosho, C. Falade, O. Bolaji, O. Oladepo, O. Osowole, T. Happi, O. Fawole, A. T. Ogundahunsi, I. Agbagwa, O. Oduola, A. Oduola
This study was carried out in two rural communities: Kaani and Boue, in Khana Local Government Area (LGA) and, in one urban community, Eleme, in Eleme LGA, all in Rivers State, South-South Nigeria. The investigations involved in-depth interviews conducted with 104 health care givers comprising indigenous healers: herbalists, sellers of herbal remedies and community elders. Information was obtained on types of fevers (febrile illnesses) treated, symptoms and methods of establishing illnesses, and traditional herbs used in the prevention and treatment of febrile illnesses. On types of febrile illnesses treated, respondents presented the following: malaria (78.8%), typhoid (23.1%), yellow fever (21.2%), high fever (19.2 %), convulsion (15.4%), and pregnancy fever (2.9%). Other illnesses treated were yellow eyes (4.8%) headache (11.5%), waist pain (14.4%), and joint pains, (8.7%). Respondents determined whether a person had fever by the following: physical examination (85.4 %), listening to patients' complaints (9.4 %), through divination and inspiration (9.4 %), while others (0.2 %) were not quite explicit on their methods of diagnoses. On the treatment of febrile illnesses, respondents used herb teas (88.5%), herb powders (42.3%), incantation (3.3 %), and performance of sacrifice (4.8%) or use of special fluids (27.9%). Majority of the respondents, in describing the best herbal medicines for the treatment of febrile illnesses, 62.5 % said that dogonyaro ( Azadiracta indica ) was the best medicine. Other responses were: lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratys , 51.9 %), mango ( Mangifera indica ) bark (29.8 %); lime ( Citrus limetta ) juice (30.0 %), paw paw ( Carica papaya ) leaf/fruit (20.2 %); guava ( Psidium guajava ) leaf (18.3 %), akpagbogoro ( Salacia nitida ), 7.7 %, plantain ( Musa sapientum ) sucker (6.7 %), Lipton tea (3.8 %) and scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ), 1.9%. Keywords : Malaria, fever, febrile illness, herbal remedies, Nigeria West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 48-54
{"title":"Contribution of indigenous health care givers to the herbal managament of febrile illnesses in Rivers state, South-south, Nigeria","authors":"O. Ebong, E. Ajaiyeoba, I. Ononiwu, M. Eteng, D. Akinboye, G. O. Gbostosho, C. Falade, O. Bolaji, O. Oladepo, O. Osowole, T. Happi, O. Fawole, A. T. Ogundahunsi, I. Agbagwa, O. Oduola, A. Oduola","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14759","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out in two rural communities: Kaani and Boue, in Khana Local Government Area (LGA) and, in one urban community, Eleme, in Eleme LGA, all in Rivers State, South-South Nigeria. The investigations involved in-depth interviews conducted with 104 health care givers comprising indigenous healers: herbalists, sellers of herbal remedies and community elders. Information was obtained on types of fevers (febrile illnesses) treated, symptoms and methods of establishing illnesses, and traditional herbs used in the prevention and treatment of febrile illnesses. On types of febrile illnesses treated, respondents presented the following: malaria (78.8%), typhoid (23.1%), yellow fever (21.2%), high fever (19.2 %), convulsion (15.4%), and pregnancy fever (2.9%). Other illnesses treated were yellow eyes (4.8%) headache (11.5%), waist pain (14.4%), and joint pains, (8.7%). Respondents determined whether a person had fever by the following: physical examination (85.4 %), listening to patients' complaints (9.4 %), through divination and inspiration (9.4 %), while others (0.2 %) were not quite explicit on their methods of diagnoses. On the treatment of febrile illnesses, respondents used herb teas (88.5%), herb powders (42.3%), incantation (3.3 %), and performance of sacrifice (4.8%) or use of special fluids (27.9%). Majority of the respondents, in describing the best herbal medicines for the treatment of febrile illnesses, 62.5 % said that dogonyaro ( Azadiracta indica ) was the best medicine. Other responses were: lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratys , 51.9 %), mango ( Mangifera indica ) bark (29.8 %); lime ( Citrus limetta ) juice (30.0 %), paw paw ( Carica papaya ) leaf/fruit (20.2 %); guava ( Psidium guajava ) leaf (18.3 %), akpagbogoro ( Salacia nitida ), 7.7 %, plantain ( Musa sapientum ) sucker (6.7 %), Lipton tea (3.8 %) and scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ), 1.9%. Keywords : Malaria, fever, febrile illness, herbal remedies, Nigeria West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 48-54","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"33 1","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89836719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14751
O. Ajayi, R. Babalola, B. Faleyimu, P. Ajayi
Multidrug resistant malaria is a topical issue with emphasis now on drug combination therapy to reduce and/or prevent fatalities resulting from malaria fever especially in the tropics. This study is our experience with drug combination therapy of presently available and affordable antimalarial drugs comparing them with single drugs both in terms of parasite clearance and symptomatic improvement of the patients. We reviewed cases of malaria fever that were admitted and were on different treatment regimens of chloroquine alone; chloroquine + fansidar, quinine alone; quinine + fansidar. Malaria parasite count on admission, 48hrs and 72hrs post-treatment were evaluated using the QBC blood parasite detection methods. The temperature at admission, 6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs were also recorded. Data were evaluated from 105patients. Twelve (12) patients were on chloroquine alone, 23 patients on chloroquine + fansidar, 20 patients on quinine alone and 50 patients on quinine + fansidar. Percentage parasite clearance after 48hrs were 42±32% for chloroquine, 54±22% for chloroquine + fansidar, 53±25% for quinine and 63±20% for fansidar + quinine. No significant difference in parasite clearance was noted between patients on chloroquine alone and chloroquine + fansidar; p=0.294 and also between quinine alone and quinine + fansidar; p=0.056. Similarly no significant parasite clearance exist between quinine and chloroquine monotherapy; p>0.05; however the parasite clearance of Fansidar and Quinine combination was significantly better than that of chloroquine alone, p Keywords : Multidrug resistance, parasite elimination, combined therapy. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 1-5
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Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14754
Issad Nasri, A. Mesfioui, A. E. Hessni, M. Ghissassi, A. Ouichou, B. E. Bouhali
Intervention of vitamin A in several biological process has been known since decades. Retinoids play a role in the maturation of the central nervous system and in the cerebral metabolism but metabolism studies of the vitamin A in the brain are insufficient. In this study the goal is to determine vitamin A and retinyl esters concentrations of the rat brain by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The validation of this HPLC method shows that results are reliable and reproducible. Reproducibility has been assessed with coefficient of variation (2.84% for retinol and 3.78% for retinyl palmitate) and rate of recovery was 95.2 % for retinol and 96,8 for retinyl palmitate. Results show that the retinol and retinyl esters are constituents of the brain of rat. The brain of rat revealed considerable quantities of vitamin A as retinol and as retinyl esters. The retinyl palmitate with 11.77 ± 4.11nmol/g is the most abundant ester in the brain in front of the retinyl linoleate (2.80±1.3 l nmol/g) and of the retinyl stearate with a concentration of 2.11± 0.64 nmol/g. This technique allowed us to note that the vitamin A, as free alcohol and as esters, is a biochemical constituent of the rat brain. The simultaneous existence of the two chemical structures encourages the hypothesis according to which the brain is capable to stock and to convert the two entities. Keywords : Vitamin A, retinol esters, HPLC, brain West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 18-21
维生素A在几个生物过程中的干预作用已经知道了几十年。类维生素a在中枢神经系统的成熟和大脑代谢中发挥作用，但对大脑中维生素a的代谢研究还不够。本研究的目的是利用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠脑中维生素A和视黄醇酯的浓度。该方法的验证结果可靠，重现性好。以变异系数(视黄醇为2.84%，棕榈酸视黄酯为3.78%)评价方法的重复性，回收率为95.2%，棕榈酸视黄酯为96.8%。结果表明，视黄醇和视黄醇酯是大鼠脑的主要成分。大鼠的大脑显示出相当数量的维生素A以视黄醇和视黄醇酯的形式存在。棕榈酸视黄醇酯含量为11.77±4.11nmol/g，在亚油酸视黄醇(2.80±1.3 l nmol/g)和硬脂酸视黄醇(2.11±0.64 nmol/g)之前是脑内含量最高的酯。这项技术使我们注意到维生素A，作为游离酒精和酯，是大鼠大脑的生化成分。这两种化学结构的同时存在支持了一种假设，即大脑能够储存和转换这两种物质。关键词:维生素A，视黄醇酯，高效液相色谱法，大脑西非药理学与药物研究Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 18-21
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Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJPDR.V21I1.14753
O. Adeyemi, S. Okpo, A. A. Onakade
Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anders (Acanthaceae) is locally used in the treatment of cough, backache, chest pain and rheumatic pains. The ethno-medical uses of this plant and the need to establish its pharmacological effects have prompted this present study. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Acanthus montanus was investigated using acute and sub-acute inflammatory models such as paw oedema, granuloma pouch and pleurisy in rats as well as xylene ear oedema in mice. Acanthus montanus was found to possess anti-inflammatory activity and was effective, orally, in suppressing various experimentally induced inflammatory reactions. Significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects with doses of 100-400mg/kg were observed on acute inflammatory models such as carrageenan- and arachidonic acid-induced oedema, xylene-induced ear oedema in mice, carrageenan-induced granuloma pouch and pleurisy in rats. However, the extract did not inhibit egg albumin-induced oedema. On the basis of the study, it may be inferred that Acanthus montanus may be a useful anti-inflammatory agent, which inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways at the level of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Keywords : Acanthus montanus , anti-inflammatory activity, rat paw oedema, xylene ear oedema, pleurisy, carrageenan. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 13-17
山棘(Nees) T. Anders(棘科)在当地用于治疗咳嗽，背痛，胸痛和风湿痛。这种植物的民族医学用途和建立其药理作用的需要促使了目前的研究。采用大鼠足跖水肿、肉芽肿袋、胸膜炎等急性、亚急性炎症模型和小鼠二甲苯耳水肿模型，研究山棘醇提物的抗炎活性。研究发现，山棘具有抗炎活性，口服可有效抑制各种实验诱导的炎症反应。100-400mg/kg剂量对卡拉胶及花生四烯酸致小鼠耳水肿、二甲苯致小鼠肉芽肿袋和大鼠胸膜炎等急性炎症模型均有显著的剂量依赖性抗炎作用。然而，提取物对蛋清诱导的水肿没有抑制作用。综上所述，推测山棘可能是一种有用的抗炎药，在磷脂酶A2 (PLA2)水平上抑制环加氧酶和脂加氧酶途径。关键词:山棘，抗炎活性，大鼠足水肿，二甲苯耳水肿，胸膜炎，卡拉胶。西非药理学和药物研究杂志Vol. 21 (1&2) 2005: pp. 13-17
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