In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles or regions. When applied to astrophysics, these effects are analogous to additional matter within or around galaxies. This way, we recover behaviors that match expected and observed effects when dark matter would be present or missing. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement, in a multi-fold universe.
{"title":"Explaining Dark Matter Without New Physics?","authors":"Stephane H Maes","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/fk27m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/fk27m","url":null,"abstract":"In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles or regions. When applied to astrophysics, these effects are analogous to additional matter within or around galaxies. This way, we recover behaviors that match expected and observed effects when dark matter would be present or missing. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement, in a multi-fold universe.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85789516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.36227/TECHRXIV.12552068.V1
Shiyou Lian
This paper introduces the measure of approximate-degree and the concept of approximate-degree function between numerical values, thus developing a new interpolation method —— approximation-degree-based interpolation, i.e., AD interpolation. One-dimensional AD interpolation is done directly by using correlative interpolation formulas; n(n>1)-dimensional AD interpolation is firstly separated into n parallel one-dimensional AD interpolation computations to do respectively, and then got results are synthesized by Sum-Times-Difference formula into a value as the result value of the n-dimensional interpolation. If the parallel processing is used, the efficiency of n-dimensional AD interpolation is almost the same as that of the one-dimensional AD interpolation. Thus it starts a feasible and convenient approach and provides an effective method for high-dimensional interpolations. Furthermore, if AD interpolation is introduced into machine learning, a new instance-based learning method is expected to be realized.
{"title":"Approximation-Degree-Based Interpolation: A New Interpolation Method","authors":"Shiyou Lian","doi":"10.36227/TECHRXIV.12552068.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36227/TECHRXIV.12552068.V1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces\u0000the measure of approximate-degree and the concept of approximate-degree\u0000function between numerical values, thus developing a new interpolation method\u0000—— approximation-degree-based interpolation, i.e., AD interpolation.\u0000One-dimensional AD interpolation is done directly by using correlative\u0000interpolation formulas; n(n>1)-dimensional AD interpolation is\u0000firstly separated into n parallel\u0000one-dimensional AD interpolation computations to do respectively, and then got\u0000results are synthesized by Sum-Times-Difference formula into a value as the\u0000result value of the n-dimensional\u0000interpolation. If the parallel processing is used, the efficiency of n-dimensional AD interpolation is almost\u0000the same as that of the one-dimensional AD interpolation. Thus it starts a feasible and convenient approach and provides\u0000an effective method for high-dimensional interpolations. Furthermore,\u0000if AD interpolation is introduced into machine learning, a new instance-based\u0000learning method is expected to be realized.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82353919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, There were much hype about an alleged SARS-like coronavirus being found in samples of Malayan pangolins (Manis Javanica) possessing nearly identical RBD to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Prominent journals cite the alleged discovery to claim that pangolins may be one of a possible intermediate host for the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans. Here, we report that all databases used to support such a claim, upon which metagenomic analysis was possible, contained unexpected reads and was in serious risk of contamination. Here we also report that the presence of unexpected reads are directly related to the presence of coronavirus reads. Finally, we deduced the actual causative agent of the death of the pangolins sampled in GuangDong 2019 where the claim of coronavirus detections was made.
{"title":"The Pan-SL-CoV/GD sequences may be from contamination.","authors":"Daoyu Zhang","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.4395025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4395025","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, There were much hype about an alleged SARS-like coronavirus being found in samples of Malayan pangolins (Manis Javanica) possessing nearly identical RBD to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Prominent journals cite the alleged discovery to claim that pangolins may be one of a possible intermediate host for the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans. Here, we report that all databases used to support such a claim, upon which metagenomic analysis was possible, contained unexpected reads and was in serious risk of contamination. Here we also report that the presence of unexpected reads are directly related to the presence of coronavirus reads. Finally, we deduced the actual causative agent of the death of the pangolins sampled in GuangDong 2019 where the claim of coronavirus detections was made.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82221922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article develops “existence” properties for the equations x2+y2+z2+v2=dXYZV; And x2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dXYZVU, and xi+yi+zi + vi =dXYZV (where i is a positive integer); and the results are applicable where all variables are Integers (ie. proofs within the context of Sub-Rings). Collectively and individually, these equations have wide applications in Computer Science, Physics, Applied Math and Finance/Economics.
本文给出了方程x2+y2+z2+v2=dXYZV的“存在性”性质;x2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dXYZVU, xi+yi+zi + vi =dXYZV(其中i为正整数);并且结果适用于所有变量都是整数(即。子环范围内的证明)。总的来说，这些方程在计算机科学、物理、应用数学和金融/经济学中有着广泛的应用。
{"title":"On Some Properties of X2+y2+z2+v2=dxyzv; and X2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dxyzvu, and Xi+yi+zi + vi =dxyzv.","authors":"Michael C. I. Nwogugu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3545005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3545005","url":null,"abstract":"This article develops “existence” properties for the equations x2+y2+z2+v2=dXYZV; And x2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dXYZVU, and xi+yi+zi + vi =dXYZV (where i is a positive integer); and the results are applicable where all variables are Integers (ie. proofs within the context of Sub-Rings). Collectively and individually, these equations have wide applications in Computer Science, Physics, Applied Math and Finance/Economics.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73934790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26139.90402/1
Jean-Yves Boulay
According to new mathematical definitions, the set (ℕ) of whole numbers is subdivided into four subsets (classes of numbers), one of which is the fusion of the sequence of prime numbers and numbers zero and one. This subset, at the first level of complexity, is called the set of ultimate numbers. Three other subsets, of progressive level of complexity, are defined since the initial definition isolating the ultimate numbers and the non-ultimate numbers inside the set ℕ. The interactivity of these four classes of whole numbers generates singular arithmetic arrangements in their initial distribution, including exact 3/2 or 1/1 value ratios.
{"title":"New Whole Numbers Classification","authors":"Jean-Yves Boulay","doi":"10.13140/RG.2.2.26139.90402/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26139.90402/1","url":null,"abstract":"According to new mathematical definitions, the set (ℕ) of whole numbers is subdivided into four subsets (classes of numbers), one of which is the fusion of the sequence of prime numbers and numbers zero and one. This subset, at the first level of complexity, is called the set of ultimate numbers. Three other subsets, of progressive level of complexity, are defined since the initial definition isolating the ultimate numbers and the non-ultimate numbers inside the set ℕ. The interactivity of these four classes of whole numbers generates singular arithmetic arrangements in their initial distribution, including exact 3/2 or 1/1 value ratios.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82416811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the very first development of Quantum Mechanics there are many scientists who, despite the fact that everything seems to work perfectly and the experimental results verify the theoretical predictions, do not understand what is really going on. That is why there are many different interpretations of this subject nowadays. This paper provides a new interpretation, aiming to illustrate the fact that Quantum Mechanics is actually an extension of Classical Physics, and in contrast to other interpretations we illustrate a possible experimental verification of theoretical wording.
{"title":"Classical quantum mechanics – particle is the pulse of matter waves","authors":"Dimosthenis K. Michopoulos","doi":"10.23954/osj.v5i4.2420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23954/osj.v5i4.2420","url":null,"abstract":"Since the very first development of Quantum Mechanics there are many scientists who, despite the fact that everything seems to work perfectly and the experimental results verify the theoretical predictions, do not understand what is really going on. That is why there are many different interpretations of this subject nowadays. This paper provides a new interpretation, aiming to illustrate the fact that Quantum Mechanics is actually an extension of Classical Physics, and in contrast to other interpretations we illustrate a possible experimental verification of theoretical wording.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73582333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4236/ijaa.2020.104018
C. Pilot
Cosmic inflation is considered assuming a cosmologically varying Newtonian gravitational constant, G. Utilizing two specific models for, G^(-1)(a), where, a, is the cosmic scale parameter, we find that the Hubble parameter, H, at inception of G-1, may be as high as 7.56 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model A, or, 8.55 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model B, making these good candidates for inflation. The Hubble parameter is inextricably linked to G by Friedmann’s equation, and if G did not exist prior to an inception temperature, then neither did expansion. The CBR temperatures at inception of G^(-1) are estimated to equal 6.20 E21 Kelvin for model, A, and 7.01 E21 for model, B, somewhat lower than CBR temperatures usually associated with inflation. These temperatures would fix the size of Lemaitre universe in the vicinity of 3% of the Earth’s radius at the beginning of expansion, thus avoiding a singularity, as is the case in the ΛCDM model. In the later universe, a variable G model cannot be dismissed based on SNIa events. In fact, there is now some compelling astronomical evidence, using rise times and luminosity, which we discuss, where it could be argued that SNIa events can only be used as good standard candles if a variation in G is taken into account. Dark energy may have more to do with a weakening G with increasing cosmological time, versus an unanticipated acceleration of the universe, in the late stage of cosmic evolution.
{"title":"Inflation and Rapid Expansion in a Variable G Model","authors":"C. Pilot","doi":"10.4236/ijaa.2020.104018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2020.104018","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmic inflation is considered assuming a cosmologically varying Newtonian gravitational constant, G. Utilizing two specific models for, G^(-1)(a), where, a, is the cosmic scale parameter, we find that the Hubble parameter, H, at inception of G-1, may be as high as 7.56 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model A, or, 8.55 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model B, making these good candidates for inflation. The Hubble parameter is inextricably linked to G by Friedmann’s equation, and if G did not exist prior to an inception temperature, then neither did expansion. The CBR temperatures at inception of G^(-1) are estimated to equal 6.20 E21 Kelvin for model, A, and 7.01 E21 for model, B, somewhat lower than CBR temperatures usually associated with inflation. These temperatures would fix the size of Lemaitre universe in the vicinity of 3% of the Earth’s radius at the beginning of expansion, thus avoiding a singularity, as is the case in the ΛCDM model. In the later universe, a variable G model cannot be dismissed based on SNIa events. In fact, there is now some compelling astronomical evidence, using rise times and luminosity, which we discuss, where it could be argued that SNIa events can only be used as good standard candles if a variation in G is taken into account. Dark energy may have more to do with a weakening G with increasing cosmological time, versus an unanticipated acceleration of the universe, in the late stage of cosmic evolution.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82659368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement and spacetime is discrete, with a fractal structure based on random walk and a non-commutative geometry. When random walk is combined with maximal particle generations, exponential expansion can automatically takes place. Away from maximal generation or in an already concretized spacetime, random walk accounts for a constant or slowing down expansion. Meanwhile, the multi-fold mechanisms also implies a constant expansion potential, adding a force to the expansion of the universe, thanks to uncertainties. It explain the constant acceleration of the universe expansion with a cosmological constant that is not the vacuum energy density but can be way smaller. It may contribute to addressing problems like the absence of any explanation of dark energy, the embarrassing orders of magnitude of discrepancies between vacuum energy and the cosmological constant predicted by conventional Physics; issues that are among Today’s biggest mysteries of the universe. These explanations do not require New Physics beyond the Standard Model and the Standard Cosmology Model.
{"title":"Explaining Dark Energy, Small Cosmological Constant and Inflation Without New Physics?","authors":"Stephane H Maes","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/qku54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qku54","url":null,"abstract":"In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement and spacetime is discrete, with a fractal structure based on random walk and a non-commutative geometry. When random walk is combined with maximal particle generations, exponential expansion can automatically takes place. Away from maximal generation or in an already concretized spacetime, random walk accounts for a constant or slowing down expansion. Meanwhile, the multi-fold mechanisms also implies a constant expansion potential, adding a force to the expansion of the universe, thanks to uncertainties. It explain the constant acceleration of the universe expansion with a cosmological constant that is not the vacuum energy density but can be way smaller. It may contribute to addressing problems like the absence of any explanation of dark energy, the embarrassing orders of magnitude of discrepancies between vacuum energy and the cosmological constant predicted by conventional Physics; issues that are among Today’s biggest mysteries of the universe. These explanations do not require New Physics beyond the Standard Model and the Standard Cosmology Model.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84644856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liptai, Nemeth, et. al. (2020) conjectured (and supposedly proved) that in the diophantine equation (3a−1)(3b−1)=(5c−1)(5d−1) in positive integers a≤b, and c≤d, the only solution to the title equation is (a,b,c,d)=(1,2,1,1). This article proves that the Liptai, Nemeth, et. al. (2020) conjecture and results are wrong, and that there is more than one solution for the equation (3a−1)(3b−1)=(5c−1)(5d−1). This article introduces “Existence Conditions” and new theories of “Rational Equivalence”, and a new theorem pertaining to the equation gu=fv.
{"title":"Nonlinearity In Similar Structures: On (3a−1)(3b−1) = (5c−1)(5d−1), And gu=fv.","authors":"Michael C. I. Nwogugu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3566925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3566925","url":null,"abstract":"Liptai, Nemeth, et. al. (2020) conjectured (and supposedly proved) that in the diophantine equation (3a−1)(3b−1)=(5c−1)(5d−1) in positive integers a≤b, and c≤d, the only solution to the title equation is (a,b,c,d)=(1,2,1,1). This article proves that the Liptai, Nemeth, et. al. (2020) conjecture and results are wrong, and that there is more than one solution for the equation (3a−1)(3b−1)=(5c−1)(5d−1). This article introduces “Existence Conditions” and new theories of “Rational Equivalence”, and a new theorem pertaining to the equation gu=fv.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79817820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide a rigorous analysis of AIXI's behaviour under repeated Newcomblike settings. In this context, a Newcomblike problem is a setting where an agent is tied against an environment that contains a perfect predictor, whose predictions are used to determine the environmet's outputs. Since AIXI lacks good convergence properties, we chose to focus the analysis on determining whether an environment appears computable to AIXI, that is, if it maps actions to observations in a way that a computable program can achieve. It is in this sense that, it turns out, AIXI can learn to one-box in *repeated* Opaque Newcomb, and to smoke in *repeated* Smoking Lesion, but may fail all other Newcomblike problems, because we found no way to reduce them in a computable form. However, we still suspect that AIXI can succeed in the repeated settings.
{"title":"AIXI Responses to Newcomblike Problems","authors":"Davide Zagami","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/kjrx9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/kjrx9","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a rigorous analysis of AIXI's behaviour under repeated Newcomblike settings. In this context, a Newcomblike problem is a setting where an agent is tied against an environment that contains a perfect predictor, whose predictions are used to determine the environmet's outputs. Since AIXI lacks good convergence properties, we chose to focus the analysis on determining whether an environment appears computable to AIXI, that is, if it maps actions to observations in a way that a computable program can achieve. It is in this sense that, it turns out, AIXI can learn to one-box in *repeated* Opaque Newcomb, and to smoke in *repeated* Smoking Lesion, but may fail all other Newcomblike problems, because we found no way to reduce them in a computable form. However, we still suspect that AIXI can succeed in the repeated settings.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75670810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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