Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) represent an essential source of food protein for many people in Sudan, especially those who cannot afford to buy animal meat. The demand for faba bean seeds is greatly increased in recent years, and consequently its production area was extended where the climate is marginally suitable, these marginal environments’ were affect the quality aspects of faba bean. An experiment was conducted for three consecutive seasons (2005/2006, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008), at five environments representing different soil types. The objective was to study the effect of these environments on cookability (quality) of Faba bean with consideration to the prevailing temperature and relative humidity of these environments. The environments were: (E1): Al Salama location to represent lower terrace soil (Riverian); (E2): Hudeiba Research Station Farm to represent middle terrace soil (Kuru); (E3): Almatara location; to represent high terrace soil; (E4): Wad Medani location= Gazira Research Station Farm to represent central clay plain soil (Vertisols); (E5): Ed Damer Food Security Scheme location to present high terrace soil. Six Faba bean lines were selected: Small-medium seeded (H.72/7/1, Daba.1/1, Z B F.1/1, C.86, Triple White and Large seeded Turki. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that soil types had significant effects on cookability aspect. The high cookability seed of faba bean under all production environments was recorded from lower terrace soil (Riverian) in E1 (Al Salama location) and the poor cookability seeds of faba bean were recorded from the high terrace soils in E3 (Almatara location) and E5 (Ed Damer) Food Security Scheme). The new production area E4 (Wad Medani) location) produced a moderate cookability seed.
{"title":"Quality and Nutritive Value of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) as Affected by Production Environment and Genotype","authors":"Amna A. Abdalla, Ahmed M. El Naim, M. Taha","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-7-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-7-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) represent an essential source of food protein for many people in Sudan, especially those who cannot afford to buy animal meat. The demand for faba bean seeds is greatly increased in recent years, and consequently its production area was extended where the climate is marginally suitable, these marginal environments’ were affect the quality aspects of faba bean. An experiment was conducted for three consecutive seasons (2005/2006, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008), at five environments representing different soil types. The objective was to study the effect of these environments on cookability (quality) of Faba bean with consideration to the prevailing temperature and relative humidity of these environments. The environments were: (E1): Al Salama location to represent lower terrace soil (Riverian); (E2): Hudeiba Research Station Farm to represent middle terrace soil (Kuru); (E3): Almatara location; to represent high terrace soil; (E4): Wad Medani location= Gazira Research Station Farm to represent central clay plain soil (Vertisols); (E5): Ed Damer Food Security Scheme location to present high terrace soil. Six Faba bean lines were selected: Small-medium seeded (H.72/7/1, Daba.1/1, Z B F.1/1, C.86, Triple White and Large seeded Turki. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that soil types had significant effects on cookability aspect. The high cookability seed of faba bean under all production environments was recorded from lower terrace soil (Riverian) in E1 (Al Salama location) and the poor cookability seeds of faba bean were recorded from the high terrace soils in E3 (Almatara location) and E5 (Ed Damer) Food Security Scheme). The new production area E4 (Wad Medani) location) produced a moderate cookability seed.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78877348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Encouraging the consumption of whole grains may be a feasible and easy measure to combat non-communicable diseases which are the major causes of death globally. This experimental study was therefore designed to compare the cooking time, nutritional and sensory properties of meals prepared with whole, semi-polished and polished rice grains with the view of encouraging the consumption of whole rice gains in place of the refined ones. White rice, curried rice and jollof rice were prepared with whole, semi-polished and polished rice grains using basic ingredients of standard recipes. Cooking time, nutritional and sensory evaluation were determined using appropriate standard procedures. Mean data were compared using Analysis of Variance at p≤0.05. For whole rice cooking time (minutes) for white, curried and jollof rice was: 30.33, 29.33 and 25.33; for semi-polished rice these was: 31.33, 32.00 and 38.00 while for polished rice it was: 32.33, 36.00 and 30.33 respectively. The proximate composition (% in DWB) of white rice prepared with whole, semi-polished and polished rice grains were as follows: Protein (9.80, 9.37, 8.70); Fat (4.19, 2.22, 0.78); Ash (3.20, 2.22, 2.01); Crude fibre (4.80, 1.95, 1.56) and Carbohydrate (78.01, 84.24, 86.95). White rice prepared with whole rice and semi-polished rice was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than polished rice in niacin and riboflavin but surprisingly, the meal from polished rice was highest in thiamine content. White rice, curried rice and jollof rice prepared with whole rice grains were comparable in flavour, texture, taste aroma and overall acceptability with those prepared with semi-polished and polished rice, however, there is need to improve on the colour and appearance as well as construction of rice milling machine that can dehusk only. The cooking time and sensory properties of whole rice dishes were comparable with that of the refined ones while the nutritive value was notably higher. Household and commercial preparation and consumption of whole rice dishes is hereby encouraged but the major militating factor, which is the unavailability of milling machine that can only dehusk, is a factor of utmost necessary concern.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Cooking Time, Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Meals Prepared with Whole, Semi-polished and Polished Rice Grains","authors":"Adeniyi Paulina, Obatolu Veronica, Fowosire Owotade, Lawal Oladayo","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-7-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-7-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Encouraging the consumption of whole grains may be a feasible and easy measure to combat non-communicable diseases which are the major causes of death globally. This experimental study was therefore designed to compare the cooking time, nutritional and sensory properties of meals prepared with whole, semi-polished and polished rice grains with the view of encouraging the consumption of whole rice gains in place of the refined ones. White rice, curried rice and jollof rice were prepared with whole, semi-polished and polished rice grains using basic ingredients of standard recipes. Cooking time, nutritional and sensory evaluation were determined using appropriate standard procedures. Mean data were compared using Analysis of Variance at p≤0.05. For whole rice cooking time (minutes) for white, curried and jollof rice was: 30.33, 29.33 and 25.33; for semi-polished rice these was: 31.33, 32.00 and 38.00 while for polished rice it was: 32.33, 36.00 and 30.33 respectively. The proximate composition (% in DWB) of white rice prepared with whole, semi-polished and polished rice grains were as follows: Protein (9.80, 9.37, 8.70); Fat (4.19, 2.22, 0.78); Ash (3.20, 2.22, 2.01); Crude fibre (4.80, 1.95, 1.56) and Carbohydrate (78.01, 84.24, 86.95). White rice prepared with whole rice and semi-polished rice was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than polished rice in niacin and riboflavin but surprisingly, the meal from polished rice was highest in thiamine content. White rice, curried rice and jollof rice prepared with whole rice grains were comparable in flavour, texture, taste aroma and overall acceptability with those prepared with semi-polished and polished rice, however, there is need to improve on the colour and appearance as well as construction of rice milling machine that can dehusk only. The cooking time and sensory properties of whole rice dishes were comparable with that of the refined ones while the nutritive value was notably higher. Household and commercial preparation and consumption of whole rice dishes is hereby encouraged but the major militating factor, which is the unavailability of milling machine that can only dehusk, is a factor of utmost necessary concern.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82848892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Pousga, M. Traore, Adama Belem, Vinsoum Millogo, H. B. Nacro
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cowpea hay supplementation on milk production parameters. In each of the five farms involved, four lactating cows were selected, and assigned into two groups: group1 was supplemented after grazing with 3 kg of cowpea hay, while group 2 was the control group with no feed supplementation. The experiment lasted three months. The body condition scores (BCS) of the cows and the live weight of the calves were measured at the beginning and at the end of the test. Daily feed intake were recorded, and milk samples were collected. Mean BCS of 2.90 ± 0.20 and 3.15 ± 0.22 were recorded for group 1 at the beginning and the end of the test, respectively; while these values were 3.0 ± 0.20 and 3.10 ± 0.22 for group 2 (controls) (P > 0.05). Average live weights of the calves at the end of the test were 49.3 ± 6.30 and 43.0 ± 6.30, respectively, for group 1 and 2 (P 0.05). Crude fat, crude protein, lactose, dry matter and ash levels were 3.25 ± 0.22%, 3.35 ± 0.33%, 5.17 ± 0.37%, 12.4 ± 1.78% and 9.21 ± 1.58%, respectively for group 1, against 2.95% ± 0.22, 3.31 ± 0.33%, 5.12 ± 0.37% 12.0 ± 1.78% and 10.2 ± 1.58% respectively for group 2 (P > 0,05). A profit of about 22 FCFA per liter was found with the supplemented group compared to the control group. It was concluded that milk production and calves growth performances can be increased economically by using cowpea hay as feed supplement for lactating cows in extensive system.
{"title":"Effect of Cowpea Hay Supplementation on Milk Production Performances of Local Crossbred Cattle ( Bos indicus X Bos taurus ) in Extensive System in Burkina Faso","authors":"S. Pousga, M. Traore, Adama Belem, Vinsoum Millogo, H. B. Nacro","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-7-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-7-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cowpea hay supplementation on milk production parameters. In each of the five farms involved, four lactating cows were selected, and assigned into two groups: group1 was supplemented after grazing with 3 kg of cowpea hay, while group 2 was the control group with no feed supplementation. The experiment lasted three months. The body condition scores (BCS) of the cows and the live weight of the calves were measured at the beginning and at the end of the test. Daily feed intake were recorded, and milk samples were collected. Mean BCS of 2.90 ± 0.20 and 3.15 ± 0.22 were recorded for group 1 at the beginning and the end of the test, respectively; while these values were 3.0 ± 0.20 and 3.10 ± 0.22 for group 2 (controls) (P > 0.05). Average live weights of the calves at the end of the test were 49.3 ± 6.30 and 43.0 ± 6.30, respectively, for group 1 and 2 (P 0.05). Crude fat, crude protein, lactose, dry matter and ash levels were 3.25 ± 0.22%, 3.35 ± 0.33%, 5.17 ± 0.37%, 12.4 ± 1.78% and 9.21 ± 1.58%, respectively for group 1, against 2.95% ± 0.22, 3.31 ± 0.33%, 5.12 ± 0.37% 12.0 ± 1.78% and 10.2 ± 1.58% respectively for group 2 (P > 0,05). A profit of about 22 FCFA per liter was found with the supplemented group compared to the control group. It was concluded that milk production and calves growth performances can be increased economically by using cowpea hay as feed supplement for lactating cows in extensive system.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"149 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86032684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Field experiment was carried out at Impala Research station, in Botswana, aiming at investigating critical period for thinning of carrot (Daucus carota L.). The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design (CRBD), replicated three times and was repeated four times at different sowing dates. Seeds were sown at the same rate (3 kg ha-1) in all plots to obtain an equal plant population at initial stage, thereafter thinned at different times (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th weeks after emergence) to 30 cm between rows and 5 cm between intra rows to maintain constant population across the experiment. Days to maturity were constant from sowing to harvest in all the sowing dates. Plant height and yield significantly declined as thinning time was delayed. Number of leaves developed, root diameter and root length were not influenced by the thinning time. Vegetative growth and yield declined with the late sown experiments. It can be concluded that thinning time significantly increase plant height and yield, especially at earlier stages and carrot yield best when sown earlier in the season.
在博茨瓦纳的Impala研究站进行了田间试验，目的是调查胡萝卜(Daucus carota L.)疏苗的关键时期。试验采用完全随机区组设计(CRBD)，重复3次，不同播期重复4次。在所有地块以相同的播种速率(3 kg hm -1)播种，以获得初始阶段相等的植株数量，然后在不同时间(出苗后第2、3、4、5和6周)疏播至行间30 cm和行内5 cm，以保持整个试验期间的恒定种群数量。在所有播种期，从播种到收获的成熟期都是恒定的。随着间伐时间的推迟，株高和产量显著下降。叶片发育数、根径和根长不受间伐时间的影响。营养生长和产量随晚播试验而下降。由此可见，间伐时间显著提高了株高和产量，特别是在早期，胡萝卜产量在季节早期播种时最好。
{"title":"The Critical Period for Thinning Carrot (Daucus carota L.)","authors":"Gagopale Bosekeng","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-7-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-7-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiment was carried out at Impala Research station, in Botswana, aiming at investigating critical period for thinning of carrot (Daucus carota L.). The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design (CRBD), replicated three times and was repeated four times at different sowing dates. Seeds were sown at the same rate (3 kg ha-1) in all plots to obtain an equal plant population at initial stage, thereafter thinned at different times (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th weeks after emergence) to 30 cm between rows and 5 cm between intra rows to maintain constant population across the experiment. Days to maturity were constant from sowing to harvest in all the sowing dates. Plant height and yield significantly declined as thinning time was delayed. Number of leaves developed, root diameter and root length were not influenced by the thinning time. Vegetative growth and yield declined with the late sown experiments. It can be concluded that thinning time significantly increase plant height and yield, especially at earlier stages and carrot yield best when sown earlier in the season.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75660037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Getachew Bayable Tiruneh, B. Gessesse, T. Besha, Getachew Workineh
Examining the impact of climate variability on vegetation dynamics is the missing research element in Upper Awash Basin. Hence, the aim of this study was investigating climate variability and their impacts on vegetation dynamics. Monthly 250 meter resolution Moderate Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) Normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI), 1kilometer resolution MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST), rainfall data from 19 meteorological stations, and NINO3.4 (SSTA) were used for this study. A Mann Kendall (MK) trend test was used to determine the trend of each dataset using seasonal and annual time-series. Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to estimate the association between NDVI and climatic elements. Results of this study revealed that there was no significant change in the annual and seasonal NDVI, LST, Sea surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) and rainfall during the period 2001 to 2016, except NDVI in belg season. The correlation between NDVI and rainfall was positive (r = 0.51), strong positive (r= 0.62), low positive (r = 0.45) and low negative (r = -0.33) for annual, belg, bega and kiremit seasons, respectively. Similarly, the correlation between NDVI and LST was negative (r = - 0.58), strong negative (r= -0.67), negative (r = -0.5) and low positive (r = 0.41) for annual, belg, bega and kiremit seasons, respectively. On the other hand, the correlation between NDVI and SSTA was low negative (r = - 0.41), weak negative (r= -0.29), weak positive (r = 0.22) and low positive (r = 0.42) for annual, bega, belg as well as kiremit seasons, respectively.
{"title":"Evaluating the Association between Climate Variability and Vegetation Dynamics by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew Bayable Tiruneh, B. Gessesse, T. Besha, Getachew Workineh","doi":"10.12691/wjar-6-4-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-6-4-6","url":null,"abstract":"Examining the impact of climate variability on vegetation dynamics is the missing research element in Upper Awash Basin. Hence, the aim of this study was investigating climate variability and their impacts on vegetation dynamics. Monthly 250 meter resolution Moderate Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) Normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI), 1kilometer resolution MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST), rainfall data from 19 meteorological stations, and NINO3.4 (SSTA) were used for this study. A Mann Kendall (MK) trend test was used to determine the trend of each dataset using seasonal and annual time-series. Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to estimate the association between NDVI and climatic elements. Results of this study revealed that there was no significant change in the annual and seasonal NDVI, LST, Sea surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) and rainfall during the period 2001 to 2016, except NDVI in belg season. The correlation between NDVI and rainfall was positive (r = 0.51), strong positive (r= 0.62), low positive (r = 0.45) and low negative (r = -0.33) for annual, belg, bega and kiremit seasons, respectively. Similarly, the correlation between NDVI and LST was negative (r = - 0.58), strong negative (r= -0.67), negative (r = -0.5) and low positive (r = 0.41) for annual, belg, bega and kiremit seasons, respectively. On the other hand, the correlation between NDVI and SSTA was low negative (r = - 0.41), weak negative (r= -0.29), weak positive (r = 0.22) and low positive (r = 0.42) for annual, bega, belg as well as kiremit seasons, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"301 1","pages":"153-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79729604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tn Kinyungu, J. Muthomi, S. Subramanian, D. Miano, F. Olubayo, J. Kariuki
Maize lethal necrosis disease occur in major growing regions of Kenya, causing losses of up to 100% estimated at 50 million US$ in 2014/15. The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of thrips and aphids in transmission of maize lethal necrosis viruses. Maize seedlings were inoculated with adults and nymphs of Western flower thrip (Franklinella occidentalis), corn leaf aphids (Rhapolosiphum maidis) and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) carrying maize lethal necrosis viruses. Data collected included virus titre, disease incidence and severity and plant height. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated using the MLN severity data. Adults of R. maidis were the most efficient vector of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) but adults and nymphs of F. occidentalis did not transmit any of the maize lethal necrosis viruses. The highest titre of SCMV at 0.38 was noted in plants where adults of R. maidis were used to transmit viruses. Disease severity and AUDPC was highest at 44.4 % and 928.3 respectively in plants inoculated with viruses using adults of R. maidis. Inoculating maize plants with viruses using R. maidis reduced plant height by 15.1 to 18.2%. The study showed that adults of R. maidis are the most efficient in transmission of Sugarcane mosaic virus. Therefore, for effective management of maize lethal necrosis disease, management of aphid vectors is critical.
{"title":"Efficiency of Aphid and Thrips Vectors in Transmission of Maize Lethal Necrosis Viruses","authors":"Tn Kinyungu, J. Muthomi, S. Subramanian, D. Miano, F. Olubayo, J. Kariuki","doi":"10.12691/wjar-6-4-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-6-4-5","url":null,"abstract":"Maize lethal necrosis disease occur in major growing regions of Kenya, causing losses of up to 100% estimated at 50 million US$ in 2014/15. The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of thrips and aphids in transmission of maize lethal necrosis viruses. Maize seedlings were inoculated with adults and nymphs of Western flower thrip (Franklinella occidentalis), corn leaf aphids (Rhapolosiphum maidis) and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) carrying maize lethal necrosis viruses. Data collected included virus titre, disease incidence and severity and plant height. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated using the MLN severity data. Adults of R. maidis were the most efficient vector of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) but adults and nymphs of F. occidentalis did not transmit any of the maize lethal necrosis viruses. The highest titre of SCMV at 0.38 was noted in plants where adults of R. maidis were used to transmit viruses. Disease severity and AUDPC was highest at 44.4 % and 928.3 respectively in plants inoculated with viruses using adults of R. maidis. Inoculating maize plants with viruses using R. maidis reduced plant height by 15.1 to 18.2%. The study showed that adults of R. maidis are the most efficient in transmission of Sugarcane mosaic virus. Therefore, for effective management of maize lethal necrosis disease, management of aphid vectors is critical.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"131 1","pages":"144-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77606828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kanchanamala Withanage, D. Abeysinghe, R. Dharmadasa, G. Prathapasinghe, L. Jayasooriya
Momordica charantia Linn. commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd is an annual plant, belongs to family Cucurbitaceae. Bitter gourd possesses antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antivirus, and cholesterol lowering effects. The content and composition of bioactive molecules are varied according to the plant parts and maturity levels of the plant. However, phytochemical distribution of leaves and fruits at different maturity stages of domesticated and non-domesticated populations of M. charantia populations cultivated in Sri Lanka is scattered or lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the phytochemical distribution of leaves and fruits of domesticated and non-domesticated populations of M. charantia at different maturity stages. Fruits were harvested at three different maturity stages viz. 10 days (immature), 20 days (mature) and 30 days (ripen) after fruit set. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were determined using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, modified Folin-Ciocalteu colourimetric method and the colourimetric method respectively. Results revealed that TPC and TAC were higher in immature stages and decreased with the maturity. However, values were slightly increased at ripening stage. Significantly higher TPC, TFC and TAC were reported in leaves than fruits. In conclusion, since most of the tested phytochemicals were high in immature fruits and leaves of domesticated and non-domesticated populations of Momordica charantia, immature fruits and leaves can be recommended for the production of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with elevated therapeutic activity.
{"title":"Variation of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Domesticated and Non-Domesticated Momordica Charantia L. Populations in Different Maturity Stages","authors":"Kanchanamala Withanage, D. Abeysinghe, R. Dharmadasa, G. Prathapasinghe, L. Jayasooriya","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-6-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-6-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"Momordica charantia Linn. commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd is an annual plant, belongs to family Cucurbitaceae. Bitter gourd possesses antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antivirus, and cholesterol lowering effects. The content and composition of bioactive molecules are varied according to the plant parts and maturity levels of the plant. However, phytochemical distribution of leaves and fruits at different maturity stages of domesticated and non-domesticated populations of M. charantia populations cultivated in Sri Lanka is scattered or lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the phytochemical distribution of leaves and fruits of domesticated and non-domesticated populations of M. charantia at different maturity stages. Fruits were harvested at three different maturity stages viz. 10 days (immature), 20 days (mature) and 30 days (ripen) after fruit set. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were determined using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, modified Folin-Ciocalteu colourimetric method and the colourimetric method respectively. Results revealed that TPC and TAC were higher in immature stages and decreased with the maturity. However, values were slightly increased at ripening stage. Significantly higher TPC, TFC and TAC were reported in leaves than fruits. In conclusion, since most of the tested phytochemicals were high in immature fruits and leaves of domesticated and non-domesticated populations of Momordica charantia, immature fruits and leaves can be recommended for the production of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with elevated therapeutic activity.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"140-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86358241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of exports in stimulating economic growth continue to be the subject of many investigations. In effect, despite theoretical foundations establishing the relationship between exports and economic growth, disagreements are persistent concerning the direction of causality and the magnitude of effects. In developing countries where agriculture is a growth sector, it is worth determining the role of agricultural exports in economic growth and households’ welfare. In this paper, we have determined the relationships between agricultural exports and economic growth on the one hand and between agricultural exports and households’ consumption on the other hand in Togo. In this respect, we have performed Granger causality tests and estimate error correction models. The results indicate that there exist a unidirectional causal relationships from the agricultural exports to economic growth and households’ consumption. The results of estimation of error correction models revealed that, deviations from the long-run equilibrium in the relationship between agricultural exports and economic growth are resorbed at the rate of 44.9 percent per year whereas deviations from the long-run equilibrium in the relationship between agricultural exports and households consumption are resorbed at the rate of 28.4 percent per year. The results suggest that, policies towards agricultural exports promotion in Togo will not only stimulate economic growth but also improve households’ consumption.
{"title":"Agricultural Exports, Economic Growth and Households Consumption in Togo","authors":"Tomgouani Lanie, An-yak Bataka","doi":"10.12691/wjar-6-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-6-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"The role of exports in stimulating economic growth continue to be the subject of many investigations. In effect, despite theoretical foundations establishing the relationship between exports and economic growth, disagreements are persistent concerning the direction of causality and the magnitude of effects. In developing countries where agriculture is a growth sector, it is worth determining the role of agricultural exports in economic growth and households’ welfare. In this paper, we have determined the relationships between agricultural exports and economic growth on the one hand and between agricultural exports and households’ consumption on the other hand in Togo. In this respect, we have performed Granger causality tests and estimate error correction models. The results indicate that there exist a unidirectional causal relationships from the agricultural exports to economic growth and households’ consumption. The results of estimation of error correction models revealed that, deviations from the long-run equilibrium in the relationship between agricultural exports and economic growth are resorbed at the rate of 44.9 percent per year whereas deviations from the long-run equilibrium in the relationship between agricultural exports and households consumption are resorbed at the rate of 28.4 percent per year. The results suggest that, policies towards agricultural exports promotion in Togo will not only stimulate economic growth but also improve households’ consumption.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"80 1","pages":"132-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88186323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aashif Iqubal Khan, R. Bhandari, Ambika Pokhrel, R. Yadav
An experiment was conducted to observe the interaction of Fusarium udum and Macrophomina phaseolina with a rhizospheric microbe Pseudomonas [AKC-O11] to see their impact on pigeonpea under biotic and abiotic conditions. Both biotic [Fusarium udum and Macrophomina phaseolina] and abiotic stress (NaCl) were applied and performances of these microbes were evaluated. The strain was used individually and in combination with the stresses and applied as seed bacterization of pigeonpea (Var. MA-3) seeds to see the impact on total phenol content in plant root exudates. The bacterized seeds were grown under invitro conditions and after three days of germination the seedlings were exposed to biotic stress due to challenge of the pathogens [Fusarium udum and Macrophomina phaseolina] and abiotic stress due to irrigation with salt solution of 100 mM. Root exudates were collected at 48 h, 96 h and 144 h after the application of stresses. The collected root exudates were processed for total phenolic content and High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. It was observed that total phenol content was low in seeds bacterized with Pseudomonas strain but the concentration increased when the plants were challenged with the pathogen particularly Macrophomina phaseolina and NaCl. Similarly, a similar trend was also observed in gallic acid accumulation. The above results indicates that Pseudomonas strain (AKC-O11) have potential to be used as biocontrol agent that can help pigeonpea plants to combat attack of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium udum as well as salinity.
{"title":"A Study on Root Exudation Pattern and Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Fungi during Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Pigeonpea","authors":"Aashif Iqubal Khan, R. Bhandari, Ambika Pokhrel, R. Yadav","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-6-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-6-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to observe the interaction of Fusarium udum and Macrophomina phaseolina with a rhizospheric microbe Pseudomonas [AKC-O11] to see their impact on pigeonpea under biotic and abiotic conditions. Both biotic [Fusarium udum and Macrophomina phaseolina] and abiotic stress (NaCl) were applied and performances of these microbes were evaluated. The strain was used individually and in combination with the stresses and applied as seed bacterization of pigeonpea (Var. MA-3) seeds to see the impact on total phenol content in plant root exudates. The bacterized seeds were grown under invitro conditions and after three days of germination the seedlings were exposed to biotic stress due to challenge of the pathogens [Fusarium udum and Macrophomina phaseolina] and abiotic stress due to irrigation with salt solution of 100 mM. Root exudates were collected at 48 h, 96 h and 144 h after the application of stresses. The collected root exudates were processed for total phenolic content and High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. It was observed that total phenol content was low in seeds bacterized with Pseudomonas strain but the concentration increased when the plants were challenged with the pathogen particularly Macrophomina phaseolina and NaCl. Similarly, a similar trend was also observed in gallic acid accumulation. The above results indicates that Pseudomonas strain (AKC-O11) have potential to be used as biocontrol agent that can help pigeonpea plants to combat attack of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium udum as well as salinity.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"105 1","pages":"122-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81935586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Okumu, J. Muthomi, J. Ojiem, R. Narla, J. Nderitu
Green manure incorporation is important for restoration of soil quality, particularly buildup of organic matter and supply of nutrients to plants. However, undecomposed plant residues reduce crop establishment and plant stand. Therefore, there is need to determine suitable time for green manure incorporation before planting. The effect of time after incorporation of lablab green manure on soilborne pathogens and bean crop establishment was evaluated by incorporating 12t/ha of lablab green manure at planting and at 7, 14, and 28 days before planting. Soil samples were collected before and after incorporation of green manure at planting, and at two, four and six weeks after planting. Data was collected on crop emergence, plant stand, yield, incidence and severity of root rot, and population of root rot pathogens. Incorporation of lablab residues 28 days before planting resulted in 21% improvement in germination, with corresponding reduction in root rot incidence and severity of 8% and 36%, respectively, compared to plots incorporated with green manure at planting. Plots incorporated with lablab green manure earlier before planting had reduced population of root rot pathogens, while those incorporation at planting excited the population of root rot pathogens and also had up to 71% reduction in grain yield compared to plots where lablab residue was incorporated 28 days before planting. The results of the study showed that a period of 28 days between Lablab green manure incorporation and planting is necessary to allow for proper decomposition, resulting in a reduction in root rot incidence and an increase in grain yield.
{"title":"Effect of Time after Incorporation of Lablab Green Manure on Root Rot Pathogens and Establishment of Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","authors":"O. Okumu, J. Muthomi, J. Ojiem, R. Narla, J. Nderitu","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-6-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-6-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"Green manure incorporation is important for restoration of soil quality, particularly buildup of organic matter and supply of nutrients to plants. However, undecomposed plant residues reduce crop establishment and plant stand. Therefore, there is need to determine suitable time for green manure incorporation before planting. The effect of time after incorporation of lablab green manure on soilborne pathogens and bean crop establishment was evaluated by incorporating 12t/ha of lablab green manure at planting and at 7, 14, and 28 days before planting. Soil samples were collected before and after incorporation of green manure at planting, and at two, four and six weeks after planting. Data was collected on crop emergence, plant stand, yield, incidence and severity of root rot, and population of root rot pathogens. Incorporation of lablab residues 28 days before planting resulted in 21% improvement in germination, with corresponding reduction in root rot incidence and severity of 8% and 36%, respectively, compared to plots incorporated with green manure at planting. Plots incorporated with lablab green manure earlier before planting had reduced population of root rot pathogens, while those incorporation at planting excited the population of root rot pathogens and also had up to 71% reduction in grain yield compared to plots where lablab residue was incorporated 28 days before planting. The results of the study showed that a period of 28 days between Lablab green manure incorporation and planting is necessary to allow for proper decomposition, resulting in a reduction in root rot incidence and an increase in grain yield.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"113-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80989589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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