Pub Date : 2019-06-14DOI: 10.1162/99608F92.8CD550D1
L. Floridi, Josh Cowls
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already having a major impact on society. As a result, many organizations have launched a wide range of initiatives to establish ethical principles for the adoption of socially beneficial AI. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of proposed principles threatens to overwhelm and confuse. How might this problem of ‘principle proliferation’ be solved? In this paper, we report the results of a fine-grained analysis of several of the highest-profile sets of ethical principles for AI. We assess whether these principles converge upon a set of agreed-upon principles, or diverge, with significant disagreement over what constitutes ‘ethical AI.’ Our analysis finds a high degree of overlap among the sets of principles we analyze. We then identify an overarching framework consisting of five core principles for ethical AI. Four of them are core principles commonly used in bioethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. On the basis of our comparative analysis, we argue that a new principle is needed in addition: explicability, understood as incorporating both the epistemological sense of intelligibility (as an answer to the question ‘how does it work?’) and in the ethical sense of accountability (as an answer to the question: ‘who is responsible for the way it works?’). In the ensuing discussion, we note the limitations and assess the implications of this ethical framework for future efforts to create laws, rules, technical standards, and best practices for ethical AI in a wide range of contexts.KeywordsAccountability; Autonomy; Artificial Intelligence; Beneficence; Ethics; Explicability; Fairness; Intelligibility; Justice; Non-maleficence.
{"title":"A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society","authors":"L. Floridi, Josh Cowls","doi":"10.1162/99608F92.8CD550D1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/99608F92.8CD550D1","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already having a major impact on society. As a result, many organizations have launched a wide range of initiatives to establish ethical principles for the adoption of socially beneficial AI. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of proposed principles threatens to overwhelm and confuse. How might this problem of ‘principle proliferation’ be solved? In this paper, we report the results of a fine-grained analysis of several of the highest-profile sets of ethical principles for AI. We assess whether these principles converge upon a set of agreed-upon principles, or diverge, with significant disagreement over what constitutes ‘ethical AI.’ Our analysis finds a high degree of overlap among the sets of principles we analyze. We then identify an overarching framework consisting of five core principles for ethical AI. Four of them are core principles commonly used in bioethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. On the basis of our comparative analysis, we argue that a new principle is needed in addition: explicability, understood as incorporating both the epistemological sense of intelligibility (as an answer to the question ‘how does it work?’) and in the ethical sense of accountability (as an answer to the question: ‘who is responsible for the way it works?’). In the ensuing discussion, we note the limitations and assess the implications of this ethical framework for future efforts to create laws, rules, technical standards, and best practices for ethical AI in a wide range of contexts.KeywordsAccountability; Autonomy; Artificial Intelligence; Beneficence; Ethics; Explicability; Fairness; Intelligibility; Justice; Non-maleficence.","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80356683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-30DOI: 10.1162/99608F92.4A85AF74
D. Hand
{"title":"What is the Purpose of Statistical Modelling?","authors":"D. Hand","doi":"10.1162/99608F92.4A85AF74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/99608F92.4A85AF74","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76204085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-30DOI: 10.1162/99608F92.E26845B4
Jeannette M. Wing
To put data science in context, we present phases of the data life cycle, from data generation to data interpretation. These phases transform raw bits into value for the end user. Data science is thus much more than data analysis, e.g., using techniques from machine learning and statistics; extracting this value takes a lot of work, before and after data analysis. Moreover, data privacy and data ethics need to be considered at each phase of the life cycle.Keywordsanalysis, collection, data life cycle, ethics, generation, interpretation, management, privacy, storage, story-telling, visualization
{"title":"The Data Life Cycle","authors":"Jeannette M. Wing","doi":"10.1162/99608F92.E26845B4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/99608F92.E26845B4","url":null,"abstract":"To put data science in context, we present phases of the data life cycle, from data generation to data interpretation. These phases transform raw bits into value for the end user. Data science is thus much more than data analysis, e.g., using techniques from machine learning and statistics; extracting this value takes a lot of work, before and after data analysis. Moreover, data privacy and data ethics need to be considered at each phase of the life cycle.Keywordsanalysis, collection, data life cycle, ethics, generation, interpretation, management, privacy, storage, story-telling, visualization","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76977917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New challenges for industrial microbiology and biotechnology of algae are to increase the efficiency of microalgae growth rates and decrease the cultivation costs. Algae could be cultivated in fresh water as well as in salty sea water or wastewater. Microalgae biomass can be used as a sorbent to remove microcontaminants (e.g. heavy metals, biogens) from wastewater. The obtained results showed that there is a possibility of application of a cheap and universal growing medium (Bf) despite common fertilizers: Bristol or BG-11 to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus. The mixotrophic condition can be useful for cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus. The highest concentrations of algal biomass for both species were determined after the application of the Bf medium, lower after the BG-11 medium and the lowest after the Br medium in autotrophic as well as mixotrophic conditions. The number of C. vulgaris cells in mixotrophic conditions was higher than S. armatus. The utilization of cheap growing media will lowering the production costs of algal biomass on a large scale.
{"title":"Inexpensive and universal growth media for biomass production of microalgae","authors":"","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002558","url":null,"abstract":"New challenges for industrial microbiology and biotechnology of algae are to increase the efficiency of microalgae growth rates and decrease the cultivation costs. Algae could be cultivated in fresh water as well as in salty sea water or wastewater. Microalgae biomass can be used as a sorbent to remove microcontaminants (e.g. heavy metals, biogens) from wastewater. The obtained results showed that there is a possibility of application of a cheap and universal growing medium (Bf) despite common fertilizers: Bristol or BG-11 to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus. The mixotrophic condition can be useful for cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus. The highest concentrations of algal biomass for both species were determined after the application of the Bf medium, lower after the BG-11 medium and the lowest after the Br medium in autotrophic as well as mixotrophic conditions. The number of C. vulgaris cells in mixotrophic conditions was higher than S. armatus. The utilization of cheap growing media will lowering the production costs of algal biomass on a large scale. \u0000","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78942048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the effectiveness of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete was conducted to be used as an alternative material to replace the normal concrete. The concrete mixture was prepared by mixing fly ash, fine aggregate, nano-slag, and SP in Na2SiO3/NaOH solution. The mixture was divided into three different groups, with constant water to fly ash ratio of 0.1, and different alkaline content: 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 of fly ash rather than two curing techniques (moist and autoclave). Several hardeness properties of concrete like compressive strength, density; and splitting tensile strength were examined after 28 d. The microstructural development of geopolymer concrete was monitored using X-Ray Diffractometer. Based on the results of this investigation, it is recommended to cure the geopolymer concrete by autoclaving rather than the traditional moist technique, especially at lower alkaline dosage. However, the partial addition of nano slag by weight of FA had a positive effect on both curing techniques.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Nano Slag","authors":"Ali I.M","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002917","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effectiveness of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete was conducted to be used as an alternative material to replace the normal concrete. The concrete mixture was prepared by mixing fly ash, fine aggregate, nano-slag, and SP in Na2SiO3/NaOH solution. The mixture was divided into three different groups, with constant water to fly ash ratio of 0.1, and different alkaline content: 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 of fly ash rather than two curing techniques (moist and autoclave). Several hardeness properties of concrete like compressive strength, density; and splitting tensile strength were examined after 28 d. The microstructural development of geopolymer concrete was monitored using X-Ray Diffractometer. Based on the results of this investigation, it is recommended to cure the geopolymer concrete by autoclaving rather than the traditional moist technique, especially at lower alkaline dosage. However, the partial addition of nano slag by weight of FA had a positive effect on both curing techniques. \u0000","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91151790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Kalankesh, Z. Yousefi, M. Zazouli, Hajar Tabarinia, Y. Charati
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mercury removal from aqueous solutions by using L-Cysteine functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and mercury concentration in removal efficiency was evaluated. Multi -walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized with L-cysteine. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum process parameters. The results showed that an increase in contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage resulted in an increase of the adsorption rate. However, removal efficiency decreases by increasing mercury concentration. The highest and lowest removal efficiencies of mercury were 89% and 17%, respectively. The maximum adsorption rate was occurring at 120 min. It is concluded that L-Cysteine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes is an effective adsorbent for removal from aqueous solutions.
{"title":"Response surface methodology, modeling to improve mercury removal from aqueous solutions using L-Cysteine functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"L. Kalankesh, Z. Yousefi, M. Zazouli, Hajar Tabarinia, Y. Charati","doi":"10.30955/gnj.001984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001984","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the mercury removal from aqueous solutions by using L-Cysteine functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and mercury concentration in removal efficiency was evaluated. Multi -walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized with L-cysteine. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum process parameters. The results showed that an increase in contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage resulted in an increase of the adsorption rate. However, removal efficiency decreases by increasing mercury concentration. The highest and lowest removal efficiencies of mercury were 89% and 17%, respectively. The maximum adsorption rate was occurring at 120 min. It is concluded that L-Cysteine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes is an effective adsorbent for removal from aqueous solutions.","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"3 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83360312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The part of industrial ecology known as industrial symbiosis engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water and by-products (Dounavis et al. 2015, Dounavis et al. 2016, Ravindran and Jaiswal 2016, Kourmentza et al. 2018, Keskisaari and Kärki 2018, Ayadi et al. 2018). The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity. Industrial symbiosis includes initiatives in which two or more industrial entities develop both beneficial relationships and the circular economy (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Since, the symbiosis encourages the sustainable development and promotes the economy growth (de Jesus et al. 2018). This paper presents an online industrial symbiosis and circular economy platform created by a LIFE project (still ongoing) which aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a digital on-line platform at European level for the cataloguing, use and exploitation of industrial waste produced in a local area in order to improve the overall performance of industrial processes and circular economy in a local level. All this will happen both through the increased use of waste within the area itself and by the less dependence on the disposal of waste to be disposed of, taking into account the reduction of used raw materials and the reduction of waste itself. The platform will be created through the European LIFE M3P Project (Material Match Making Platform for the promotion of the use of industrial waste in local networks) which is still on-going and ends at the end of September 2019.
工业生态的一部分被称为工业共生，传统上独立的行业以集体方式参与竞争优势，涉及材料，能源，水和副产品的物理交换(Dounavis等人，2015年，Dounavis等人，2016年，Ravindran和Jaiswal 2016年，Kourmentza等人，2018年，Keskisaari和Kärki 2018年，Ayadi等人，2018年)。工业共生的关键是协作和地理邻近所提供的协同可能性。工业共生包括两个或多个工业实体发展互利关系和循环经济的举措(Chowdhury等人，2018)。因此，这种共生关系鼓励可持续发展，促进经济增长(de Jesus et al. 2018)。本文介绍了一个在线工业共生和循环经济平台，该平台由LIFE项目(仍在进行中)创建，旨在展示欧洲一级数字在线平台对当地产生的工业废物进行分类、使用和开发的有用性，以提高当地工业过程和循环经济的整体绩效。所有这一切都将通过增加区域内废物的利用和减少对处置废物的依赖来实现，同时考虑到减少使用的原材料和减少废物本身。该平台将通过欧洲LIFE M3P项目(促进在当地网络中使用工业废物的材料匹配平台)创建，该项目仍在进行中，并将于2019年9月底结束。
{"title":"Using an online platform for the improvement of industrial symbiosis and circular economy (in Western Macedonia, Greece)","authors":"D. A.S","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002735","url":null,"abstract":"The part of industrial ecology known as industrial symbiosis engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water and by-products (Dounavis et al. 2015, Dounavis et al. 2016, Ravindran and Jaiswal 2016, Kourmentza et al. 2018, Keskisaari and Kärki 2018, Ayadi et al. 2018). The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity. Industrial symbiosis includes initiatives in which two or more industrial entities develop both beneficial relationships and the circular economy (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Since, the symbiosis encourages the sustainable development and promotes the economy growth (de Jesus et al. 2018). This paper presents an online industrial symbiosis and circular economy platform created by a LIFE project (still ongoing) which aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a digital on-line platform at European level for the cataloguing, use and exploitation of industrial waste produced in a local area in order to improve the overall performance of industrial processes and circular economy in a local level. All this will happen both through the increased use of waste within the area itself and by the less dependence on the disposal of waste to be disposed of, taking into account the reduction of used raw materials and the reduction of waste itself. The platform will be created through the European LIFE M3P Project (Material Match Making Platform for the promotion of the use of industrial waste in local networks) which is still on-going and ends at the end of September 2019.","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84437875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The urge of environmental friendly techniques in textile processing is gaining much attention due to high risks of effluent load causing eco-imbalance. For the present study, the cotton fabric and Reactive Violet H3R dye solution were treated with microwave radiation for 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 min. at different powers (low, medium & high). Dyeing was performed using un-irradiated (NRC) and irradiated cotton (RC) with un-irradiated (NRS) and irradiated dye solution (RS). Different dyeing parameters were optimized and ISO standard methods for color fastness were employed to rate the color change before and after irradiation. It is found that microwave irradiation for 8 min. at high power has given good colour strength. When 60 mL irradiated dye solution of 7.5pH containing 8g/L of salt as exhausting agent is used to dye irradiated fabric at 60oC for 55 min. ISO standards for colorfastness employed at various shades have shown that microwave irradiation has improved the rating of fastness properties. It is concluded that microwave irradiation has a promising potential to improve the color strength and dyeing properties under mild conditions.
{"title":"Ecofriendly dyeing of microwave treated cotton fabric using reactive violet H3R","authors":"Rehman F.Ur","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002523","url":null,"abstract":"The urge of environmental friendly techniques in textile processing is gaining much attention due to high risks of effluent load causing eco-imbalance. For the present study, the cotton fabric and Reactive Violet H3R dye solution were treated with microwave radiation for 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 min. at different powers (low, medium & high). Dyeing was performed using un-irradiated (NRC) and irradiated cotton (RC) with un-irradiated (NRS) and irradiated dye solution (RS). Different dyeing parameters were optimized and ISO standard methods for color fastness were employed to rate the color change before and after irradiation. It is found that microwave irradiation for 8 min. at high power has given good colour strength. When 60 mL irradiated dye solution of 7.5pH containing 8g/L of salt as exhausting agent is used to dye irradiated fabric at 60oC for 55 min. ISO standards for colorfastness employed at various shades have shown that microwave irradiation has improved the rating of fastness properties. It is concluded that microwave irradiation has a promising potential to improve the color strength and dyeing properties under mild conditions. \u0000","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90003594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The school buildings in and around the city of Patras in the prefecture of Achaia, Greece, are classified on the basis of the prevailing environmental conditions and the existing human activities in the surrounding area. School buildings in urban and rural environment are investigated. The type and the sources of pollutants reaching the soil or the air in the school environment, air particles and noise are considered in this investigation. A number of school buildings have been constructed near traffic roads. As a result of this, the school environment is affected by noise and air particles produced from the combustion of petrol by the vehicles. In other cases, fine particles, related to resuspension of soil of the school yard and the surrounding area, affect the school environmental conditions. Similarly, under specific meteorological conditions, some schools in the rural environment can be affected by the agriculture activities, such as the use of fungicides. Specific measures are suggested to be taken for all groups of schools for the protection of the students' and the teachers' health.
{"title":"Assessment of the prevailing environmental conditions: in the town of Patras, Greece with emphasis on areas with school buildings","authors":"","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002742","url":null,"abstract":"The school buildings in and around the city of Patras in the prefecture of Achaia, Greece, are classified on the basis of the prevailing environmental conditions and the existing human activities in the surrounding area. School buildings in urban and rural environment are investigated. The type and the sources of pollutants reaching the soil or the air in the school environment, air particles and noise are considered in this investigation. A number of school buildings have been constructed near traffic roads. As a result of this, the school environment is affected by noise and air particles produced from the combustion of petrol by the vehicles. In other cases, fine particles, related to resuspension of soil of the school yard and the surrounding area, affect the school environmental conditions. Similarly, under specific meteorological conditions, some schools in the rural environment can be affected by the agriculture activities, such as the use of fungicides. Specific measures are suggested to be taken for all groups of schools for the protection of the students' and the teachers' health. \u0000","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77385163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the exploration of new alternatives to common organic solvents in combination with non-conventional energy sources is a subject of intense research and development as tools for green extraction of plant-derived natural products. This paper deals with the use of low frequency ultrasound (100 W, 32 kHz) and pulsed electrical fields (0.86 kV cm-1, 13 Hz) to raise the efficiency of the extraction of selected plant species rich in valuable phenolic compounds.Four types of natural deep eutectic solvents were applied for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of silymarin from milk thistle among which a choline-chloride-based mixture with glycerol was proved to be the most promising one. Additionally, the usage of high ultrasound power significantly increased the concentration of sylimarin as compared to traditional ethanol extraction, generating rapidly for 10 min considerable temperature rise as a side effect under non-cooling conditions. The application of PEF as a pre-treatment for 0.8 s to the extraction allowed reducing the ethanol percentage in the ethanol/water mixtures giving comparable phenolic yields, without any, or very little, increase in temperature. As such, optimized power intensity in conjunction with appropriate solvent system provides a potential to improve the release of thermally unstable bioactive compounds under mild processing conditions.
{"title":"Mass transfer intensification in bioactive compounds recovery by alternative extraction methods: effects of solvent","authors":"","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002765","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the exploration of new alternatives to common organic solvents in combination with non-conventional energy sources is a subject of intense research and development as tools for green extraction of plant-derived natural products. This paper deals with the use of low frequency ultrasound (100 W, 32 kHz) and pulsed electrical fields (0.86 kV cm-1, 13 Hz) to raise the efficiency of the extraction of selected plant species rich in valuable phenolic compounds.Four types of natural deep eutectic solvents were applied for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of silymarin from milk thistle among which a choline-chloride-based mixture with glycerol was proved to be the most promising one. Additionally, the usage of high ultrasound power significantly increased the concentration of sylimarin as compared to traditional ethanol extraction, generating rapidly for 10 min considerable temperature rise as a side effect under non-cooling conditions. The application of PEF as a pre-treatment for 0.8 s to the extraction allowed reducing the ethanol percentage in the ethanol/water mixtures giving comparable phenolic yields, without any, or very little, increase in temperature. As such, optimized power intensity in conjunction with appropriate solvent system provides a potential to improve the release of thermally unstable bioactive compounds under mild processing conditions. \u0000","PeriodicalId":23712,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 Issue 1","volume":"45 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90780390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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