Veterinary parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Increase in dairy production of goats with subclinical nematode infection using injectable eprinomectin","authors":"María Vizcaino ,&nbsp;Fernando Calle-Alonso ,&nbsp;Enrique Pérez-Martín ,&nbsp;María Martín-Cuervo ,&nbsp;Javier Acosta ,&nbsp;Lourdes Sánchez-Montero ,&nbsp;Eva Frontera","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of the treatment with an injectable product containing eprinomectin on milk yield, milk composition, and somatic cell count (SCC) was investigated in naturally infected dairy goats with low gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg and pulmonary larval counts. The study involved 394 lactating goats and was conducted on a farm in southern Spain. Before treatment, faeces from all animals were analysed to establish two homogeneous groups according to the gastrointestinal nematode egg counts (185 treated and 209 untreated). On day 0, each goat in the treatment group received a single subcutaneous injection of 12 mg of eprinomectin (0.6 ml of Eprecis®, CEVA, Spain). The control goats were left untreated. Faecal egg counts and coprocultures were performed on days 0, 30, 60, and 90 post-treatment. Milk samples were taken on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 and analysed to determine individual production and milk composition parameters, including fat (F), protein (P), lactose (L), total dry extract (TDE), and SCC. Examination of faecal samples indicated that the goats were mainly infected with gastrointestinal strongylids of the genera <em>Teladorsagia</em> and <em>Trichostrongylus</em> and <em>Muellerius</em> lungworms. The percentage reduction of gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg counts on days 30, 60, and 90 was 97.55 % (90 % CI = 95.1 % - 99.9 %), 90.65 % (90 % CI = 83.7 % - 97.6 %) and 87.5 % (90 % CI = 79.5 % - 95.5 %), respectively, and that of lung larval counts in faeces was 98.48 % (90 % CI = 96.3 % - 100 %), 96.91 % (90 % CI = 84.2 % - 98.9 %), and 82.05 % (90 % CI = 66.9 % - 97.2 %), respectively. Milk yield was consistently and significantly higher in the treated group than in the control group (p = 0.004). The treated goats showed a 4 % increase in daily milk yield (60 ml/day) compared with the untreated goats. There was a significant decrease in F and TDE in the treated goats compared with the untreated goats, but eprinomectin did not affect P, L, and SCC. The estimated economic benefit of using injectable eprinomectin was around 6.46€ per goat over the 120-day period. In conclusion, treatment with injectable eprinomectin has an economical positive effect on milk yield in goats, even those infected with a low burden of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo anthelmintic activity of hydroethanolic extract of Piper cubeba fruits in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes","authors":"Clara de Araújo Sanchez ,&nbsp;Juliana Alencar Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Márcio Luís Andrade e Silva ,&nbsp;Maria Gabriela Fontanetti Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Fernanda Amorim Santos ,&nbsp;Rosangela da Silva de Laurentiz ,&nbsp;Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110348","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Parasitic infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are the main cause of production losses in small ruminants, especially sheep. &lt;em&gt;Haemonchus contortus&lt;/em&gt; is the most common nematode in tropical regions. The indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics to control helminthosis has led to the development of resistant parasites. As a result, there has been growing interest in using plant extracts and natural products to control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; anthelmintic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of &lt;em&gt;Piper cubeba&lt;/em&gt; fruit in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Initially, an experiment was conducted where the &lt;em&gt;Piper cubeba&lt;/em&gt; extract was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight three times at 7-day intervals. For this, 18 animals were divided into three groups: a control group, a group treated with levamisole phosphate at 4.7 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously, and a group treated with &lt;em&gt;Piper cubeba&lt;/em&gt; extract, which was administered in pure form orally to the animals through a cannula. Based on the results of this experiment, a second experiment was conducted using the same experimental design and same extract, but the effectiveness of the extract was evaluated at a single dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight administered on day 0. The determination of biochemical parameters for the group treated with extract and the identification of nematode species for all groups were performed on different days of this experiment. The results of the first experiment showed that the extract reduced the FEC by 84 % on day 7 and 83 % on day 35 compared to the control group. These results prompted a second experiment, using the same experimental design, but with the extract administered to the animals in a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The result for the reduction in FEC in the levamisole-treated group was similar to that obtained in the first experiment, whereas in the group treated with a single dose of the extract, the reduction was significant from day 7, reaching 97 % by day 35 compared to the control group, with no significant difference from the levamisole-treated group. Regarding nematode species, on day 0, all treatments in the experiment showed a predominance of &lt;em&gt;Haemonchus contortus&lt;/em&gt;, but other species such as &lt;em&gt;Cooperia&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;Oesophagostomum&lt;/em&gt; were also identified. On day 35, only &lt;em&gt;Haemonchus contortus&lt;/em&gt; was identified in the extract-treated group and the levamisole-treated group, whereas &lt;em&gt;Cooperia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Oesophagostomum&lt;/em&gt; species were also found in the control group. Toxicity tests for liver and kidney functions showed no alterations after administration of the single dose extract. These results demonstrate the &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; anthelmintic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of &lt;em&gt;Piper cubeba&lt;/em&gt; fruits and suggest its potential use as an alternative to syntheti","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updating the epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in the United Kingdom through the use of electronic health data","authors":"Rocío Checa ,&nbsp;Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno ,&nbsp;Guadalupe Miró ,&nbsp;Gina Pinchbeck ,&nbsp;Hayley Jones ,&nbsp;Peter-John Noble ,&nbsp;Alan David Radford","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dogs infected with <em>Leishmania infantum</em> have been increasingly reported in the UK mostly related to imported/travelled dogs. Up-to-date epidemiologic data are essential for a better control of this zoonotic disease in such emerging areas. This study aimed for the first time, to estimate the percentage and temporal variation of dog and cat samples testing positive for <em>L. infantum</em> infection at commercial diagnostic laboratories, and to describe the travel history of positive dogs and cats positive to leishmaniosis in a network of UK veterinary practices. <em>Leishmania infantum</em> serology and PCR data were collected by the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) from five UK national veterinary diagnostic laboratories between 2010 and 2022 and were analysed. In addition, electronic health records (EHRs) were collected from 251 veterinary practices across the UK between March 2014 and September 2022. Text mining tools were used to identify cases compatible with clinical leishmaniosis as recorded in the clinical narratives; these were subsequently manually validated. Data from a total of 25,327 diagnostic samples (25,201 from dogs and 126 from cats) were analysed including 20,517 sera tested by either quantitative ELISA or IFAT, and 4810 by PCR. <em>Leishmania infantum</em> antibodies were detected in 39.7 % of tested dog samples and 1.07 % of cat samples. In dogs, seropositivity increased from 2013 to 2022. <em>Leishmania</em> DNA was only detected by PCR in samples from dogs (11.8 %). A total of 368 dogs with canine leishmaniosis (CanL) were identified from clinical narratives. Of these, 189 had either visited, or were rescued/imported from, Spain, Greece, Cyprus and other southern European countries. Among factors associated with CanL in the UK canine population, dogs between 3 and 6 years of age were 4.71 times more likely to have CanL than those two years or younger. In addition, there was an increased risk of having recorded CanL clinical cases from 2017 to 2022, compared to 2014. Southeast of England was the UK region that accounted for the highest number of CanL cases (34.51 %). This study provides recent trends in <em>Leishmania</em> infection in dogs in the UK, identifies risk factors and countries likely associated with imported cases, and provides important insights to help plan and monitor national intervention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo antischistosomal activity profiling and efficacy of niosomal Spirulina platensis and praziquantel combined remedy against murine Schistosoma mansoni infection","authors":"Heba Abdel-Tawab ,&nbsp;Shrouk E. Al-Sayed ,&nbsp;Fatma I. Abo El-Ela ,&nbsp;Amina M. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Olfat A. Hammam ,&nbsp;Almahy M. El-Mallah","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis is a serious parasite disease with a high rate of mortality and negative financial impacts in subtropical and tropical locations like Egypt. The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-schistosomal effect of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> (SP) and <em>Spirulina</em> loaded niosomes (SPN), either in the presence or absence of praziquantel (PZQ) against <em>S. mansoni</em> in experimentally infected mice. Six groups have been involved in the study, five groups were infected with <em>S. mansoni</em> cercariae and subjected independently to different treatments of SP, SPN, and PZQ or the preceding two combinations, in addition to one untreated group which acts as a control. At the 8th week, mice were euthanized, and besides a histopathological assessment of the liver granuloma, the number of worms, tissue egg load, and oogram pattern were estimated. To evaluate the condition of the liver oxidative stress, the levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in liver homogenates were investigated. Additionally, to assess the anti-inflammatory properties, serum cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-10) and CD4⁺ immunohistochemistry expression were determined. The results demonstrated that each of the investigated parameters was significantly changed by both SPN and/or SPN with PZQ treatments alongside PZQ. The highest therapeutic effect was obtained in SPN combined with a half dose of PZQ which achieved 100 % reduction in both the total worm burden and the highest reduction in the intestinal (93.22 %) and hepatic (94.4 %) egg content, as well, moreover 40.5 % reduction of the granuloma size. Furthermore, serum cytokine levels {(TNF-α (11 ± 0.5 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)), (IFN-γ (19.7 ± 1.2 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)) and (IL-13 (53.65 ± 1.4 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>))}, as well as CD4⁺ cells (6.5 ± 0.65 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)) were reduced. While, IL-10 (61.1 ± 2.1 (P ˂ 0.001)) was increased due to the same treatment additional to its antioxidant properties by reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) (1.1975 ± 0.05(<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)) but increased reduced glutathione (GSH) (2.31± 0.15 (<em>P˂0.001</em>)). In conclusion, SPN has a schistosomicidal, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective role. SPN has a strong synergistic effect when combined with PZQ which showed anti-inflammatory action. Hence, SPN + PZQ offers promising alternatives for future schistosomiasis therapeutic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant effect and acaricidal potential against camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii of the essential oil hydrodistilled from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg)","authors":"Dongying Wang ,&nbsp;Yuchen Liu ,&nbsp;Kangwei Tang ,&nbsp;Nianwu He ,&nbsp;Mehmet Musa Özcan","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, ticks are considered to be one dangerous blood-sucking ectoparasite for poultries, livestocks and even some wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil extracted from <em>Myristica fragrans</em> Houtt. with the popular name nutmeg (NEO) against the camel ticks, <em>Hyalomma dromedarii</em>. When the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 800 mg/mL for 5 min, the essential oil could not only decrease the viability and mobility of them, but also decrease their blood digestion. Meanwhile, the acaricide efficacy of NEO against the engorged female ticks was demonstrated as well. When the eggs produced collected, weighed, deposited in the bottles covered by cotton gauze and subjected to the incubator for hatching, the essential oil was demonstrated to have the prominent inhibitory effect against the oviposition, hatchability and fertility of the engorged female ticks, when the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 400 and 800 mg/mL for 5 min. In consequence, the employment of NEO as the potential insecticide against the ticks, <em>H. dromedarii</em>, is prospective in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology: An avenue for combating fish parasites in aquaculture system","authors":"Pushpa Kumari ,&nbsp;Saurav Kumar ,&nbsp;Ram P. Raman ,&nbsp;Rajive K. Brahmchari","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensification of aquaculture in recent years has led to the rise of infectious fish diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Parasitic diseases, in particular, are widespread and have significant economic impacts globally. Protozoan parasites like <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</em> and <em>Trichodina</em> sp., myxozoans (cnidarians), monogeneans like <em>Dactylogyrus</em> sp. and <em>Gyrodactylus</em> sp., and crustacean parasites like <em>Argulus</em> sp. and <em>Lernaea cyprinacea</em> primarily cause these diseases. Despite advancements and new technologies aimed at understanding and treating these diseases, parasites remain a major health challenge in aquaculture. Traditional antiparasitic agents face limitations, including drug resistance and negative effects on non-target organisms. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a novel approach in aquaculture medicine, enabling the development of effective nanoparticles against pathogenic microbes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are particularly notable for their strong antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties due to their broad mechanisms of action. Although <em>Argulus</em> is a highly destructive crustacean parasite that financially burdens fish farmers, applying nanoparticles to manage this infection in aquaculture is still underexplored. Therefore, this review explores recent efforts to combat parasitic diseases with AgNPs and investigates their potential parasiticidal mechanisms of action, proposing them as a novel tool that could improve the management and control of argulosis diseases. The article underscores the benefits and challenges of this technology, emphasizing its significance in fostering improved health management for sustainable aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “In vitro evaluation of the potential of mites of the family Macrochelidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) as macrobiological agents against the nematode Haemonchus contortus (Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae)” [Vet. Parasitol. 328 (2024) 110191]","authors":"Karina Araújo dos Anjos ,&nbsp;Fernanda Calvo Duarte ,&nbsp;Luciana Morita Katiki ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Giglioti ,&nbsp;Bruna Gonçalves Santos ,&nbsp;Márcia Cristina Mendes","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors associated with increased Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in South Australian Sheep","authors":"Connor Bury,&nbsp;Charles Caraguel,&nbsp;Anne-Lise Chaber,&nbsp;Ryan O’Handley","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> (<em>T. gondii</em>) is a protozoan parasite of substantial impact to small ruminants, with reproductive failure a possible outcome of exposure. This observational study assessed <em>T. gondii</em> prevalence within the South Australian sheep population and investigated on-farm risk factors to <em>T. gondii</em> exposure via a cross-sectional survey. 1433 individual animals, consisting of 1282 mixed-age ewes and 151 mixed-age rams were blood sampled and serologically screened for <em>T. gondii-</em>specific antibodies. A risk-analysis questionnaire was conducted for each participating property. Of the 1433 animals sampled, 530 tested positive, with seroprevalence observed to be 39 % (95 % CI 28.7–49.3 %) after accounting for clustering within properties. All properties returned at least one positive result, indicating a flock level seroprevalence of 100 %. <em>T. gondii</em> seroprevalence was found to be higher in sheep on Kangaroo Island (46.6 %; 95 % CI 32.1–61.1 %) compared to the South Australian mainland (31.3 %; 95 % CI 18.4–44.2 %), however this difference was not statistically significant (<em>P</em>=0.125). A significant association was observed between <em>T. gondii</em> seroprevalence and age, with seroprevalence increasing from 30.2 % (95 % CI 17.7–42.6 %) in one year old sheep, to 69.7 % (95 % CI 47.0–92.5 %) in sheep older than six years (P=0.001). <em>T. gondii</em> seroprevalence was significantly higher in animals drinking water from surface water sources (55.9 %; 95 % CI 35.2–76.6 %), compared to those exclusively sourcing reticulated mains water (19.1 %; 95 % CI 0 %-39.0 %) (P=0.028). An individual animal exposed to a surface water source was found to be more than ten times as likely to be exposed to <em>T. gondii</em>, than an animal sourcing only reticulated mains water (odds ratio:10.68; 95 % CI 1.30–87.88). Water source is important in the transmission of <em>T. gondii</em> to South Australian sheep. Mitigation strategies should be developed and targeted at reducing contact between oocysts and water sources and reducing interaction between livestock and contaminated water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 50-year-old question: Can imidocarb chemoprophylaxis ensure seroconversion for babesiosis in cattle under field conditions?","authors":"José Reck ,&nbsp;Guilherme Klafke ,&nbsp;Ramon Scheffer ,&nbsp;Thais Ribeiro Correia ,&nbsp;Fabio Barbour Scott ,&nbsp;João Ricardo Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine babesiosis, caused by <em>Babesia bovis</em> or <em>Babesia bigemina</em>, is a major tick-borne disease affecting livestock. In regions with limited vaccine availability, imidocarb is widely used as a chemoprophylactic drug. Although it is assumed that chemoprophylaxis allows for the development of immunity shortly after treatment, the extent of seroconversion during the imidocarb administration protocol remains largely unexplored, with most investigations emphasizing symptom prevention. This research endeavors to verify the seroconversion rate (humoral immunity) of cattle undergoing imidocarb chemoprophylaxis while exposed to tick vectors in field conditions. Fifteen tick-naïve heifers were used, with twelve receiving imidocarb (experimental group) on day 0 of the experiment, and the remaining three serving as controls. On day one of the study, all animals were introduced into a tick-infested pasture. Subsequently, at 28-day intervals (days 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, and 168), the experimental group received imidocarb treatments (1.2 mg/Kg). The detection of antibodies against <em>B. bovis</em> and <em>B. bigemina</em> was performed using commercial ELISA kits. Throughout the study, all animals were exposed to natural infestation by <em>Rhipicephalus microplus</em> ticks. By the 56th day, after two imidocarb doses, 25 % of the experimental group had seroconverted for <em>B. bovis</em>, and 41 % for <em>B. bigemina</em>. By the 84th day, 66 % were seropositive for <em>B. bovis</em> and <em>B. bigemina</em>. By the 112th day, 75 % were seropositive for <em>B. bovis</em>. Notably, one heifer (8 %) failed to seroconvert for either species, while 41 % remained seropositive for only one <em>Babesia</em> species. These findings underscore certain limitations of the chemoprophylaxis protocol for bovine babesiosis. While the majority of treated cattle become seropositive for at least one <em>Babesia</em> species after four successive treatments, exposure to the parasite while receiving imidocarb chemoprophylaxis does not guarantee seroconversion for all treated animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142523230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of essential oil components with ivermectin against Rhipicephalus annulatus: An in-vitro study","authors":"Shawky M. Aboelhadid ,&nbsp;Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki ,&nbsp;Samar M. Ibrahium ,&nbsp;Saleh Al-Quraishy ,&nbsp;Sahar M. Gadelhaq ,&nbsp;Walid M. Arafa ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Reyad ,&nbsp;Asmaa A. Kamel","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ivermectin (Iv) is widely used to control <em>Rhipicephalus annulatus</em> infestations in cattle in Egypt. However, increasing resistance to ivermectin necessitates alternative approaches. This study aimed to address this resistance by investigating the interactions between ivermectin and essential oil components (EOCs)—carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, D-limonene, trans-anethole, and thymol—against four <em>R. annulatus</em> tick isolates collected from Beni-Suef, El-Minia, and El-Fayoum. The larval immersion test was conducted using various ivermectin concentrations (3, 1.5, 0.75, 0.38, 0.19, 0.09, 0.045, 0.025, and 0.0125 mg/mL) prepared in EthTX1 %. Additionally, EOCs were tested at different concentrations (20, 10, 5, and 2.5 mg/mL) prepared by dilution in 5 % ethyl alcohol and EthTX 1 %. Ivermectin and each EOC were tested individually against the isolates. Subsequently, the LC50 of ivermectin was combined with the LC50 of each EOC in a 1:1 ratio to evaluate potential synergistic effects. All EOCs demonstrated significant toxicity against the isolates. The combination of carvacrol and thymol with ivermectin increased mortality, but the combination index (CI) exceeded one for all isolates, indicating no synergism. Similarly, while D-limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and trans-anethole also resulted in high mortality rates, including up to 100 %, no synergism was observed (CI &gt; 1). However, these three EOCs exhibited CIs close to 1, suggesting an additive effect when combined with ivermectin. In conclusion, combining ivermectin with certain EOCs, particularly D-limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and trans-anethole, may offer an effective tool for controlling cattle ticks. Developing topical or pour-on formulations of ivermectin-EOC combinations could be an integral part of integrated management strategies to combat resistance to macrocyclic lactones like ivermectin. Further studies, including tests on adult ticks and field trials, are needed to evaluate the efficacy of these combinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}