This research aims to investigate the repellent effects of five major components of plant essential oils (carvacrol, geraniol, cineole, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene) on the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae), using the newly developed Larval Repellent Activity Test (LRAT). The components were tested at concentrations of 0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2.5 %, and 5 %, with DEET as a positive control. Carvacrol and geraniol exhibited strong repellent effects, with carvacrol showing efficacy comparable to DEET (15 %) at certain concentrations and time points. In contrast, cineole, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene demonstrated moderate to low repellency. The results highlight the potential of using plant-derived components as safer alternatives to synthetic repellents, suggesting that these natural compounds could be developed into effective biocidal products for tick control.
{"title":"Evaluating the repellent effects of major essential oil components (Lamiaceae) on brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) using the larval repellent activity test","authors":"Samed Koc , Aysegul Cengiz , Burak Polat , Sevval Kahraman Kokten , Zeynep Nur Gultekin , Cansu Caliskan , Ozge Tufan-Cetin , Huseyin Cetin","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims to investigate the repellent effects of five major components of plant essential oils (carvacrol, geraniol, cineole, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene) on the brown dog tick, <em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</em> sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae), using the newly developed Larval Repellent Activity Test (LRAT). The components were tested at concentrations of 0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2.5 %, and 5 %, with DEET as a positive control. Carvacrol and geraniol exhibited strong repellent effects, with carvacrol showing efficacy comparable to DEET (15 %) at certain concentrations and time points. In contrast, cineole, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene demonstrated moderate to low repellency. The results highlight the potential of using plant-derived components as safer alternatives to synthetic repellents, suggesting that these natural compounds could be developed into effective biocidal products for tick control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110360
Nana Fu , Xiaoping Luo , Junyan Li , Xuezhang Zhou , Jun Du , Bintao Zhai , Anben Li , Xiaoye Yang , Yang Liu
Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic gastrointestinal nematode that parasitizes the abomasum of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. Long-term use of large quantities of ivermectin (IVM) to control H. contortus has resulted in the development of drug resistance. However, the mechanism of IVM resistance in H. contortus remains incompletely understood. Autophagy is involved in regulating drug resistance in some parasites. Previous omics sequencing of differentially expressed genes in drug-resistant strains of H. contortus revealed substantial enrichment of autophagy-related pathway. Therefore, autophagy was used as the entry point in this study to investigate its role in IVM resistance in H. contortus. Larval migration inhibition test, RT-qPCR, and transmission electron microscopy of IVM-susceptible and -resistant strains were performed. Results showed that the H. contortus-resistant strain had higher autophagy levels than the susceptible strain. After IVM treatment, the susceptible strain exhibited significant upregulation of the autophagy-related genes lgg-1, lgg-2, bec-1, lc3, and atg-18 and significant downregulation of the autophagy substrate sqst-1, along with an increased number of autolysosomes. Additionally, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA reduced the resistance of the IVM-resistant H. contortus strain toward IVM after inhibiting autophagy, and the autophagy inducer urolithin A reduced the susceptibility of the IVM-susceptible H. contortus strain of IVM after activating its autophagy. These results demonstrate that IVM promotes autophagy in H. contortus and that autophagy is involved in regulating drug resistance in H. contortus. This study fills the knowledge gap regarding the role of autophagy in H. contortus drug resistance and provides a novel perspective on the study of drug resistance mechanisms in H. contortus.
{"title":"Role of autophagy in resistance to ivermectin in Haemonchus contortus","authors":"Nana Fu , Xiaoping Luo , Junyan Li , Xuezhang Zhou , Jun Du , Bintao Zhai , Anben Li , Xiaoye Yang , Yang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Haemonchus contortus</em> is a highly pathogenic gastrointestinal nematode that parasitizes the abomasum of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. Long-term use of large quantities of ivermectin (IVM) to control <em>H. contortus</em> has resulted in the development of drug resistance. However, the mechanism of IVM resistance in <em>H. contortus</em> remains incompletely understood. Autophagy is involved in regulating drug resistance in some parasites. Previous omics sequencing of differentially expressed genes in drug-resistant strains of <em>H. contortus</em> revealed substantial enrichment of autophagy-related pathway. Therefore, autophagy was used as the entry point in this study to investigate its role in IVM resistance in <em>H. contortus</em>. Larval migration inhibition test, RT-qPCR, and transmission electron microscopy of IVM-susceptible and -resistant strains were performed. Results showed that the <em>H. contortus</em>-resistant strain had higher autophagy levels than the susceptible strain. After IVM treatment, the susceptible strain exhibited significant upregulation of the autophagy-related genes <em>lgg-1</em>, <em>lgg-2</em>, <em>bec-1</em>, <em>lc3</em>, and <em>atg-18</em> and significant downregulation of the autophagy substrate <em>sqst-1</em>, along with an increased number of autolysosomes. Additionally, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA reduced the resistance of the IVM-resistant <em>H. contortus</em> strain toward IVM after inhibiting autophagy, and the autophagy inducer urolithin A reduced the susceptibility of the IVM-susceptible <em>H. contortus</em> strain of IVM after activating its autophagy. These results demonstrate that IVM promotes autophagy in <em>H. contortus</em> and that autophagy is involved in regulating drug resistance in <em>H. contortus</em>. This study fills the knowledge gap regarding the role of autophagy in <em>H. contortus</em> drug resistance and provides a novel perspective on the study of drug resistance mechanisms in <em>H. contortus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110359
Wang Xiaosong , Wang Jialu , Wang Jiarui , Wang Xiang , Gao Xinran , Wang Li , Pan Xuming
Tetrahymenosis has resulted in significant economic losses for the ornamental fish farming industry in Harbin. While previous studies have investigated the outbreaks and histopathology of Tetrahymena pyriformis in fish, there is still a lack of study on the use of the application of fish drugs for prevention and treatment. This experiment aims to evaluate the efficacy of three fish drugs (copper, Nitrofural, Methylene Blue) in combating tetrahymenosis in goldfish. We utilized eDNA-based 16 s rDNA gene amplifiers sequencing and qPCR technologies to extract environmental samples and conducted high-throughput sequencing to assess the interaction between the diversity of T. pyriformis and other microorganisms in aquaculture water following the introduction of various fish medications. Our findings revealed that among the three fish drugs test, Nitrofural displayed the most promising effects, followed by Methylene Blue, while copper sulfate proved to be the least effective. Consequently, our study provides a treatment plan for addressing tetrahymenosis in goldfish and offers insights into the pathological changes in goldfish tissues following the onset of the disease.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of three fish drugs on tetrahymenosis in Fish using environmental DNA techniques","authors":"Wang Xiaosong , Wang Jialu , Wang Jiarui , Wang Xiang , Gao Xinran , Wang Li , Pan Xuming","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetrahymenosis has resulted in significant economic losses for the ornamental fish farming industry in Harbin. While previous studies have investigated the outbreaks and histopathology of <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis</em> in fish, there is still a lack of study on the use of the application of fish drugs for prevention and treatment. This experiment aims to evaluate the efficacy of three fish drugs (copper, Nitrofural, Methylene Blue) in combating tetrahymenosis in goldfish. We utilized eDNA-based 16 s rDNA gene amplifiers sequencing and qPCR technologies to extract environmental samples and conducted high-throughput sequencing to assess the interaction between the diversity of <em>T. pyriformis</em> and other microorganisms in aquaculture water following the introduction of various fish medications. Our findings revealed that among the three fish drugs test, Nitrofural displayed the most promising effects, followed by Methylene Blue, while copper sulfate proved to be the least effective. Consequently, our study provides a treatment plan for addressing tetrahymenosis in goldfish and offers insights into the pathological changes in goldfish tissues following the onset of the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 110359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110357
Shanker K. Singh , Mukesh K. Srivastava , Rajkumar S. Yadav , Jitendra S. Gandhar , Sanju Kumari , Pooja Dawar , Krishna Verma
This review article provides an in-depth examination of sarcoptic mange in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a widespread and highly contagious dermatological condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi mites. Sarcoptic mange poses significant health risks to rabbits and can lead to severe economic losses in commercial rabbit farming due to decreased productivity, inferior leather quality, and increased mortality rates. Clinical manifestations in rabbits include intense itching, skin lesions, hair loss, and secondary bacterial infections, which can be fatal if left untreated. The immune response in rabbits involves both innate and adaptive components, with keratinocytes playing a crucial role in initiating the response. The adaptive immune response is characterized by a mixed T helper cell profile, leading to inflammation and antibody production, which possibly play a key role in controlling mite infestations. Diagnosis of sarcoptic mange is typically based on clinical signs, supported by microscopic examination of skin scrapings and serological tests. The review emphasizes the risk of transmission to humans, especially those in close contact with infested rabbits, and explores the complex host-parasite immune interplay, detailing how S. scabiei evades the host's immune system through various mechanisms. The review also discusses advanced treatment approaches, focusing on the need for effective control measures to prevent the spread of mange in rabbit populations. The article underscores the importance of further research into the molecular mechanisms of the disease to develop targeted therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Sarcoptic mange in domestic rabbits: Pathogenesis, impact, and control strategies","authors":"Shanker K. Singh , Mukesh K. Srivastava , Rajkumar S. Yadav , Jitendra S. Gandhar , Sanju Kumari , Pooja Dawar , Krishna Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review article provides an in-depth examination of sarcoptic mange in domestic rabbits (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>), a widespread and highly contagious dermatological condition caused by <em>Sarcoptes scabiei</em> var. <em>cuniculi</em> mites. Sarcoptic mange poses significant health risks to rabbits and can lead to severe economic losses in commercial rabbit farming due to decreased productivity, inferior leather quality, and increased mortality rates. Clinical manifestations in rabbits include intense itching, skin lesions, hair loss, and secondary bacterial infections, which can be fatal if left untreated. The immune response in rabbits involves both innate and adaptive components, with keratinocytes playing a crucial role in initiating the response. The adaptive immune response is characterized by a mixed T helper cell profile, leading to inflammation and antibody production, which possibly play a key role in controlling mite infestations. Diagnosis of sarcoptic mange is typically based on clinical signs, supported by microscopic examination of skin scrapings and serological tests. The review emphasizes the risk of transmission to humans, especially those in close contact with infested rabbits, and explores the complex host-parasite immune interplay, detailing how <em>S. scabiei</em> evades the host's immune system through various mechanisms. The review also discusses advanced treatment approaches, focusing on the need for effective control measures to prevent the spread of mange in rabbit populations. The article underscores the importance of further research into the molecular mechanisms of the disease to develop targeted therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110356
Abid Hussain Bhat , Ishfaq Majeed Malik , Hidayatullah Tak , Bashir Ahmad Ganai , Pooja Bharti
Sheep that are infected with gastrointestinal helminths experience a significant impact on their health and productivity. Among the helminths, nematodes like Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp., Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Nematodirus battus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta are particularly pathogenic. Understanding the interactions among parasites, hosts, and their microbiomes is crucial in developing new approaches in the management of parasites. This study examines the bacterial profile of Trichuris ovis, a highly prevalent nematode among Kashmir Merino sheep, and the influence of nematode infection on the caecal microbiome of its host. Sheep were selected based on T. ovis infection status, and samples were collected from infected and non-infected caecum. The 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis revealed distinct microbial communities in T. ovis, infected caecum, and non-infected caecum. Proteobacteria dominated the T. ovis microbiome, while infected caecum was rich in Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota, and non-infected caecum had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobiota. At the genus level, T. ovis was predominantly associated with Escherichia/Shigella, while infected caecum had higher proportions of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Treponema. Non-infected caecum was characterized by WCHB1–41, Prevotella, and Succiniclasticum like genera. Alpha and beta diversity indicated significant differences in microbiome among the groups, with higher diversity observed in infected caecum. The study found T. ovis infection significantly alters the caecal microbiome of sheep, introducing potentially pathogenic bacteria and reducing beneficial ones. These findings underscore the complex relationship between host, parasite, and microbiome, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to manage helminth infections and their broader ecological impacts.
{"title":"Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota","authors":"Abid Hussain Bhat , Ishfaq Majeed Malik , Hidayatullah Tak , Bashir Ahmad Ganai , Pooja Bharti","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sheep that are infected with gastrointestinal helminths experience a significant impact on their health and productivity. Among the helminths, nematodes like <em>Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum</em> spp., <em>Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Nematodirus battus, Trichostrongylus</em> spp. and <em>Teladorsagia circumcincta</em> are particularly pathogenic. Understanding the interactions among parasites, hosts, and their microbiomes is crucial in developing new approaches in the management of parasites. This study examines the bacterial profile of <em>Trichuris ovis,</em> a highly prevalent nematode among Kashmir Merino sheep, and the influence of nematode infection on the caecal microbiome of its host<em>.</em> Sheep were selected based on <em>T. ovis</em> infection status, and samples were collected from infected and non-infected caecum. The 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis revealed distinct microbial communities in <em>T. ovis,</em> infected caecum, and non-infected caecum. Proteobacteria dominated the <em>T. ovis</em> microbiome, while infected caecum was rich in Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota, and non-infected caecum had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobiota. At the genus level, <em>T. ovis</em> was predominantly associated with <em>Escherichia/Shigella,</em> while infected caecum had higher proportions of <em>Bacteroides, Prevotella,</em> and <em>Treponema.</em> Non-infected caecum was characterized by <em>WCHB1–41, Prevotella,</em> and <em>Succiniclasticum</em> like genera. Alpha and beta diversity indicated significant differences in microbiome among the groups, with higher diversity observed in infected caecum. The study found <em>T. ovis</em> infection significantly alters the caecal microbiome of sheep, introducing potentially pathogenic bacteria and reducing beneficial ones. These findings underscore the complex relationship between host, parasite, and microbiome, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to manage helminth infections and their broader ecological impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110355
Emanuela Sturiale , Giovanni De Benedetto , Ettore Napoli , Jennifer Varet , Alexandre Lemaire , Francesco Origgi , Gabriella Gaglio , Emanuele Brianti
Canine Heartworm Disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, primarily affects canids and felids. The earliest studies on cryopreservation were carried out at −70°C, achieving acceptable survival rates, however microfilariae (mf) showed alterations both in morphology and motility. Thereafter, liquid nitrogen was used representing an excellent tool for long-term preservation, albeit it is expensive and requires trained personnel. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of D. immitis mf at −80°C feasible to laboratories with limited specialized equipment. The cryoprotectant medium was composed by 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide, 20 % of newborn calf serum and 75 % of saline solution. At Study Day (SD) 0 whole blood from a D. immitis naturally infected dog was diluted with the medium at a ratio of 1:1 and stored at −80°C using a freezing container (Nalgene® Mr. Frosty® Cryo 1°C). On the SD1 and then once a month, one cryovial was thawed and examined for survival, motility, length and morphology of mf. On SD 1, the mf showed a survival rate of 99 %. By SD 120 the survival rate gradually decreased (up to 63 %) and a shift in motility patterns between the “medium” and “slow” classes, was observed. On SD 150, the survival rate exceeded 50 % and mf did not exhibit detectable morphological alterations; however, a reduction in length was observed. This study marks the first protocol where the −80°C freezer has been employed for cryopreservation of D. immitis, integrating the application of cryoprotectants and novel techniques for gradual temperature transition.
{"title":"Exploring cryopreservation alternatives for Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae","authors":"Emanuela Sturiale , Giovanni De Benedetto , Ettore Napoli , Jennifer Varet , Alexandre Lemaire , Francesco Origgi , Gabriella Gaglio , Emanuele Brianti","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine Heartworm Disease, caused by <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em>, primarily affects canids and felids. The earliest studies on cryopreservation were carried out at −70°C, achieving acceptable survival rates, however microfilariae (mf) showed alterations both in morphology and motility. Thereafter, liquid nitrogen was used representing an excellent tool for long-term preservation, albeit it is expensive and requires trained personnel. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of <em>D. immitis</em> mf at −80°C feasible to laboratories with limited specialized equipment. The cryoprotectant medium was composed by 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide, 20 % of newborn calf serum and 75 % of saline solution. At Study Day (SD) 0 whole blood from a <em>D. immitis</em> naturally infected dog was diluted with the medium at a ratio of 1:1 and stored at −80°C using a freezing container (Nalgene® Mr. Frosty® Cryo 1°C). On the SD1 and then once a month, one cryovial was thawed and examined for survival, motility, length and morphology of mf. On SD 1, the mf showed a survival rate of 99 %. By SD 120 the survival rate gradually decreased (up to 63 %) and a shift in motility patterns between the “medium” and “slow” classes, was observed. On SD 150, the survival rate exceeded 50 % and mf did not exhibit detectable morphological alterations; however, a reduction in length was observed. This study marks the first protocol where the −80°C freezer has been employed for cryopreservation of <em>D. immitis</em>, integrating the application of cryoprotectants and novel techniques for gradual temperature transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110354
Traoré Ousmane , Ilboudo Hamidou , Tahita Marc Christian , Belem Adrien Marie Gaston , Bengaly Zakaria
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) represents a significant challenge to livestock development in Africa. Reliable and practical techniques are required for the disease's early detection and management. One of the most commonly used tests for this purpose is the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This study sought to create a protocol for producing labelled antibodies from egg yolk. IgG was purified from serum from cattle that were hyperimmune to Trypanosoma brucei brucei before being used to immunise chickens. IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs, labelled with peroxidase, and tested for activity against commercial products. The results revealed that IgY levels were consistently higher than IgG levels, and the experimental antiserum had high diagnostic potential. We also calculated the ratios of commercial and individual egg yolk antisera. The findings allowed us to rank the diagnostic potential of the experimental antisera, with detection rates of 47.33 % for positive samples and 41.47 % for negative samples. Our results show that the experimental antiserum detects target antibodies with comparable accuracy and statistical significance (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the production method based on laying chickens proved to be simple, effective, and economical. This locally synthesised antiserum provides a viable alternative to expensive commercial options, paving the way for more widespread use in serodiagnosis. Further refinement and validation of this methodology could result in the development of a standardised protocol for large-scale production, offering a cost-effective and ethically sound alternative to antiserum production and facilitating wider adoption of ELISA diagnostics in resource-constrained settings.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of egg yolk-derived antibodies for ELISA diagnostics of African Animal Trypanosomiasis","authors":"Traoré Ousmane , Ilboudo Hamidou , Tahita Marc Christian , Belem Adrien Marie Gaston , Bengaly Zakaria","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) represents a significant challenge to livestock development in Africa. Reliable and practical techniques are required for the disease's early detection and management. One of the most commonly used tests for this purpose is the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This study sought to create a protocol for producing labelled antibodies from egg yolk. IgG was purified from serum from cattle that were hyperimmune to <em>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</em> before being used to immunise chickens. IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs, labelled with peroxidase, and tested for activity against commercial products. The results revealed that IgY levels were consistently higher than IgG levels, and the experimental antiserum had high diagnostic potential. We also calculated the ratios of commercial and individual egg yolk antisera. The findings allowed us to rank the diagnostic potential of the experimental antisera, with detection rates of 47.33 % for positive samples and 41.47 % for negative samples. Our results show that the experimental antiserum detects target antibodies with comparable accuracy and statistical significance (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the production method based on laying chickens proved to be simple, effective, and economical. This locally synthesised antiserum provides a viable alternative to expensive commercial options, paving the way for more widespread use in serodiagnosis. Further refinement and validation of this methodology could result in the development of a standardised protocol for large-scale production, offering a cost-effective and ethically sound alternative to antiserum production and facilitating wider adoption of ELISA diagnostics in resource-constrained settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110353
Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
Argas arboreus and A. persicus are blood sucking ectoparasites on domestic birds in Egypt. They cause anemia in birds, in addition to transmitting a variety of pathogens that leads to economical loss in the poultry industry. It is difficult for non-taxonomists to differentiate between these species because of minor morphological characters. Therefore, it is very important to identify tick species for developing a suitable strategy to reduce risks to poultry wealth. This study characterized the female cuticular hydrocarbons of two Argas species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty different hydrocarbons were exclusively identified in A. arboureus, whereas only 51 in A. persicus. Some of the hydrocarbon compounds were stage-specific ones that differentiate between two species. Others shared between all feeding stages of both species that improved they are closely related ones. Genetic variability recorded its maximum value between unfed stages of the two species, and similarity reached only 25 %. The present study provides the first chemotaxonomic data to differentiate between two closely related Argas species according to their cuticular hydrocarbons. Therefore, hydrocarbon composition seems to be a promising tool available as a taxonomic character, in addition improved that feeding stage was the susceptible one to be controlled.
{"title":"Cuticular composition: An alternative taxonomic approach to differentiate between Argas arboreus and Argas persicus ticks (Acari: Argasidae)","authors":"Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Argas arboreus</em> and <em>A. persicus</em> are blood sucking ectoparasites on domestic birds in Egypt. They cause anemia in birds, in addition to transmitting a variety of pathogens that leads to economical loss in the poultry industry. It is difficult for non-taxonomists to differentiate between these species because of minor morphological characters. Therefore, it is very important to identify tick species for developing a suitable strategy to reduce risks to poultry wealth. This study characterized the female cuticular hydrocarbons of two <em>Argas</em> species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty different hydrocarbons were exclusively identified in <em>A. arboureus</em>, whereas only 51 in <em>A. persicus</em>. Some of the hydrocarbon compounds were stage-specific ones that differentiate between two species. Others shared between all feeding stages of both species that improved they are closely related ones. Genetic variability recorded its maximum value between unfed stages of the two species, and similarity reached only 25 %. The present study provides the first chemotaxonomic data to differentiate between two closely related <em>Argas</em> species according to their cuticular hydrocarbons. Therefore, hydrocarbon composition seems to be a promising tool available as a taxonomic character, in addition improved that feeding stage was the susceptible one to be controlled.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110352
Cuifang Gu , Haoran Zhong , Xiaoping Luo , Jianqi Yuan , Gaowa Gong , Ying Feng , Xingfu Zhang , Xingang Feng , Yamei Jin , Junyan Li
Haemonchus contortus poses a severe threat to livestock, leading to substantial economic losses. The extensive use of ivermectin (IVM), an effective anthelmintic drug, has resulted in the development of resistant strains, reducing the drug's effectiveness and making disease management more challenging. Hence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of IVM resistance is crucial. IVM has been shown to induce apoptosis and oxidative stress imbalance in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth; however, whether there is a similar impact on H. contortus has not been well-documented. In this study, the biological functions of previously identified resistance-associated genes were investigated, revealing their involvement in apoptosis and oxidative stress. Experiments were conducted to compare cell apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress markers in IVM-treated and untreated sensitive and resistant strains isolated from the field. The findings demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased apoptosis were induced by IVM treatment in sensitive strains, as indicated by elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rates. Conversely, stable mitochondrial function and apoptosis levels under IVM exposure were observed in resistant strains. These results provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms of H. contortus and offer a theoretical basis for future research on overcoming IVM resistance.
{"title":"Ivermectin induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in Haemonchus contortus","authors":"Cuifang Gu , Haoran Zhong , Xiaoping Luo , Jianqi Yuan , Gaowa Gong , Ying Feng , Xingfu Zhang , Xingang Feng , Yamei Jin , Junyan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Haemonchus contortus</em> poses a severe threat to livestock, leading to substantial economic losses. The extensive use of ivermectin (IVM), an effective anthelmintic drug, has resulted in the development of resistant strains, reducing the drug's effectiveness and making disease management more challenging. Hence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of IVM resistance is crucial. IVM has been shown to induce apoptosis and oxidative stress imbalance in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth; however, whether there is a similar impact on <em>H. contortus</em> has not been well-documented. In this study, the biological functions of previously identified resistance-associated genes were investigated, revealing their involvement in apoptosis and oxidative stress. Experiments were conducted to compare cell apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress markers in IVM-treated and untreated sensitive and resistant strains isolated from the field. The findings demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased apoptosis were induced by IVM treatment in sensitive strains, as indicated by elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rates. Conversely, stable mitochondrial function and apoptosis levels under IVM exposure were observed in resistant strains. These results provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms of <em>H. contortus</em> and offer a theoretical basis for future research on overcoming IVM resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110341
Yihao Li , Weijia Zhou , Yanhong Cui, Peilin Zhou, Yunmeng Shan, Nanlin Jin, Shigen Ye
Tetrahymeniasis is a ciliate disease that presents significant economic challenges for the aquaculture industry. Previous research has shown promising control effects on Tetrahymena pyriformis using flavonoids from Psoralea corylifolia (P. corylifolia), but their high cost hinders practical application. This study aims to find an affordable and safe alternative antiparasitic extract derived from P. corylifolia. Initially, six different solvent extracts from P. corylifolia were compared for in vitro antiparasitic activity and toxicity, with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract selected for in vivo testing. In vivo tests revealed that effective concentrations of the EtOAc extract approached toxic levels. Chemical analysis identified bakuchiol as the most abundant and toxic compound in these extracts, with the highest solubility in n-hexane. Two optimized extraction protocols, yielding extract I and extract II, were developed based on these findings. Extract II successfully reduced the level of bakuchiol and overall toxicity while maintaining efficacy. At a concentration of 40 mg/L for 24 h, extract II achieved a 100 % antiparasitic effect with a therapeutic index of 2.121, nearly double that before optimization, leading to an increase in survival rate of diseased guppies from 15 % to over 65 %. These results suggest that this bath therapy could be a practical and cost-effective alternative for treating tetrahymeniasis in aquaculture. Futhermore, the optimized extraction method employed in this study offers new possibilities for reducing toxicity and enhancing the effects of Chinese herbal medicine. In summary, this study demonstrated that extract II derived from P. corylifolia has the potential to be developed into a novel commercial drug for the control of Tetrahymena infections in fish.
四膜虫病是一种纤毛虫疾病，给水产养殖业带来了巨大的经济挑战。先前的研究表明，使用堇菜黄酮类化合物（Psoralea corylifolia，P. corylifolia）对吡喃四甲虫具有良好的控制效果，但其高昂的成本阻碍了实际应用。本研究旨在寻找一种从堇菜中提取的经济、安全的抗寄生虫提取物。最初，研究人员比较了六种不同的堇菜溶剂提取物的体外抗寄生虫活性和毒性，并选择乙酸乙酯（EtOAc）提取物进行体内测试。体内测试表明，乙酸乙酯提取物的有效浓度接近毒性水平。化学分析结果表明，在这些萃取物中，巴枯焦是含量最高、毒性最强的化合物，在正己烷中的溶解度最高。根据这些发现，开发出了两种优化萃取方案，即萃取物 I 和萃取物 II。萃取物 II 成功地降低了巴枯奇醇的含量和总体毒性，同时保持了药效。在浓度为 40 毫克/升、持续 24 小时的条件下，提取物 II 的抗寄生虫效果达到了 100%，治疗指数为 2.121，几乎是优化前的两倍，使患病河豚的存活率从 15% 提高到 65% 以上。这些结果表明，这种药浴疗法是治疗水产养殖中四膜虫病的一种实用而经济的替代疗法。此外，本研究中采用的优化提取方法为降低毒性和提高中药效果提供了新的可能性。总之，本研究表明，从堇菜中提取的提取物 II 有潜力开发成一种新型商业药物，用于控制鱼类的四膜虫感染。
{"title":"A safe antiparasitic extract from Psoralea corylifolia for Tetrahymeniasis control","authors":"Yihao Li , Weijia Zhou , Yanhong Cui, Peilin Zhou, Yunmeng Shan, Nanlin Jin, Shigen Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetrahymeniasis is a ciliate disease that presents significant economic challenges for the aquaculture industry. Previous research has shown promising control effects on <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis</em> using flavonoids from <em>Psoralea corylifolia</em> (<em>P. corylifolia</em>), but their high cost hinders practical application. This study aims to find an affordable and safe alternative antiparasitic extract derived from <em>P. corylifolia</em>. Initially, six different solvent extracts from <em>P. corylifolia</em> were compared for <em>in vitro</em> antiparasitic activity and toxicity, with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract selected for <em>in vivo</em> testing. <em>In vivo</em> tests revealed that effective concentrations of the EtOAc extract approached toxic levels. Chemical analysis identified bakuchiol as the most abundant and toxic compound in these extracts, with the highest solubility in n-hexane. Two optimized extraction protocols, yielding extract I and extract II, were developed based on these findings. Extract II successfully reduced the level of bakuchiol and overall toxicity while maintaining efficacy. At a concentration of 40 mg/L for 24 h, extract II achieved a 100 % antiparasitic effect with a therapeutic index of 2.121, nearly double that before optimization, leading to an increase in survival rate of diseased guppies from 15 % to over 65 %. These results suggest that this bath therapy could be a practical and cost-effective alternative for treating tetrahymeniasis in aquaculture. Futhermore, the optimized extraction method employed in this study offers new possibilities for reducing toxicity and enhancing the effects of Chinese herbal medicine. In summary, this study demonstrated that extract II derived from <em>P. corylifolia</em> has the potential to be developed into a novel commercial drug for the control of <em>Tetrahymena</em> infections in fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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