Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110355
Emanuela Sturiale , Giovanni De Benedetto , Ettore Napoli , Jennifer Varet , Alexandre Lemaire , Francesco Origgi , Gabriella Gaglio , Emanuele Brianti
Canine Heartworm Disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, primarily affects canids and felids. The earliest studies on cryopreservation were carried out at −70°C, achieving acceptable survival rates, however microfilariae (mf) showed alterations both in morphology and motility. Thereafter, liquid nitrogen was used representing an excellent tool for long-term preservation, albeit it is expensive and requires trained personnel. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of D. immitis mf at −80°C feasible to laboratories with limited specialized equipment. The cryoprotectant medium was composed by 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide, 20 % of newborn calf serum and 75 % of saline solution. At Study Day (SD) 0 whole blood from a D. immitis naturally infected dog was diluted with the medium at a ratio of 1:1 and stored at −80°C using a freezing container (Nalgene® Mr. Frosty® Cryo 1°C). On the SD1 and then once a month, one cryovial was thawed and examined for survival, motility, length and morphology of mf. On SD 1, the mf showed a survival rate of 99 %. By SD 120 the survival rate gradually decreased (up to 63 %) and a shift in motility patterns between the “medium” and “slow” classes, was observed. On SD 150, the survival rate exceeded 50 % and mf did not exhibit detectable morphological alterations; however, a reduction in length was observed. This study marks the first protocol where the −80°C freezer has been employed for cryopreservation of D. immitis, integrating the application of cryoprotectants and novel techniques for gradual temperature transition.
{"title":"Exploring cryopreservation alternatives for Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae","authors":"Emanuela Sturiale , Giovanni De Benedetto , Ettore Napoli , Jennifer Varet , Alexandre Lemaire , Francesco Origgi , Gabriella Gaglio , Emanuele Brianti","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine Heartworm Disease, caused by <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em>, primarily affects canids and felids. The earliest studies on cryopreservation were carried out at −70°C, achieving acceptable survival rates, however microfilariae (mf) showed alterations both in morphology and motility. Thereafter, liquid nitrogen was used representing an excellent tool for long-term preservation, albeit it is expensive and requires trained personnel. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of <em>D. immitis</em> mf at −80°C feasible to laboratories with limited specialized equipment. The cryoprotectant medium was composed by 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide, 20 % of newborn calf serum and 75 % of saline solution. At Study Day (SD) 0 whole blood from a <em>D. immitis</em> naturally infected dog was diluted with the medium at a ratio of 1:1 and stored at −80°C using a freezing container (Nalgene® Mr. Frosty® Cryo 1°C). On the SD1 and then once a month, one cryovial was thawed and examined for survival, motility, length and morphology of mf. On SD 1, the mf showed a survival rate of 99 %. By SD 120 the survival rate gradually decreased (up to 63 %) and a shift in motility patterns between the “medium” and “slow” classes, was observed. On SD 150, the survival rate exceeded 50 % and mf did not exhibit detectable morphological alterations; however, a reduction in length was observed. This study marks the first protocol where the −80°C freezer has been employed for cryopreservation of <em>D. immitis</em>, integrating the application of cryoprotectants and novel techniques for gradual temperature transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110354
Traoré Ousmane , Ilboudo Hamidou , Tahita Marc Christian , Belem Adrien Marie Gaston , Bengaly Zakaria
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) represents a significant challenge to livestock development in Africa. Reliable and practical techniques are required for the disease's early detection and management. One of the most commonly used tests for this purpose is the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This study sought to create a protocol for producing labelled antibodies from egg yolk. IgG was purified from serum from cattle that were hyperimmune to Trypanosoma brucei brucei before being used to immunise chickens. IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs, labelled with peroxidase, and tested for activity against commercial products. The results revealed that IgY levels were consistently higher than IgG levels, and the experimental antiserum had high diagnostic potential. We also calculated the ratios of commercial and individual egg yolk antisera. The findings allowed us to rank the diagnostic potential of the experimental antisera, with detection rates of 47.33 % for positive samples and 41.47 % for negative samples. Our results show that the experimental antiserum detects target antibodies with comparable accuracy and statistical significance (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the production method based on laying chickens proved to be simple, effective, and economical. This locally synthesised antiserum provides a viable alternative to expensive commercial options, paving the way for more widespread use in serodiagnosis. Further refinement and validation of this methodology could result in the development of a standardised protocol for large-scale production, offering a cost-effective and ethically sound alternative to antiserum production and facilitating wider adoption of ELISA diagnostics in resource-constrained settings.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of egg yolk-derived antibodies for ELISA diagnostics of African Animal Trypanosomiasis","authors":"Traoré Ousmane , Ilboudo Hamidou , Tahita Marc Christian , Belem Adrien Marie Gaston , Bengaly Zakaria","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) represents a significant challenge to livestock development in Africa. Reliable and practical techniques are required for the disease's early detection and management. One of the most commonly used tests for this purpose is the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This study sought to create a protocol for producing labelled antibodies from egg yolk. IgG was purified from serum from cattle that were hyperimmune to <em>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</em> before being used to immunise chickens. IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs, labelled with peroxidase, and tested for activity against commercial products. The results revealed that IgY levels were consistently higher than IgG levels, and the experimental antiserum had high diagnostic potential. We also calculated the ratios of commercial and individual egg yolk antisera. The findings allowed us to rank the diagnostic potential of the experimental antisera, with detection rates of 47.33 % for positive samples and 41.47 % for negative samples. Our results show that the experimental antiserum detects target antibodies with comparable accuracy and statistical significance (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the production method based on laying chickens proved to be simple, effective, and economical. This locally synthesised antiserum provides a viable alternative to expensive commercial options, paving the way for more widespread use in serodiagnosis. Further refinement and validation of this methodology could result in the development of a standardised protocol for large-scale production, offering a cost-effective and ethically sound alternative to antiserum production and facilitating wider adoption of ELISA diagnostics in resource-constrained settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110353
Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
Argas arboreus and A. persicus are blood sucking ectoparasites on domestic birds in Egypt. They cause anemia in birds, in addition to transmitting a variety of pathogens that leads to economical loss in the poultry industry. It is difficult for non-taxonomists to differentiate between these species because of minor morphological characters. Therefore, it is very important to identify tick species for developing a suitable strategy to reduce risks to poultry wealth. This study characterized the female cuticular hydrocarbons of two Argas species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty different hydrocarbons were exclusively identified in A. arboureus, whereas only 51 in A. persicus. Some of the hydrocarbon compounds were stage-specific ones that differentiate between two species. Others shared between all feeding stages of both species that improved they are closely related ones. Genetic variability recorded its maximum value between unfed stages of the two species, and similarity reached only 25 %. The present study provides the first chemotaxonomic data to differentiate between two closely related Argas species according to their cuticular hydrocarbons. Therefore, hydrocarbon composition seems to be a promising tool available as a taxonomic character, in addition improved that feeding stage was the susceptible one to be controlled.
{"title":"Cuticular composition: An alternative taxonomic approach to differentiate between Argas arboreus and Argas persicus ticks (Acari: Argasidae)","authors":"Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Argas arboreus</em> and <em>A. persicus</em> are blood sucking ectoparasites on domestic birds in Egypt. They cause anemia in birds, in addition to transmitting a variety of pathogens that leads to economical loss in the poultry industry. It is difficult for non-taxonomists to differentiate between these species because of minor morphological characters. Therefore, it is very important to identify tick species for developing a suitable strategy to reduce risks to poultry wealth. This study characterized the female cuticular hydrocarbons of two <em>Argas</em> species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty different hydrocarbons were exclusively identified in <em>A. arboureus</em>, whereas only 51 in <em>A. persicus</em>. Some of the hydrocarbon compounds were stage-specific ones that differentiate between two species. Others shared between all feeding stages of both species that improved they are closely related ones. Genetic variability recorded its maximum value between unfed stages of the two species, and similarity reached only 25 %. The present study provides the first chemotaxonomic data to differentiate between two closely related <em>Argas</em> species according to their cuticular hydrocarbons. Therefore, hydrocarbon composition seems to be a promising tool available as a taxonomic character, in addition improved that feeding stage was the susceptible one to be controlled.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110352
Cuifang Gu , Haoran Zhong , Xiaoping Luo , Jianqi Yuan , Gaowa Gong , Ying Feng , Xingfu Zhang , Xingang Feng , Yamei Jin , Junyan Li
Haemonchus contortus poses a severe threat to livestock, leading to substantial economic losses. The extensive use of ivermectin (IVM), an effective anthelmintic drug, has resulted in the development of resistant strains, reducing the drug's effectiveness and making disease management more challenging. Hence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of IVM resistance is crucial. IVM has been shown to induce apoptosis and oxidative stress imbalance in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth; however, whether there is a similar impact on H. contortus has not been well-documented. In this study, the biological functions of previously identified resistance-associated genes were investigated, revealing their involvement in apoptosis and oxidative stress. Experiments were conducted to compare cell apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress markers in IVM-treated and untreated sensitive and resistant strains isolated from the field. The findings demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased apoptosis were induced by IVM treatment in sensitive strains, as indicated by elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rates. Conversely, stable mitochondrial function and apoptosis levels under IVM exposure were observed in resistant strains. These results provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms of H. contortus and offer a theoretical basis for future research on overcoming IVM resistance.
{"title":"Ivermectin induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in Haemonchus contortus","authors":"Cuifang Gu , Haoran Zhong , Xiaoping Luo , Jianqi Yuan , Gaowa Gong , Ying Feng , Xingfu Zhang , Xingang Feng , Yamei Jin , Junyan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Haemonchus contortus</em> poses a severe threat to livestock, leading to substantial economic losses. The extensive use of ivermectin (IVM), an effective anthelmintic drug, has resulted in the development of resistant strains, reducing the drug's effectiveness and making disease management more challenging. Hence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of IVM resistance is crucial. IVM has been shown to induce apoptosis and oxidative stress imbalance in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth; however, whether there is a similar impact on <em>H. contortus</em> has not been well-documented. In this study, the biological functions of previously identified resistance-associated genes were investigated, revealing their involvement in apoptosis and oxidative stress. Experiments were conducted to compare cell apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress markers in IVM-treated and untreated sensitive and resistant strains isolated from the field. The findings demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased apoptosis were induced by IVM treatment in sensitive strains, as indicated by elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rates. Conversely, stable mitochondrial function and apoptosis levels under IVM exposure were observed in resistant strains. These results provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms of <em>H. contortus</em> and offer a theoretical basis for future research on overcoming IVM resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110341
Yihao Li , Weijia Zhou , Yanhong Cui, Peilin Zhou, Yunmeng Shan, Nanlin Jin, Shigen Ye
Tetrahymeniasis is a ciliate disease that presents significant economic challenges for the aquaculture industry. Previous research has shown promising control effects on Tetrahymena pyriformis using flavonoids from Psoralea corylifolia (P. corylifolia), but their high cost hinders practical application. This study aims to find an affordable and safe alternative antiparasitic extract derived from P. corylifolia. Initially, six different solvent extracts from P. corylifolia were compared for in vitro antiparasitic activity and toxicity, with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract selected for in vivo testing. In vivo tests revealed that effective concentrations of the EtOAc extract approached toxic levels. Chemical analysis identified bakuchiol as the most abundant and toxic compound in these extracts, with the highest solubility in n-hexane. Two optimized extraction protocols, yielding extract I and extract II, were developed based on these findings. Extract II successfully reduced the level of bakuchiol and overall toxicity while maintaining efficacy. At a concentration of 40 mg/L for 24 h, extract II achieved a 100 % antiparasitic effect with a therapeutic index of 2.121, nearly double that before optimization, leading to an increase in survival rate of diseased guppies from 15 % to over 65 %. These results suggest that this bath therapy could be a practical and cost-effective alternative for treating tetrahymeniasis in aquaculture. Futhermore, the optimized extraction method employed in this study offers new possibilities for reducing toxicity and enhancing the effects of Chinese herbal medicine. In summary, this study demonstrated that extract II derived from P. corylifolia has the potential to be developed into a novel commercial drug for the control of Tetrahymena infections in fish.
四膜虫病是一种纤毛虫疾病，给水产养殖业带来了巨大的经济挑战。先前的研究表明，使用堇菜黄酮类化合物（Psoralea corylifolia，P. corylifolia）对吡喃四甲虫具有良好的控制效果，但其高昂的成本阻碍了实际应用。本研究旨在寻找一种从堇菜中提取的经济、安全的抗寄生虫提取物。最初，研究人员比较了六种不同的堇菜溶剂提取物的体外抗寄生虫活性和毒性，并选择乙酸乙酯（EtOAc）提取物进行体内测试。体内测试表明，乙酸乙酯提取物的有效浓度接近毒性水平。化学分析结果表明，在这些萃取物中，巴枯焦是含量最高、毒性最强的化合物，在正己烷中的溶解度最高。根据这些发现，开发出了两种优化萃取方案，即萃取物 I 和萃取物 II。萃取物 II 成功地降低了巴枯奇醇的含量和总体毒性，同时保持了药效。在浓度为 40 毫克/升、持续 24 小时的条件下，提取物 II 的抗寄生虫效果达到了 100%，治疗指数为 2.121，几乎是优化前的两倍，使患病河豚的存活率从 15% 提高到 65% 以上。这些结果表明，这种药浴疗法是治疗水产养殖中四膜虫病的一种实用而经济的替代疗法。此外，本研究中采用的优化提取方法为降低毒性和提高中药效果提供了新的可能性。总之，本研究表明，从堇菜中提取的提取物 II 有潜力开发成一种新型商业药物，用于控制鱼类的四膜虫感染。
{"title":"A safe antiparasitic extract from Psoralea corylifolia for Tetrahymeniasis control","authors":"Yihao Li , Weijia Zhou , Yanhong Cui, Peilin Zhou, Yunmeng Shan, Nanlin Jin, Shigen Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetrahymeniasis is a ciliate disease that presents significant economic challenges for the aquaculture industry. Previous research has shown promising control effects on <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis</em> using flavonoids from <em>Psoralea corylifolia</em> (<em>P. corylifolia</em>), but their high cost hinders practical application. This study aims to find an affordable and safe alternative antiparasitic extract derived from <em>P. corylifolia</em>. Initially, six different solvent extracts from <em>P. corylifolia</em> were compared for <em>in vitro</em> antiparasitic activity and toxicity, with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract selected for <em>in vivo</em> testing. <em>In vivo</em> tests revealed that effective concentrations of the EtOAc extract approached toxic levels. Chemical analysis identified bakuchiol as the most abundant and toxic compound in these extracts, with the highest solubility in n-hexane. Two optimized extraction protocols, yielding extract I and extract II, were developed based on these findings. Extract II successfully reduced the level of bakuchiol and overall toxicity while maintaining efficacy. At a concentration of 40 mg/L for 24 h, extract II achieved a 100 % antiparasitic effect with a therapeutic index of 2.121, nearly double that before optimization, leading to an increase in survival rate of diseased guppies from 15 % to over 65 %. These results suggest that this bath therapy could be a practical and cost-effective alternative for treating tetrahymeniasis in aquaculture. Futhermore, the optimized extraction method employed in this study offers new possibilities for reducing toxicity and enhancing the effects of Chinese herbal medicine. In summary, this study demonstrated that extract II derived from <em>P. corylifolia</em> has the potential to be developed into a novel commercial drug for the control of <em>Tetrahymena</em> infections in fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110351
María Vizcaino , Fernando Calle-Alonso , Enrique Pérez-Martín , María Martín-Cuervo , Javier Acosta , Lourdes Sánchez-Montero , Eva Frontera
The effect of the treatment with an injectable product containing eprinomectin on milk yield, milk composition, and somatic cell count (SCC) was investigated in naturally infected dairy goats with low gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg and pulmonary larval counts. The study involved 394 lactating goats and was conducted on a farm in southern Spain. Before treatment, faeces from all animals were analysed to establish two homogeneous groups according to the gastrointestinal nematode egg counts (185 treated and 209 untreated). On day 0, each goat in the treatment group received a single subcutaneous injection of 12 mg of eprinomectin (0.6 ml of Eprecis®, CEVA, Spain). The control goats were left untreated. Faecal egg counts and coprocultures were performed on days 0, 30, 60, and 90 post-treatment. Milk samples were taken on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 and analysed to determine individual production and milk composition parameters, including fat (F), protein (P), lactose (L), total dry extract (TDE), and SCC. Examination of faecal samples indicated that the goats were mainly infected with gastrointestinal strongylids of the genera Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus and Muellerius lungworms. The percentage reduction of gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg counts on days 30, 60, and 90 was 97.55 % (90 % CI = 95.1 % - 99.9 %), 90.65 % (90 % CI = 83.7 % - 97.6 %) and 87.5 % (90 % CI = 79.5 % - 95.5 %), respectively, and that of lung larval counts in faeces was 98.48 % (90 % CI = 96.3 % - 100 %), 96.91 % (90 % CI = 84.2 % - 98.9 %), and 82.05 % (90 % CI = 66.9 % - 97.2 %), respectively. Milk yield was consistently and significantly higher in the treated group than in the control group (p = 0.004). The treated goats showed a 4 % increase in daily milk yield (60 ml/day) compared with the untreated goats. There was a significant decrease in F and TDE in the treated goats compared with the untreated goats, but eprinomectin did not affect P, L, and SCC. The estimated economic benefit of using injectable eprinomectin was around 6.46€ per goat over the 120-day period. In conclusion, treatment with injectable eprinomectin has an economical positive effect on milk yield in goats, even those infected with a low burden of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes.
{"title":"Increase in dairy production of goats with subclinical nematode infection using injectable eprinomectin","authors":"María Vizcaino , Fernando Calle-Alonso , Enrique Pérez-Martín , María Martín-Cuervo , Javier Acosta , Lourdes Sánchez-Montero , Eva Frontera","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of the treatment with an injectable product containing eprinomectin on milk yield, milk composition, and somatic cell count (SCC) was investigated in naturally infected dairy goats with low gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg and pulmonary larval counts. The study involved 394 lactating goats and was conducted on a farm in southern Spain. Before treatment, faeces from all animals were analysed to establish two homogeneous groups according to the gastrointestinal nematode egg counts (185 treated and 209 untreated). On day 0, each goat in the treatment group received a single subcutaneous injection of 12 mg of eprinomectin (0.6 ml of Eprecis®, CEVA, Spain). The control goats were left untreated. Faecal egg counts and coprocultures were performed on days 0, 30, 60, and 90 post-treatment. Milk samples were taken on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 and analysed to determine individual production and milk composition parameters, including fat (F), protein (P), lactose (L), total dry extract (TDE), and SCC. Examination of faecal samples indicated that the goats were mainly infected with gastrointestinal strongylids of the genera <em>Teladorsagia</em> and <em>Trichostrongylus</em> and <em>Muellerius</em> lungworms. The percentage reduction of gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg counts on days 30, 60, and 90 was 97.55 % (90 % CI = 95.1 % - 99.9 %), 90.65 % (90 % CI = 83.7 % - 97.6 %) and 87.5 % (90 % CI = 79.5 % - 95.5 %), respectively, and that of lung larval counts in faeces was 98.48 % (90 % CI = 96.3 % - 100 %), 96.91 % (90 % CI = 84.2 % - 98.9 %), and 82.05 % (90 % CI = 66.9 % - 97.2 %), respectively. Milk yield was consistently and significantly higher in the treated group than in the control group (p = 0.004). The treated goats showed a 4 % increase in daily milk yield (60 ml/day) compared with the untreated goats. There was a significant decrease in F and TDE in the treated goats compared with the untreated goats, but eprinomectin did not affect P, L, and SCC. The estimated economic benefit of using injectable eprinomectin was around 6.46€ per goat over the 120-day period. In conclusion, treatment with injectable eprinomectin has an economical positive effect on milk yield in goats, even those infected with a low burden of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110348
Clara de Araújo Sanchez , Juliana Alencar Gonçalves , Márcio Luís Andrade e Silva , Maria Gabriela Fontanetti Rodrigues , Fernanda Amorim Santos , Rosangela da Silva de Laurentiz , Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello
<div><div>Parasitic infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are the main cause of production losses in small ruminants, especially sheep. <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> is the most common nematode in tropical regions. The indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics to control helminthosis has led to the development of resistant parasites. As a result, there has been growing interest in using plant extracts and natural products to control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the <em>in vivo</em> anthelmintic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of <em>Piper cubeba</em> fruit in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Initially, an experiment was conducted where the <em>Piper cubeba</em> extract was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight three times at 7-day intervals. For this, 18 animals were divided into three groups: a control group, a group treated with levamisole phosphate at 4.7 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously, and a group treated with <em>Piper cubeba</em> extract, which was administered in pure form orally to the animals through a cannula. Based on the results of this experiment, a second experiment was conducted using the same experimental design and same extract, but the effectiveness of the extract was evaluated at a single dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight administered on day 0. The determination of biochemical parameters for the group treated with extract and the identification of nematode species for all groups were performed on different days of this experiment. The results of the first experiment showed that the extract reduced the FEC by 84 % on day 7 and 83 % on day 35 compared to the control group. These results prompted a second experiment, using the same experimental design, but with the extract administered to the animals in a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The result for the reduction in FEC in the levamisole-treated group was similar to that obtained in the first experiment, whereas in the group treated with a single dose of the extract, the reduction was significant from day 7, reaching 97 % by day 35 compared to the control group, with no significant difference from the levamisole-treated group. Regarding nematode species, on day 0, all treatments in the experiment showed a predominance of <em>Haemonchus contortus</em>, but other species such as <em>Cooperia</em>, and <em>Oesophagostomum</em> were also identified. On day 35, only <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> was identified in the extract-treated group and the levamisole-treated group, whereas <em>Cooperia</em> and <em>Oesophagostomum</em> species were also found in the control group. Toxicity tests for liver and kidney functions showed no alterations after administration of the single dose extract. These results demonstrate the <em>in vivo</em> anthelmintic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of <em>Piper cubeba</em> fruits and suggest its potential use as an alternative to syntheti
{"title":"In vivo anthelmintic activity of hydroethanolic extract of Piper cubeba fruits in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes","authors":"Clara de Araújo Sanchez , Juliana Alencar Gonçalves , Márcio Luís Andrade e Silva , Maria Gabriela Fontanetti Rodrigues , Fernanda Amorim Santos , Rosangela da Silva de Laurentiz , Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are the main cause of production losses in small ruminants, especially sheep. <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> is the most common nematode in tropical regions. The indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics to control helminthosis has led to the development of resistant parasites. As a result, there has been growing interest in using plant extracts and natural products to control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the <em>in vivo</em> anthelmintic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of <em>Piper cubeba</em> fruit in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Initially, an experiment was conducted where the <em>Piper cubeba</em> extract was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight three times at 7-day intervals. For this, 18 animals were divided into three groups: a control group, a group treated with levamisole phosphate at 4.7 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously, and a group treated with <em>Piper cubeba</em> extract, which was administered in pure form orally to the animals through a cannula. Based on the results of this experiment, a second experiment was conducted using the same experimental design and same extract, but the effectiveness of the extract was evaluated at a single dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight administered on day 0. The determination of biochemical parameters for the group treated with extract and the identification of nematode species for all groups were performed on different days of this experiment. The results of the first experiment showed that the extract reduced the FEC by 84 % on day 7 and 83 % on day 35 compared to the control group. These results prompted a second experiment, using the same experimental design, but with the extract administered to the animals in a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The result for the reduction in FEC in the levamisole-treated group was similar to that obtained in the first experiment, whereas in the group treated with a single dose of the extract, the reduction was significant from day 7, reaching 97 % by day 35 compared to the control group, with no significant difference from the levamisole-treated group. Regarding nematode species, on day 0, all treatments in the experiment showed a predominance of <em>Haemonchus contortus</em>, but other species such as <em>Cooperia</em>, and <em>Oesophagostomum</em> were also identified. On day 35, only <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> was identified in the extract-treated group and the levamisole-treated group, whereas <em>Cooperia</em> and <em>Oesophagostomum</em> species were also found in the control group. Toxicity tests for liver and kidney functions showed no alterations after administration of the single dose extract. These results demonstrate the <em>in vivo</em> anthelmintic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of <em>Piper cubeba</em> fruits and suggest its potential use as an alternative to syntheti","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110350
Rocío Checa , Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno , Guadalupe Miró , Gina Pinchbeck , Hayley Jones , Peter-John Noble , Alan David Radford
Dogs infected with Leishmania infantum have been increasingly reported in the UK mostly related to imported/travelled dogs. Up-to-date epidemiologic data are essential for a better control of this zoonotic disease in such emerging areas. This study aimed for the first time, to estimate the percentage and temporal variation of dog and cat samples testing positive for L. infantum infection at commercial diagnostic laboratories, and to describe the travel history of positive dogs and cats positive to leishmaniosis in a network of UK veterinary practices. Leishmania infantum serology and PCR data were collected by the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) from five UK national veterinary diagnostic laboratories between 2010 and 2022 and were analysed. In addition, electronic health records (EHRs) were collected from 251 veterinary practices across the UK between March 2014 and September 2022. Text mining tools were used to identify cases compatible with clinical leishmaniosis as recorded in the clinical narratives; these were subsequently manually validated. Data from a total of 25,327 diagnostic samples (25,201 from dogs and 126 from cats) were analysed including 20,517 sera tested by either quantitative ELISA or IFAT, and 4810 by PCR. Leishmania infantum antibodies were detected in 39.7 % of tested dog samples and 1.07 % of cat samples. In dogs, seropositivity increased from 2013 to 2022. Leishmania DNA was only detected by PCR in samples from dogs (11.8 %). A total of 368 dogs with canine leishmaniosis (CanL) were identified from clinical narratives. Of these, 189 had either visited, or were rescued/imported from, Spain, Greece, Cyprus and other southern European countries. Among factors associated with CanL in the UK canine population, dogs between 3 and 6 years of age were 4.71 times more likely to have CanL than those two years or younger. In addition, there was an increased risk of having recorded CanL clinical cases from 2017 to 2022, compared to 2014. Southeast of England was the UK region that accounted for the highest number of CanL cases (34.51 %). This study provides recent trends in Leishmania infection in dogs in the UK, identifies risk factors and countries likely associated with imported cases, and provides important insights to help plan and monitor national intervention strategies.
{"title":"Updating the epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in the United Kingdom through the use of electronic health data","authors":"Rocío Checa , Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno , Guadalupe Miró , Gina Pinchbeck , Hayley Jones , Peter-John Noble , Alan David Radford","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dogs infected with <em>Leishmania infantum</em> have been increasingly reported in the UK mostly related to imported/travelled dogs. Up-to-date epidemiologic data are essential for a better control of this zoonotic disease in such emerging areas. This study aimed for the first time, to estimate the percentage and temporal variation of dog and cat samples testing positive for <em>L. infantum</em> infection at commercial diagnostic laboratories, and to describe the travel history of positive dogs and cats positive to leishmaniosis in a network of UK veterinary practices. <em>Leishmania infantum</em> serology and PCR data were collected by the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) from five UK national veterinary diagnostic laboratories between 2010 and 2022 and were analysed. In addition, electronic health records (EHRs) were collected from 251 veterinary practices across the UK between March 2014 and September 2022. Text mining tools were used to identify cases compatible with clinical leishmaniosis as recorded in the clinical narratives; these were subsequently manually validated. Data from a total of 25,327 diagnostic samples (25,201 from dogs and 126 from cats) were analysed including 20,517 sera tested by either quantitative ELISA or IFAT, and 4810 by PCR. <em>Leishmania infantum</em> antibodies were detected in 39.7 % of tested dog samples and 1.07 % of cat samples. In dogs, seropositivity increased from 2013 to 2022. <em>Leishmania</em> DNA was only detected by PCR in samples from dogs (11.8 %). A total of 368 dogs with canine leishmaniosis (CanL) were identified from clinical narratives. Of these, 189 had either visited, or were rescued/imported from, Spain, Greece, Cyprus and other southern European countries. Among factors associated with CanL in the UK canine population, dogs between 3 and 6 years of age were 4.71 times more likely to have CanL than those two years or younger. In addition, there was an increased risk of having recorded CanL clinical cases from 2017 to 2022, compared to 2014. Southeast of England was the UK region that accounted for the highest number of CanL cases (34.51 %). This study provides recent trends in <em>Leishmania</em> infection in dogs in the UK, identifies risk factors and countries likely associated with imported cases, and provides important insights to help plan and monitor national intervention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110340
Heba Abdel-Tawab , Shrouk E. Al-Sayed , Fatma I. Abo El-Ela , Amina M. Ibrahim , Olfat A. Hammam , Almahy M. El-Mallah
Schistosomiasis is a serious parasite disease with a high rate of mortality and negative financial impacts in subtropical and tropical locations like Egypt. The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-schistosomal effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) and Spirulina loaded niosomes (SPN), either in the presence or absence of praziquantel (PZQ) against S. mansoni in experimentally infected mice. Six groups have been involved in the study, five groups were infected with S. mansoni cercariae and subjected independently to different treatments of SP, SPN, and PZQ or the preceding two combinations, in addition to one untreated group which acts as a control. At the 8th week, mice were euthanized, and besides a histopathological assessment of the liver granuloma, the number of worms, tissue egg load, and oogram pattern were estimated. To evaluate the condition of the liver oxidative stress, the levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in liver homogenates were investigated. Additionally, to assess the anti-inflammatory properties, serum cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-10) and CD4+ immunohistochemistry expression were determined. The results demonstrated that each of the investigated parameters was significantly changed by both SPN and/or SPN with PZQ treatments alongside PZQ. The highest therapeutic effect was obtained in SPN combined with a half dose of PZQ which achieved 100 % reduction in both the total worm burden and the highest reduction in the intestinal (93.22 %) and hepatic (94.4 %) egg content, as well, moreover 40.5 % reduction of the granuloma size. Furthermore, serum cytokine levels {(TNF-α (11 ± 0.5 (P ˂ 0.001)), (IFN-γ (19.7 ± 1.2 (P ˂ 0.001)) and (IL-13 (53.65 ± 1.4 (P ˂ 0.001))}, as well as CD4+ cells (6.5 ± 0.65 (P ˂ 0.001)) were reduced. While, IL-10 (61.1 ± 2.1 (P ˂ 0.001)) was increased due to the same treatment additional to its antioxidant properties by reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) (1.1975 ± 0.05(P ˂ 0.001)) but increased reduced glutathione (GSH) (2.31± 0.15 (P˂0.001)). In conclusion, SPN has a schistosomicidal, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective role. SPN has a strong synergistic effect when combined with PZQ which showed anti-inflammatory action. Hence, SPN + PZQ offers promising alternatives for future schistosomiasis therapeutic research.
{"title":"In vivo antischistosomal activity profiling and efficacy of niosomal Spirulina platensis and praziquantel combined remedy against murine Schistosoma mansoni infection","authors":"Heba Abdel-Tawab , Shrouk E. Al-Sayed , Fatma I. Abo El-Ela , Amina M. Ibrahim , Olfat A. Hammam , Almahy M. El-Mallah","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis is a serious parasite disease with a high rate of mortality and negative financial impacts in subtropical and tropical locations like Egypt. The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-schistosomal effect of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> (SP) and <em>Spirulina</em> loaded niosomes (SPN), either in the presence or absence of praziquantel (PZQ) against <em>S. mansoni</em> in experimentally infected mice. Six groups have been involved in the study, five groups were infected with <em>S. mansoni</em> cercariae and subjected independently to different treatments of SP, SPN, and PZQ or the preceding two combinations, in addition to one untreated group which acts as a control. At the 8th week, mice were euthanized, and besides a histopathological assessment of the liver granuloma, the number of worms, tissue egg load, and oogram pattern were estimated. To evaluate the condition of the liver oxidative stress, the levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in liver homogenates were investigated. Additionally, to assess the anti-inflammatory properties, serum cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-10) and CD4<sup>+</sup> immunohistochemistry expression were determined. The results demonstrated that each of the investigated parameters was significantly changed by both SPN and/or SPN with PZQ treatments alongside PZQ. The highest therapeutic effect was obtained in SPN combined with a half dose of PZQ which achieved 100 % reduction in both the total worm burden and the highest reduction in the intestinal (93.22 %) and hepatic (94.4 %) egg content, as well, moreover 40.5 % reduction of the granuloma size. Furthermore, serum cytokine levels {(TNF-α (11 ± 0.5 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)), (IFN-γ (19.7 ± 1.2 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)) and (IL-13 (53.65 ± 1.4 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>))}, as well as CD4<sup>+</sup> cells (6.5 ± 0.65 (<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)) were reduced. While, IL-10 (61.1 ± 2.1 (P ˂ 0.001)) was increased due to the same treatment additional to its antioxidant properties by reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) (1.1975 ± 0.05(<em>P ˂ 0.001</em>)) but increased reduced glutathione (GSH) (2.31± 0.15 (<em>P˂0.001</em>)). In conclusion, SPN has a schistosomicidal, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective role. SPN has a strong synergistic effect when combined with PZQ which showed anti-inflammatory action. Hence, SPN + PZQ offers promising alternatives for future schistosomiasis therapeutic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 110340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110339
Dongying Wang , Yuchen Liu , Kangwei Tang , Nianwu He , Mehmet Musa Özcan
Nowadays, ticks are considered to be one dangerous blood-sucking ectoparasite for poultries, livestocks and even some wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil extracted from Myristica fragrans Houtt. with the popular name nutmeg (NEO) against the camel ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii. When the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 800 mg/mL for 5 min, the essential oil could not only decrease the viability and mobility of them, but also decrease their blood digestion. Meanwhile, the acaricide efficacy of NEO against the engorged female ticks was demonstrated as well. When the eggs produced collected, weighed, deposited in the bottles covered by cotton gauze and subjected to the incubator for hatching, the essential oil was demonstrated to have the prominent inhibitory effect against the oviposition, hatchability and fertility of the engorged female ticks, when the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 400 and 800 mg/mL for 5 min. In consequence, the employment of NEO as the potential insecticide against the ticks, H. dromedarii, is prospective in the future.
{"title":"Antioxidant effect and acaricidal potential against camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii of the essential oil hydrodistilled from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg)","authors":"Dongying Wang , Yuchen Liu , Kangwei Tang , Nianwu He , Mehmet Musa Özcan","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, ticks are considered to be one dangerous blood-sucking ectoparasite for poultries, livestocks and even some wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil extracted from <em>Myristica fragrans</em> Houtt. with the popular name nutmeg (NEO) against the camel ticks, <em>Hyalomma dromedarii</em>. When the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 800 mg/mL for 5 min, the essential oil could not only decrease the viability and mobility of them, but also decrease their blood digestion. Meanwhile, the acaricide efficacy of NEO against the engorged female ticks was demonstrated as well. When the eggs produced collected, weighed, deposited in the bottles covered by cotton gauze and subjected to the incubator for hatching, the essential oil was demonstrated to have the prominent inhibitory effect against the oviposition, hatchability and fertility of the engorged female ticks, when the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 400 and 800 mg/mL for 5 min. In consequence, the employment of NEO as the potential insecticide against the ticks, <em>H. dromedarii</em>, is prospective in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 110339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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