Ecosystem services (ES) provided by nature‐based solutions (NBS) have been examined using various data collection techniques and preference elicitation methods to understand what ES are important to human well‐being. This article provides a systematic review of 153 scientific publications, with a focus on data collection techniques and perspectives of well‐being used when eliciting preferences toward multiple ES provided by NBS. ES provided by urban parks, urban trees, and community gardens are the most commonly examined; however, generally specified NBS such as “green spaces” or “green infrastructure” prevail. The review further shows that the questionnaire surveys is the dominant technique for bringing evidence about the most preferred ES, followed by semi‐structured interviews and workshops. Only a limited number of studies use revealed or stated preference methods as a part of data collection efforts such as a choice experiment or contingent valuation. Additionally, the review defines three different perspectives of well‐being considered but rarely discussed in existing studies: individual; community; and society well‐being perspectives. As the concept of well‐being is hardly discussed in NBS literature and still depends on a large degree of subjectivity, this review highlights the need for future research that looks more deeply at individual, community, and social well‐being, which is influenced differently by the implementation of NBS.
{"title":"What benefits are the most important to you, your community, and society? Perception of ecosystem services provided by nature‐based solutions","authors":"M. Hekrle","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1612","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) provided by nature‐based solutions (NBS) have been examined using various data collection techniques and preference elicitation methods to understand what ES are important to human well‐being. This article provides a systematic review of 153 scientific publications, with a focus on data collection techniques and perspectives of well‐being used when eliciting preferences toward multiple ES provided by NBS. ES provided by urban parks, urban trees, and community gardens are the most commonly examined; however, generally specified NBS such as “green spaces” or “green infrastructure” prevail. The review further shows that the questionnaire surveys is the dominant technique for bringing evidence about the most preferred ES, followed by semi‐structured interviews and workshops. Only a limited number of studies use revealed or stated preference methods as a part of data collection efforts such as a choice experiment or contingent valuation. Additionally, the review defines three different perspectives of well‐being considered but rarely discussed in existing studies: individual; community; and society well‐being perspectives. As the concept of well‐being is hardly discussed in NBS literature and still depends on a large degree of subjectivity, this review highlights the need for future research that looks more deeply at individual, community, and social well‐being, which is influenced differently by the implementation of NBS.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86795653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Becker, Frank H. Reichel, D. Bachmann, R. Schinke
In recent years, the issue of high groundwater levels has caught attention. Unfavorable consequences of high groundwater levels are especially damage to buildings, infrastructure, and the environment. Processes that lead to high groundwater levels are hydrological (heavy or extended rainfall and flood events), or anthropogenic (reduced groundwater extractions, interaction with sewer networks, hydraulic engineering measures, structural interventions in the water balance, and mining activities). Several different map products have been prepared for the information of inhabitants and for planning purposes, and also methods for damage and risk analysis related to high groundwater levels have been developed. Groundwater management measures and structural measures are available to reduce the risk related to high groundwater levels. An operational management system could be combined from existing components, but operational forecasting systems for high groundwater levels are—different to flood forecasting systems—not yet common practice. A better understanding of the processes and the development of integrated approaches for modeling, design, planning, forecasting, and warning, as well as improvement of interdisciplinary collaboration between different organizations, are recommendations for the future.
{"title":"High groundwater levels: Processes, consequences, and management","authors":"B. Becker, Frank H. Reichel, D. Bachmann, R. Schinke","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1605","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the issue of high groundwater levels has caught attention. Unfavorable consequences of high groundwater levels are especially damage to buildings, infrastructure, and the environment. Processes that lead to high groundwater levels are hydrological (heavy or extended rainfall and flood events), or anthropogenic (reduced groundwater extractions, interaction with sewer networks, hydraulic engineering measures, structural interventions in the water balance, and mining activities). Several different map products have been prepared for the information of inhabitants and for planning purposes, and also methods for damage and risk analysis related to high groundwater levels have been developed. Groundwater management measures and structural measures are available to reduce the risk related to high groundwater levels. An operational management system could be combined from existing components, but operational forecasting systems for high groundwater levels are—different to flood forecasting systems—not yet common practice. A better understanding of the processes and the development of integrated approaches for modeling, design, planning, forecasting, and warning, as well as improvement of interdisciplinary collaboration between different organizations, are recommendations for the future.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88372330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Gimeno, Rogert Sorí, M. Vázquez, M. Stojanovic, Iago Algarra, J. Eiras‐Barca, Luis Gimeno-Sotelo, R. Nieto
The effect of increased populations concentrated in urban areas, coupled with the ongoing threat of climate change, means that society is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the effects of extreme precipitation. The study of these events is therefore a key topic in climate research, in their physical basis, in the study of their impacts, and in our adaptation to them. From a meteorological perspective, the main questions are related to the definition of extreme events, changes in their distribution and intensity both globally and regionally, the dependence on large‐scale phenomena including the role of moisture transport, and changes in their behavior due to anthropogenic pressures. In this review article, we address all these points and propose a set of challenges for future research.
{"title":"Extreme precipitation events","authors":"L. Gimeno, Rogert Sorí, M. Vázquez, M. Stojanovic, Iago Algarra, J. Eiras‐Barca, Luis Gimeno-Sotelo, R. Nieto","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1611","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of increased populations concentrated in urban areas, coupled with the ongoing threat of climate change, means that society is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the effects of extreme precipitation. The study of these events is therefore a key topic in climate research, in their physical basis, in the study of their impacts, and in our adaptation to them. From a meteorological perspective, the main questions are related to the definition of extreme events, changes in their distribution and intensity both globally and regionally, the dependence on large‐scale phenomena including the role of moisture transport, and changes in their behavior due to anthropogenic pressures. In this review article, we address all these points and propose a set of challenges for future research.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84772622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on hydropolitics in Cambodia emerged in the early 2000s. Since then, scholars in the field have diversified their analytical approaches and broadened the scope of the issues being examined. However, no systematic review of this body of research has been published until now. Correspondingly and quite simply, the objective of this paper is to review the research on hydropolitics in Cambodia. Through the lens of human security, I argue that the research has relied on a human‐centered analytical approach and has, thus, acquired three central characteristics: (1) the human‐centered analytical approach gives the research a stronger connection to the reality on the ground than is the case with research rooted in the conventional security approach, which adheres to the Westphalian practice of statism and a militaristic focus; (2) the research has generated some valuable findings (e.g., dam‐affected villagers can be their own security contributors; not all environmental nongovernmental organizations are anti‐dam); and (3) the research has generally overlooked the Cambodian People's Party government's alternately pro‐dam and anti‐dam stances.
{"title":"Review of the research on hydropolitics in Cambodia","authors":"Ta-Wei Chu","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1610","url":null,"abstract":"Research on hydropolitics in Cambodia emerged in the early 2000s. Since then, scholars in the field have diversified their analytical approaches and broadened the scope of the issues being examined. However, no systematic review of this body of research has been published until now. Correspondingly and quite simply, the objective of this paper is to review the research on hydropolitics in Cambodia. Through the lens of human security, I argue that the research has relied on a human‐centered analytical approach and has, thus, acquired three central characteristics: (1) the human‐centered analytical approach gives the research a stronger connection to the reality on the ground than is the case with research rooted in the conventional security approach, which adheres to the Westphalian practice of statism and a militaristic focus; (2) the research has generated some valuable findings (e.g., dam‐affected villagers can be their own security contributors; not all environmental nongovernmental organizations are anti‐dam); and (3) the research has generally overlooked the Cambodian People's Party government's alternately pro‐dam and anti‐dam stances.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90618501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The public demand for companies to assume responsibility for social and environmental impacts of their operations has led to an increase in the number of industries adopting corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. The water industry, defined in this article as public and private suppliers of water, holds the unique responsibility to manage a critical natural resource. As such, a review of scholarship on CSR in the water industry provides an entry point to assess the specific role the water industry plays in addressing societal and environmental concerns. This review identifies three prominent themes that appear in the existing literature. The first theme investigates the motivations for the water industry to utilize CSR strategies; the second describes the limitations of current CSR frameworks; and the last is an assessment of whether CSR policies and practices differ between public and private water companies. Through a critical review of each theme, this article evaluates the level of CSR engagement in the water industry, and if CSR activity supports further privatization. Taken together, this review article provides a summary of the current state of research on CSR within the water industry, analyses limitations on current evaluation methods and frameworks, and connects the literature to broader themes on the privatization of water and market environmentalism. We conclude with a discussion of future research topics such as CSR barriers to implementation, water‐related CSR indicators, and the relationship of CSR policies to remunicipalization of water providers.
{"title":"Corporate social responsibility in the water industry: A critical review","authors":"Cindy Figueroa, K. Lee, W. Jepson","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1607","url":null,"abstract":"The public demand for companies to assume responsibility for social and environmental impacts of their operations has led to an increase in the number of industries adopting corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. The water industry, defined in this article as public and private suppliers of water, holds the unique responsibility to manage a critical natural resource. As such, a review of scholarship on CSR in the water industry provides an entry point to assess the specific role the water industry plays in addressing societal and environmental concerns. This review identifies three prominent themes that appear in the existing literature. The first theme investigates the motivations for the water industry to utilize CSR strategies; the second describes the limitations of current CSR frameworks; and the last is an assessment of whether CSR policies and practices differ between public and private water companies. Through a critical review of each theme, this article evaluates the level of CSR engagement in the water industry, and if CSR activity supports further privatization. Taken together, this review article provides a summary of the current state of research on CSR within the water industry, analyses limitations on current evaluation methods and frameworks, and connects the literature to broader themes on the privatization of water and market environmentalism. We conclude with a discussion of future research topics such as CSR barriers to implementation, water‐related CSR indicators, and the relationship of CSR policies to remunicipalization of water providers.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76567826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. M. Rodríguez‐González, E. Abraham, F. Aguiar, A. Andreoli, L. Baležentienė, Naim Berisha, I. Bernez, M. Bruen, D. Bruno, C. Camporeale, A. Čarni, M. Chilikova-Lubomirova, D. Corenblit, R. Ćušterevska, T. Doody, J. England, A. Evette, R. Francis, V. Garófano‐Gómez, M. González del Tánago, Yasar Selman Gultekin, Florian Guyard, S. Hellsten, G. Hinkov, J. Jakubínský, P. Janssen, Roland Jansson, J. Kail, Emine Keleş, M. Kelly-Quinn, Anna Kidová, T. Kiss, M. Kulvik, Nicola La Porta, Marianne Laslier, M. Latella, Stefan Lorenz, D. Mandžukovski, P. Manolaki, V. Martínez-fernández, D. Merritt, A. Michez, J. Milovanović, T. Okruszko, E. Papastergiadou, E. Penning, R. Pielech, E. Politti, A. Portela, T. Riis, Ž. Škvorc, M. Slezak, B. Stammel, J. Stella, D. Stešević, V. Stupar, O. Tammeorg, P. Tammeorg, Therese Moe Fosholt, G. Urbanič, M. Villar, I. Vogiatzakis, Paul Vrchovsky, R. Yousefpour, Peggy Zinke, T. Zlatanov, S. Dufour
Riparian zones are the paragon of transitional ecosystems, providing critical habitat and ecosystem services that are especially threatened by global change. Following consultation with experts, 10 key challenges were identified to be addressed for riparian vegetation science and management improvement: (1) Create a distinct scientific community by establishing stronger bridges between disciplines; (2) Make riparian vegetation more visible and appreciated in society and policies; (3) Improve knowledge regarding biodiversity—ecosystem functioning links; (4) Manage spatial scale and context‐based issues; (5) Improve knowledge on social dimensions of riparian vegetation; (6) Anticipate responses to emergent issues and future trajectories; (7) Enhance tools to quantify and prioritize ecosystem services; (8) Improve numerical modeling and simulation tools; (9) Calibrate methods and increase data availability for better indicators and monitoring practices and transferability; and (10) Undertake scientific validation of best management practices. These challenges are discussed and critiqued here, to guide future research into riparian vegetation.
{"title":"Bringing the margin to the focus: 10 challenges for riparian vegetation science and management","authors":"P. M. Rodríguez‐González, E. Abraham, F. Aguiar, A. Andreoli, L. Baležentienė, Naim Berisha, I. Bernez, M. Bruen, D. Bruno, C. Camporeale, A. Čarni, M. Chilikova-Lubomirova, D. Corenblit, R. Ćušterevska, T. Doody, J. England, A. Evette, R. Francis, V. Garófano‐Gómez, M. González del Tánago, Yasar Selman Gultekin, Florian Guyard, S. Hellsten, G. Hinkov, J. Jakubínský, P. Janssen, Roland Jansson, J. Kail, Emine Keleş, M. Kelly-Quinn, Anna Kidová, T. Kiss, M. Kulvik, Nicola La Porta, Marianne Laslier, M. Latella, Stefan Lorenz, D. Mandžukovski, P. Manolaki, V. Martínez-fernández, D. Merritt, A. Michez, J. Milovanović, T. Okruszko, E. Papastergiadou, E. Penning, R. Pielech, E. Politti, A. Portela, T. Riis, Ž. Škvorc, M. Slezak, B. Stammel, J. Stella, D. Stešević, V. Stupar, O. Tammeorg, P. Tammeorg, Therese Moe Fosholt, G. Urbanič, M. Villar, I. Vogiatzakis, Paul Vrchovsky, R. Yousefpour, Peggy Zinke, T. Zlatanov, S. Dufour","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1604","url":null,"abstract":"Riparian zones are the paragon of transitional ecosystems, providing critical habitat and ecosystem services that are especially threatened by global change. Following consultation with experts, 10 key challenges were identified to be addressed for riparian vegetation science and management improvement: (1) Create a distinct scientific community by establishing stronger bridges between disciplines; (2) Make riparian vegetation more visible and appreciated in society and policies; (3) Improve knowledge regarding biodiversity—ecosystem functioning links; (4) Manage spatial scale and context‐based issues; (5) Improve knowledge on social dimensions of riparian vegetation; (6) Anticipate responses to emergent issues and future trajectories; (7) Enhance tools to quantify and prioritize ecosystem services; (8) Improve numerical modeling and simulation tools; (9) Calibrate methods and increase data availability for better indicators and monitoring practices and transferability; and (10) Undertake scientific validation of best management practices. These challenges are discussed and critiqued here, to guide future research into riparian vegetation.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80208054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal mechanism by which the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of streams, lakes, and wetlands are protected in the United States. The CWA has evolved considerably since its initial passage in 1948, including explicit expansions and contractions of jurisdictional scope through a series of legislative actions, court decisions, and agency rules. Here, we provide a practical summary of the CWA's evolution, detailing the major updates or revisions and their circumstances. Additionally, we identify the jurisdictional scope of the law for rivers and streams, lakes, and wetlands based on the language used and implementation by the agencies during the same time period. While the rulemaking process commonly uses language that will be abstract to many hydrologists, understanding the on‐the‐ground implications, quantifying regulatory (un)certainties, and assessing the magnitude of changes through time is important to understanding the implications of environmental regulation development, litigation, and enforcement. Thus, we translate the enforcement norms and definitions into quantitative estimates for Clean Water Act scope in the Wabash River Basin (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, USA) as a demonstration of the spatial consequences of changing regulatory language.
{"title":"An overview of the evolving jurisdictional scope of the U.S. Clean Water Act for hydrologists","authors":"Riley Walsh, A. Ward","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1603","url":null,"abstract":"The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal mechanism by which the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of streams, lakes, and wetlands are protected in the United States. The CWA has evolved considerably since its initial passage in 1948, including explicit expansions and contractions of jurisdictional scope through a series of legislative actions, court decisions, and agency rules. Here, we provide a practical summary of the CWA's evolution, detailing the major updates or revisions and their circumstances. Additionally, we identify the jurisdictional scope of the law for rivers and streams, lakes, and wetlands based on the language used and implementation by the agencies during the same time period. While the rulemaking process commonly uses language that will be abstract to many hydrologists, understanding the on‐the‐ground implications, quantifying regulatory (un)certainties, and assessing the magnitude of changes through time is important to understanding the implications of environmental regulation development, litigation, and enforcement. Thus, we translate the enforcement norms and definitions into quantitative estimates for Clean Water Act scope in the Wabash River Basin (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, USA) as a demonstration of the spatial consequences of changing regulatory language.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81245009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fujisaki‐Manome, D. Wright, G. Mann, Eric J. Anderson, Philip Chu, C. Jablonowski, Stanley G. Benjamin
{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 4","authors":"A. Fujisaki‐Manome, D. Wright, G. Mann, Eric J. Anderson, Philip Chu, C. Jablonowski, Stanley G. Benjamin","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46903699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a wealth of scholarly knowledge that aims to disentangle the complex relationship between gender and water. This scholarship coupled with practitioners' collective experiences and insights have resulted in the emergence of certain narratives that describe how unequal gender relationships to water are manifested and how they can be addressed. In this paper, we critically examine four of these water and gender narratives, myths, or realities: Are women solely responsible for water collection? Are women excluded from the global water workforce? Is technology is sufficient enough to solve water‐related gender inequalities? Does participation in design and implementation of water services address gender inequalities? By reviewing existing evidence underlying these water and gender narratives that are prominent in much academic research and international programming, we show the nuances of water and gender relationships, and the discrepancies upon which these narratives are grounded. We draw on examples and research largely focusing on the Global South, but highlight a need for similar examination of these narratives in the Global North. Finally, we discuss remaining knowledge gaps and argue that these normative understandings overlook limited and potentially contradicting evidence on the intricacies of the relationship between gender and water.
{"title":"Examining water and gender narratives and realities","authors":"S. Dickin, M. Caretta","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1602","url":null,"abstract":"There is a wealth of scholarly knowledge that aims to disentangle the complex relationship between gender and water. This scholarship coupled with practitioners' collective experiences and insights have resulted in the emergence of certain narratives that describe how unequal gender relationships to water are manifested and how they can be addressed. In this paper, we critically examine four of these water and gender narratives, myths, or realities: Are women solely responsible for water collection? Are women excluded from the global water workforce? Is technology is sufficient enough to solve water‐related gender inequalities? Does participation in design and implementation of water services address gender inequalities? By reviewing existing evidence underlying these water and gender narratives that are prominent in much academic research and international programming, we show the nuances of water and gender relationships, and the discrepancies upon which these narratives are grounded. We draw on examples and research largely focusing on the Global South, but highlight a need for similar examination of these narratives in the Global North. Finally, we discuss remaining knowledge gaps and argue that these normative understandings overlook limited and potentially contradicting evidence on the intricacies of the relationship between gender and water.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79395841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rock art in the precontact Andes was frequently associated with venerated, pacarina water spring features. As nodes in the cultural landscape, pacarina were, and still are, considered critical access points to the primordial underworld from which the Ancestors arose to the world above and appropriating them was vital linking identity to the land, and to territorial expansion. During the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1476), the Chimú Kingdom on present‐day Peru's central and north coasts aggressively expanded their influence in a time characterized by drought, conflict, and political fragmentation. This research focuses on a key rock art panel at Diablo Retrato, a rock shelter and pacarina situated at the headwaters of the Fortaleza River (4087 m above sea level), a highland landscape feature that was beyond the sphere of Chimú control and was a protected locale of the neighboring Chancay peoples to the south, a polity with whom the Chimú had combative relations. I combine colonial, ethnographic accounts with iconographic analysis, and radiocarbon dates obtained from soot samples on Diablo Retrato's walls to demonstrate how this rock art panel linked this pacarina to the Chimú royalty in the interest of expanding influence and appropriating valuable cultural and water resources.
{"title":"Marking the crown: Chimú territorial expansion and the appropriation of ancestral water resources in the highland Andes (AD 1000–1476)","authors":"G. Ambrosino","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1601","url":null,"abstract":"Rock art in the precontact Andes was frequently associated with venerated, pacarina water spring features. As nodes in the cultural landscape, pacarina were, and still are, considered critical access points to the primordial underworld from which the Ancestors arose to the world above and appropriating them was vital linking identity to the land, and to territorial expansion. During the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1476), the Chimú Kingdom on present‐day Peru's central and north coasts aggressively expanded their influence in a time characterized by drought, conflict, and political fragmentation. This research focuses on a key rock art panel at Diablo Retrato, a rock shelter and pacarina situated at the headwaters of the Fortaleza River (4087 m above sea level), a highland landscape feature that was beyond the sphere of Chimú control and was a protected locale of the neighboring Chancay peoples to the south, a polity with whom the Chimú had combative relations. I combine colonial, ethnographic accounts with iconographic analysis, and radiocarbon dates obtained from soot samples on Diablo Retrato's walls to demonstrate how this rock art panel linked this pacarina to the Chimú royalty in the interest of expanding influence and appropriating valuable cultural and water resources.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89677338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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