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High groundwater levels: Processes, consequences, and management 高地下水位:过程、后果和管理
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1605
B. Becker, Frank H. Reichel, D. Bachmann, R. Schinke
In recent years, the issue of high groundwater levels has caught attention. Unfavorable consequences of high groundwater levels are especially damage to buildings, infrastructure, and the environment. Processes that lead to high groundwater levels are hydrological (heavy or extended rainfall and flood events), or anthropogenic (reduced groundwater extractions, interaction with sewer networks, hydraulic engineering measures, structural interventions in the water balance, and mining activities). Several different map products have been prepared for the information of inhabitants and for planning purposes, and also methods for damage and risk analysis related to high groundwater levels have been developed. Groundwater management measures and structural measures are available to reduce the risk related to high groundwater levels. An operational management system could be combined from existing components, but operational forecasting systems for high groundwater levels are—different to flood forecasting systems—not yet common practice. A better understanding of the processes and the development of integrated approaches for modeling, design, planning, forecasting, and warning, as well as improvement of interdisciplinary collaboration between different organizations, are recommendations for the future.
近年来,地下水位过高的问题引起了人们的关注。地下水位高的不利后果是对建筑物、基础设施和环境的破坏。导致高地下水位的过程是水文(强降雨或长时间降雨和洪水事件)或人为(地下水开采减少、与下水道网络的相互作用、水利工程措施、水平衡中的结构性干预和采矿活动)。已经编制了几种不同的地图产品,供居民参考和用于规划目的,并且还制定了与高地下水位有关的损害和风险分析方法。地下水管理措施和结构性措施可以减少与高地下水位有关的风险。一个操作管理系统可以从现有的组成部分组合起来,但是高地下水位的操作预报系统不同于洪水预报系统——还不是普遍的做法。更好地理解过程和开发建模、设计、计划、预测和警告的综合方法,以及改进不同组织之间的跨学科协作,是对未来的建议。
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引用次数: 1
Extreme precipitation events 极端降水事件
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1611
L. Gimeno, Rogert Sorí, M. Vázquez, M. Stojanovic, Iago Algarra, J. Eiras‐Barca, Luis Gimeno-Sotelo, R. Nieto
The effect of increased populations concentrated in urban areas, coupled with the ongoing threat of climate change, means that society is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the effects of extreme precipitation. The study of these events is therefore a key topic in climate research, in their physical basis, in the study of their impacts, and in our adaptation to them. From a meteorological perspective, the main questions are related to the definition of extreme events, changes in their distribution and intensity both globally and regionally, the dependence on large‐scale phenomena including the role of moisture transport, and changes in their behavior due to anthropogenic pressures. In this review article, we address all these points and propose a set of challenges for future research.
集中在城市地区的人口增加的影响,加上气候变化的持续威胁,意味着社会越来越容易受到极端降水的影响。因此,对这些事件的研究是气候研究、它们的物理基础、它们的影响研究以及我们对它们的适应方面的一个关键课题。从气象角度来看,主要问题与极端事件的定义、极端事件在全球和区域的分布和强度变化、极端事件对大尺度现象(包括水汽输送的作用)的依赖以及极端事件在人为压力下的行为变化有关。在这篇综述文章中,我们讨论了所有这些问题,并提出了未来研究的一系列挑战。
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引用次数: 27
Review of the research on hydropolitics in Cambodia 柬埔寨水文政治研究述评
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1610
Ta-Wei Chu
Research on hydropolitics in Cambodia emerged in the early 2000s. Since then, scholars in the field have diversified their analytical approaches and broadened the scope of the issues being examined. However, no systematic review of this body of research has been published until now. Correspondingly and quite simply, the objective of this paper is to review the research on hydropolitics in Cambodia. Through the lens of human security, I argue that the research has relied on a human‐centered analytical approach and has, thus, acquired three central characteristics: (1) the human‐centered analytical approach gives the research a stronger connection to the reality on the ground than is the case with research rooted in the conventional security approach, which adheres to the Westphalian practice of statism and a militaristic focus; (2) the research has generated some valuable findings (e.g., dam‐affected villagers can be their own security contributors; not all environmental nongovernmental organizations are anti‐dam); and (3) the research has generally overlooked the Cambodian People's Party government's alternately pro‐dam and anti‐dam stances.
柬埔寨的水文政治研究始于21世纪初。从那时起,该领域的学者们多样化了他们的分析方法,拓宽了所研究问题的范围。然而,到目前为止,还没有发表过对这一研究主体的系统综述。相应地,简单地说,本文的目的是回顾柬埔寨水文政治的研究。通过人类安全的视角,我认为该研究依赖于以人为中心的分析方法,因此获得了三个核心特征:(1)以人为中心的分析方法使研究与实地现实有更强的联系,而传统安全方法则坚持威斯特伐利亚国家主义的实践和军国主义的焦点;(2)研究产生了一些有价值的发现(例如,受大坝影响的村民可以成为他们自己的安全贡献者;并非所有的环保非政府组织都反对大坝;(3)研究普遍忽略了柬埔寨人民党政府时而支持大坝,时而反对大坝的立场。
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引用次数: 0
Corporate social responsibility in the water industry: A critical review 水务行业的企业社会责任:批判性回顾
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1607
Cindy Figueroa, K. Lee, W. Jepson
The public demand for companies to assume responsibility for social and environmental impacts of their operations has led to an increase in the number of industries adopting corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. The water industry, defined in this article as public and private suppliers of water, holds the unique responsibility to manage a critical natural resource. As such, a review of scholarship on CSR in the water industry provides an entry point to assess the specific role the water industry plays in addressing societal and environmental concerns. This review identifies three prominent themes that appear in the existing literature. The first theme investigates the motivations for the water industry to utilize CSR strategies; the second describes the limitations of current CSR frameworks; and the last is an assessment of whether CSR policies and practices differ between public and private water companies. Through a critical review of each theme, this article evaluates the level of CSR engagement in the water industry, and if CSR activity supports further privatization. Taken together, this review article provides a summary of the current state of research on CSR within the water industry, analyses limitations on current evaluation methods and frameworks, and connects the literature to broader themes on the privatization of water and market environmentalism. We conclude with a discussion of future research topics such as CSR barriers to implementation, water‐related CSR indicators, and the relationship of CSR policies to remunicipalization of water providers.
公众要求企业对其运营的社会和环境影响承担责任,这导致越来越多的行业采用企业社会责任(CSR)战略。在这篇文章中,水工业被定义为公共和私人的水供应商,在管理重要的自然资源方面负有独特的责任。因此,对水务行业企业社会责任学术研究的回顾提供了一个切入点,以评估水务行业在解决社会和环境问题方面发挥的具体作用。本综述确定了现有文献中出现的三个突出主题。第一个主题调查了水行业利用企业社会责任战略的动机;第二部分描述了当前CSR框架的局限性;最后是评估公共和私营水务公司的企业社会责任政策和实践是否存在差异。通过对每个主题的批判性回顾,本文评估了水务行业的企业社会责任参与水平,以及企业社会责任活动是否支持进一步的私有化。综上所述,这篇综述文章总结了水行业内企业社会责任研究的现状,分析了当前评估方法和框架的局限性,并将文献与水私有化和市场环境主义的更广泛主题联系起来。最后,我们讨论了未来的研究主题,如企业社会责任实施的障碍,与水相关的企业社会责任指标,以及企业社会责任政策与供水商社会责任公有化的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Bringing the margin to the focus: 10 challenges for riparian vegetation science and management 将边缘带到焦点:河岸植被科学和管理的10个挑战
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-07-28 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1604
P. M. Rodríguez‐González, E. Abraham, F. Aguiar, A. Andreoli, L. Baležentienė, Naim Berisha, I. Bernez, M. Bruen, D. Bruno, C. Camporeale, A. Čarni, M. Chilikova-Lubomirova, D. Corenblit, R. Ćušterevska, T. Doody, J. England, A. Evette, R. Francis, V. Garófano‐Gómez, M. González del Tánago, Yasar Selman Gultekin, Florian Guyard, S. Hellsten, G. Hinkov, J. Jakubínský, P. Janssen, Roland Jansson, J. Kail, Emine Keleş, M. Kelly-Quinn, Anna Kidová, T. Kiss, M. Kulvik, Nicola La Porta, Marianne Laslier, M. Latella, Stefan Lorenz, D. Mandžukovski, P. Manolaki, V. Martínez-fernández, D. Merritt, A. Michez, J. Milovanović, T. Okruszko, E. Papastergiadou, E. Penning, R. Pielech, E. Politti, A. Portela, T. Riis, Ž. Škvorc, M. Slezak, B. Stammel, J. Stella, D. Stešević, V. Stupar, O. Tammeorg, P. Tammeorg, Therese Moe Fosholt, G. Urbanič, M. Villar, I. Vogiatzakis, Paul Vrchovsky, R. Yousefpour, Peggy Zinke, T. Zlatanov, S. Dufour
Riparian zones are the paragon of transitional ecosystems, providing critical habitat and ecosystem services that are especially threatened by global change. Following consultation with experts, 10 key challenges were identified to be addressed for riparian vegetation science and management improvement: (1) Create a distinct scientific community by establishing stronger bridges between disciplines; (2) Make riparian vegetation more visible and appreciated in society and policies; (3) Improve knowledge regarding biodiversity—ecosystem functioning links; (4) Manage spatial scale and context‐based issues; (5) Improve knowledge on social dimensions of riparian vegetation; (6) Anticipate responses to emergent issues and future trajectories; (7) Enhance tools to quantify and prioritize ecosystem services; (8) Improve numerical modeling and simulation tools; (9) Calibrate methods and increase data availability for better indicators and monitoring practices and transferability; and (10) Undertake scientific validation of best management practices. These challenges are discussed and critiqued here, to guide future research into riparian vegetation.
河岸带是过渡性生态系统的典范,提供了尤其受到全球变化威胁的重要栖息地和生态系统服务。在与专家协商后,确定了河岸植被科学和管理改进需要解决的10个关键挑战:(1)通过在学科之间建立更强的桥梁,创建一个独特的科学社区;(2)提高河岸植被在社会和政策中的可见度和价值;(3)提高对生物多样性与生态系统功能联系的认识;(4)管理空间尺度和基于环境的问题;(5)提高对河岸植被社会维度的认识;(6)预测对紧急问题的反应和未来的轨迹;(7)加强量化生态系统服务并确定其优先次序的工具;(8)改进数值模拟和仿真工具;(9)校准方法和增加数据的可用性,以获得更好的指标和监测做法和可转让性;(10)对最佳管理实践进行科学验证。本文对这些挑战进行了讨论和批评,以指导未来对河岸植被的研究。
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引用次数: 13
An overview of the evolving jurisdictional scope of the U.S. Clean Water Act for hydrologists 美国水文学家《清洁水法》管辖范围的演变概述
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1603
Riley Walsh, A. Ward
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal mechanism by which the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of streams, lakes, and wetlands are protected in the United States. The CWA has evolved considerably since its initial passage in 1948, including explicit expansions and contractions of jurisdictional scope through a series of legislative actions, court decisions, and agency rules. Here, we provide a practical summary of the CWA's evolution, detailing the major updates or revisions and their circumstances. Additionally, we identify the jurisdictional scope of the law for rivers and streams, lakes, and wetlands based on the language used and implementation by the agencies during the same time period. While the rulemaking process commonly uses language that will be abstract to many hydrologists, understanding the on‐the‐ground implications, quantifying regulatory (un)certainties, and assessing the magnitude of changes through time is important to understanding the implications of environmental regulation development, litigation, and enforcement. Thus, we translate the enforcement norms and definitions into quantitative estimates for Clean Water Act scope in the Wabash River Basin (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, USA) as a demonstration of the spatial consequences of changing regulatory language.
《清洁水法》(CWA)是保护美国河流、湖泊和湿地的物理、化学和生物完整性的主要联邦机制。自1948年首次通过以来,《华盛顿邮报》已经有了很大的发展,包括通过一系列立法行动、法院裁决和机构规则明确扩大和缩小管辖范围。在这里,我们提供了一个实用的概要,介绍了CWA的演变,详细介绍了主要的更新或修订及其情况。此外,我们根据同一时期各机构使用的语言和实施情况,确定了河流、溪流、湖泊和湿地的法律管辖范围。虽然规则制定过程通常使用的语言对许多水文学家来说是抽象的,但理解实际影响、量化监管(不确定性)以及评估随时间变化的幅度对于理解环境法规制定、诉讼和执行的影响至关重要。因此,我们将执行规范和定义转化为沃巴什河流域(美国伊利诺伊州、印第安纳州和俄亥俄州)《清洁水法》范围的定量估计,以展示监管语言变化的空间后果。
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引用次数: 3
Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 4 封面图片,第9卷,第4期
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1606
A. Fujisaki‐Manome, D. Wright, G. Mann, Eric J. Anderson, Philip Chu, C. Jablonowski, Stanley G. Benjamin
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引用次数: 0
Examining water and gender narratives and realities 研究水和性别叙事和现实
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1602
S. Dickin, M. Caretta
There is a wealth of scholarly knowledge that aims to disentangle the complex relationship between gender and water. This scholarship coupled with practitioners' collective experiences and insights have resulted in the emergence of certain narratives that describe how unequal gender relationships to water are manifested and how they can be addressed. In this paper, we critically examine four of these water and gender narratives, myths, or realities: Are women solely responsible for water collection? Are women excluded from the global water workforce? Is technology is sufficient enough to solve water‐related gender inequalities? Does participation in design and implementation of water services address gender inequalities? By reviewing existing evidence underlying these water and gender narratives that are prominent in much academic research and international programming, we show the nuances of water and gender relationships, and the discrepancies upon which these narratives are grounded. We draw on examples and research largely focusing on the Global South, but highlight a need for similar examination of these narratives in the Global North. Finally, we discuss remaining knowledge gaps and argue that these normative understandings overlook limited and potentially contradicting evidence on the intricacies of the relationship between gender and water.
有大量的学术知识致力于理清性别和水之间的复杂关系。这种学术研究与从业者的集体经验和见解相结合,产生了一些叙述,描述了性别与水的不平等关系是如何表现出来的,以及如何解决这些问题。在本文中,我们批判性地考察了这些水和性别叙事、神话或现实中的四种:女性是否只负责收集水?女性是否被排除在全球水资源劳动力之外?技术是否足以解决与水有关的性别不平等?参与供水服务的设计和实施是否解决了性别不平等问题?通过回顾在许多学术研究和国际规划中突出的水和性别叙事的现有证据,我们展示了水和性别关系的细微差别,以及这些叙事所基于的差异。我们借鉴了主要集中在全球南方的例子和研究,但强调需要对全球北方的这些叙述进行类似的检查。最后,我们讨论了剩余的知识差距,并认为这些规范性理解忽略了关于性别与水之间复杂关系的有限和潜在矛盾的证据。
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引用次数: 9
Marking the crown: Chimú territorial expansion and the appropriation of ancestral water resources in the highland Andes (AD 1000–1476) 标记王冠:Chimú安第斯高原的领土扩张与祖传水资源的占用(公元1000-1476年)
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1601
G. Ambrosino
Rock art in the precontact Andes was frequently associated with venerated, pacarina water spring features. As nodes in the cultural landscape, pacarina were, and still are, considered critical access points to the primordial underworld from which the Ancestors arose to the world above and appropriating them was vital linking identity to the land, and to territorial expansion. During the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1476), the Chimú Kingdom on present‐day Peru's central and north coasts aggressively expanded their influence in a time characterized by drought, conflict, and political fragmentation. This research focuses on a key rock art panel at Diablo Retrato, a rock shelter and pacarina situated at the headwaters of the Fortaleza River (4087 m above sea level), a highland landscape feature that was beyond the sphere of Chimú control and was a protected locale of the neighboring Chancay peoples to the south, a polity with whom the Chimú had combative relations. I combine colonial, ethnographic accounts with iconographic analysis, and radiocarbon dates obtained from soot samples on Diablo Retrato's walls to demonstrate how this rock art panel linked this pacarina to the Chimú royalty in the interest of expanding influence and appropriating valuable cultural and water resources.
接触前安第斯山脉的岩石艺术经常与受人尊敬的pacarina泉水特征联系在一起。作为文化景观的节点,pacarina一直被认为是通往原始地下世界的关键入口,祖先从那里崛起到上面的世界,占有它们是连接身份与土地和领土扩张的重要纽带。在中后期(公元1000-1476年),Chimú王国在今天的秘鲁中部和北部海岸,在一个以干旱、冲突和政治分裂为特征的时期,积极地扩大了他们的影响力。这项研究的重点是Diablo Retrato的一个关键岩石艺术面板,这是一个位于Fortaleza河源头(海拔4087米)的岩石庇护所和pacarina,这是一个高地景观特征,超出了Chimú的控制范围,是南部邻近的chanay民族的保护场所,Chimú与他们有战斗关系。我将殖民、人种学的描述与图像分析结合起来,并从Diablo Retrato墙壁上的烟灰样本中获得放射性碳日期,以证明这个岩石艺术面板如何将这个pacarina与Chimú皇室联系起来,以扩大影响力并占用宝贵的文化和水资源。
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引用次数: 0
Transport of persistent organic pollutants: Another effect of microplastic pollution? 持久性有机污染物的运输:微塑料污染的另一个影响?
IF 8.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-05-31 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1600
D. Gateuille, E. Naffrechoux
Over the past decade, the number of studies examining the presence and effects of microplastics in the environment has drastically increased. Works seeking to identify these particles have proven beyond doubt that microplastics constitute a generalized pollution affecting all environmental compartments, from inside air to arctic snows. Studies on their potential ecotoxicological impacts were more nuanced but many have shown deleterious effects when these microplastics were associated with persistent organic pollutants. This primer mainly focuses on POP sorption and transport by microplastics in the aquatic environment and the possible toxic effects that result from it. Indeed, the associations between microplastics and persistent organic pollutants are very common in the environment. If the mechanisms of interactions are well known, they depend on many factors and their significance in the environment can be very variable in time and space. Indeed, these interactions depend on both the plastic particle (polymer type, crystallinity, particle size, shape, specific area, and functional groups/polarity) and the pollutant (hydrophobicity, functional groups) but also environmental factors (microorganism population, salinity/ionic strength, pH, dissolved organic matter concentration, and temperature). Changes in the interactions between pollutants and microplastics can result in pollutant release in the aquatic environment and potential toxic effects. However, apart from specific situations, the role of microplastics as local source of exogenous molecules (PAHs, PCBs, etc.) is rarely significant because the limited amounts of involved pollutants. It is much less negligible for endogenous chemicals that enter into the initial composition of the plastic (phthalates, biocides, etc.).
在过去的十年中,研究微塑料在环境中的存在及其影响的研究数量急剧增加。试图识别这些颗粒的工作已经毫无疑问地证明,微塑料构成了一种影响所有环境隔间的普遍污染,从内部空气到北极雪。对其潜在生态毒理学影响的研究更为细致,但许多研究表明,当这些微塑料与持久性有机污染物联系在一起时,它们会产生有害影响。本文主要介绍了微塑料在水生环境中对POP的吸附和转运及其可能产生的毒性效应。事实上,微塑料和持久性有机污染物之间的联系在环境中非常普遍。如果相互作用的机制是众所周知的,它们取决于许多因素,它们在环境中的重要性在时间和空间上是非常可变的。事实上,这些相互作用既取决于塑料颗粒(聚合物类型、结晶度、粒径、形状、比表面积和官能团/极性),也取决于污染物(疏水性、官能团),还取决于环境因素(微生物种群、盐度/离子强度、pH值、溶解有机物浓度和温度)。污染物与微塑料之间相互作用的变化可导致污染物在水生环境中的释放和潜在的毒性效应。然而,除特定情况外,微塑料作为外源分子(多环芳烃、多氯联苯等)的局部来源的作用很少显著,因为所涉及的污染物数量有限。对于进入塑料初始成分的内源性化学物质(邻苯二甲酸盐、杀菌剂等)来说,这是不容忽视的。
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引用次数: 8
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Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water
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