Over the past decade, the number of studies examining the presence and effects of microplastics in the environment has drastically increased. Works seeking to identify these particles have proven beyond doubt that microplastics constitute a generalized pollution affecting all environmental compartments, from inside air to arctic snows. Studies on their potential ecotoxicological impacts were more nuanced but many have shown deleterious effects when these microplastics were associated with persistent organic pollutants. This primer mainly focuses on POP sorption and transport by microplastics in the aquatic environment and the possible toxic effects that result from it. Indeed, the associations between microplastics and persistent organic pollutants are very common in the environment. If the mechanisms of interactions are well known, they depend on many factors and their significance in the environment can be very variable in time and space. Indeed, these interactions depend on both the plastic particle (polymer type, crystallinity, particle size, shape, specific area, and functional groups/polarity) and the pollutant (hydrophobicity, functional groups) but also environmental factors (microorganism population, salinity/ionic strength, pH, dissolved organic matter concentration, and temperature). Changes in the interactions between pollutants and microplastics can result in pollutant release in the aquatic environment and potential toxic effects. However, apart from specific situations, the role of microplastics as local source of exogenous molecules (PAHs, PCBs, etc.) is rarely significant because the limited amounts of involved pollutants. It is much less negligible for endogenous chemicals that enter into the initial composition of the plastic (phthalates, biocides, etc.).
{"title":"Transport of persistent organic pollutants: Another effect of microplastic pollution?","authors":"D. Gateuille, E. Naffrechoux","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1600","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, the number of studies examining the presence and effects of microplastics in the environment has drastically increased. Works seeking to identify these particles have proven beyond doubt that microplastics constitute a generalized pollution affecting all environmental compartments, from inside air to arctic snows. Studies on their potential ecotoxicological impacts were more nuanced but many have shown deleterious effects when these microplastics were associated with persistent organic pollutants. This primer mainly focuses on POP sorption and transport by microplastics in the aquatic environment and the possible toxic effects that result from it. Indeed, the associations between microplastics and persistent organic pollutants are very common in the environment. If the mechanisms of interactions are well known, they depend on many factors and their significance in the environment can be very variable in time and space. Indeed, these interactions depend on both the plastic particle (polymer type, crystallinity, particle size, shape, specific area, and functional groups/polarity) and the pollutant (hydrophobicity, functional groups) but also environmental factors (microorganism population, salinity/ionic strength, pH, dissolved organic matter concentration, and temperature). Changes in the interactions between pollutants and microplastics can result in pollutant release in the aquatic environment and potential toxic effects. However, apart from specific situations, the role of microplastics as local source of exogenous molecules (PAHs, PCBs, etc.) is rarely significant because the limited amounts of involved pollutants. It is much less negligible for endogenous chemicals that enter into the initial composition of the plastic (phthalates, biocides, etc.).","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90424625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Partington, M. Thyer, M. Shanafield, D. McInerney, S. Westra, H. Maier, C. Simmons, B. Croke, A. Jakeman, H. Gupta, D. Kavetski
Wildfires elicit a diversity of hydrological changes, impacting processes that drive both water quantity and quality. As wildfires increase in frequency and severity, there is a need to assess the implications for the hydrological response. Wildfire‐related hydrological changes operate at three distinct timescales: the immediate fire aftermath, the recovery phase, and long‐term across multiple cycles of wildfire and regrowth. Different dominant processes operate at each timescale. Consequentially, models used to predict wildfire impacts need an explicit representation of different processes, depending on modeling objectives and wildfire impact timescale. We summarize existing data‐driven, conceptual, and physically based models used to assess wildfire impacts on runoff, identifying the dominant assumptions, process representations, timescales, and key limitations of each model type. Given the substantial observed and projected changes to wildfire regimes and associated hydrological impacts, it is likely that physically based models will become increasingly important. This is due to their capacity both to simulate simultaneous changes to multiple processes, and their use of physical and biological principles to support extrapolation beyond the historical record. Yet benefits of physically based models are moderated by their higher data requirements and lower computational speed. We argue that advances in predicting hydrological impacts from wildfire will come through combining these physically based models with new computationally faster conceptual and reduced‐order models. The aim is to combine the strengths and overcome weaknesses of the different model types, enabling simulations of critical water resources scenarios representing wildfire‐induced changes to runoff.
{"title":"Predicting wildfire induced changes to runoff: A review and synthesis of modeling approaches","authors":"D. Partington, M. Thyer, M. Shanafield, D. McInerney, S. Westra, H. Maier, C. Simmons, B. Croke, A. Jakeman, H. Gupta, D. Kavetski","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1599","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfires elicit a diversity of hydrological changes, impacting processes that drive both water quantity and quality. As wildfires increase in frequency and severity, there is a need to assess the implications for the hydrological response. Wildfire‐related hydrological changes operate at three distinct timescales: the immediate fire aftermath, the recovery phase, and long‐term across multiple cycles of wildfire and regrowth. Different dominant processes operate at each timescale. Consequentially, models used to predict wildfire impacts need an explicit representation of different processes, depending on modeling objectives and wildfire impact timescale. We summarize existing data‐driven, conceptual, and physically based models used to assess wildfire impacts on runoff, identifying the dominant assumptions, process representations, timescales, and key limitations of each model type. Given the substantial observed and projected changes to wildfire regimes and associated hydrological impacts, it is likely that physically based models will become increasingly important. This is due to their capacity both to simulate simultaneous changes to multiple processes, and their use of physical and biological principles to support extrapolation beyond the historical record. Yet benefits of physically based models are moderated by their higher data requirements and lower computational speed. We argue that advances in predicting hydrological impacts from wildfire will come through combining these physically based models with new computationally faster conceptual and reduced‐order models. The aim is to combine the strengths and overcome weaknesses of the different model types, enabling simulations of critical water resources scenarios representing wildfire‐induced changes to runoff.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79262725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. O'Sullivan, K. Devito, L. D’Orangeville, R. Curry
Continuity and discontinuity are fundamental concepts of ecosystem science. In reality, both continuities and discontinuities can exist; lentic and lotic systems can expand and contract as can soil/rock moisture and groundwater systems. Surface water, soil moisture, rock moisture, and groundwater, represent hydrological domains that are interconnected. Under a state of expansion each domain may be characterized by spatial continuity; for instance, a river may be entirely flow connected. However, under a state of contraction, discontinuities may appear, and the river may become fragmented. The rate of expansion and contraction in each domain, that is land‐, lentic‐, and lotic‐scapes, is a function of topography, geology, climate, and biota. In an effort to reconcile older, and sometimes incongruous, concepts of continuity and discontinuity we present a view of water‐connected ecosystems, such as riverscapes and catchments that are nested upon and within the uppermost layer of Earth. This layer is the key interface between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and is known as the critical zone (CZ). We present the waterscape continuum and define it as the spatially and temporally dynamic water upon and within the CZ. To guide ecosystem research (across the land‐, lentic‐, and lotic‐scapes), we introduce the waterscape continuum template (WCT). We propose the waterscape continuum and the WCT can enhance our understanding of ecosystem processes and mechanisms.
{"title":"The waterscape continuum concept: Rethinking boundaries in ecosystems","authors":"A. O'Sullivan, K. Devito, L. D’Orangeville, R. Curry","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1598","url":null,"abstract":"Continuity and discontinuity are fundamental concepts of ecosystem science. In reality, both continuities and discontinuities can exist; lentic and lotic systems can expand and contract as can soil/rock moisture and groundwater systems. Surface water, soil moisture, rock moisture, and groundwater, represent hydrological domains that are interconnected. Under a state of expansion each domain may be characterized by spatial continuity; for instance, a river may be entirely flow connected. However, under a state of contraction, discontinuities may appear, and the river may become fragmented. The rate of expansion and contraction in each domain, that is land‐, lentic‐, and lotic‐scapes, is a function of topography, geology, climate, and biota. In an effort to reconcile older, and sometimes incongruous, concepts of continuity and discontinuity we present a view of water‐connected ecosystems, such as riverscapes and catchments that are nested upon and within the uppermost layer of Earth. This layer is the key interface between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and is known as the critical zone (CZ). We present the waterscape continuum and define it as the spatially and temporally dynamic water upon and within the CZ. To guide ecosystem research (across the land‐, lentic‐, and lotic‐scapes), we introduce the waterscape continuum template (WCT). We propose the waterscape continuum and the WCT can enhance our understanding of ecosystem processes and mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80387629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fujisaki‐Manome, D. Wright, G. Mann, Eric J. Anderson, P. Chu, C. Jablonowski, S. Benjamin
Lake‐/sea‐effect snow forms typically from late fall to winter when a cold air mass moves over the warmer, large water surface. The resulting intense snowfall has many societal impacts on communities living in downwind areas; hence, accurate forecasts of lake‐/sea‐effect snow are essential for safety and preparedness. Forecasting lake‐/sea‐effect snow is extremely challenging, but over the past decades the advancement of numerical forecast models and the expansion of observational networks have incrementally improved the forecasting capability. The recent advancement includes numerical forecast models with high spatiotemporal resolutions that allow simulating vigorous snowstorms at the kilometer‐scale and the frequent inclusion of radar observations in the model. This combination of more accurate weather prediction models as well as ground‐based and remotely sensed observations has aided operational forecasters to make better lake‐/sea‐effect snow forecasts. A remaining challenge is that many observations of precipitation, surface meteorology, evaporation, and heat supply from the water surface are still limited to being land‐based and the information over the water, particularly offshore, remains a gap. This primer overviews the basic mechanisms for lake‐/sea‐effect snow formation, evolution of forecast techniques, and challenges to be addressed in the future.
{"title":"Forecasting lake‐/sea‐effect snowstorms, advancement, and challenges","authors":"A. Fujisaki‐Manome, D. Wright, G. Mann, Eric J. Anderson, P. Chu, C. Jablonowski, S. Benjamin","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1594","url":null,"abstract":"Lake‐/sea‐effect snow forms typically from late fall to winter when a cold air mass moves over the warmer, large water surface. The resulting intense snowfall has many societal impacts on communities living in downwind areas; hence, accurate forecasts of lake‐/sea‐effect snow are essential for safety and preparedness. Forecasting lake‐/sea‐effect snow is extremely challenging, but over the past decades the advancement of numerical forecast models and the expansion of observational networks have incrementally improved the forecasting capability. The recent advancement includes numerical forecast models with high spatiotemporal resolutions that allow simulating vigorous snowstorms at the kilometer‐scale and the frequent inclusion of radar observations in the model. This combination of more accurate weather prediction models as well as ground‐based and remotely sensed observations has aided operational forecasters to make better lake‐/sea‐effect snow forecasts. A remaining challenge is that many observations of precipitation, surface meteorology, evaporation, and heat supply from the water surface are still limited to being land‐based and the information over the water, particularly offshore, remains a gap. This primer overviews the basic mechanisms for lake‐/sea‐effect snow formation, evolution of forecast techniques, and challenges to be addressed in the future.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81177285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. A. Apatinga, C. Schuster-Wallace, S. Dickson-Anderson
Evidence underscores that water inaccessibility in rural sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) disproportionately affects women due to patriarchal gender norms and practices. In the context of Sustainable Development Goals 5 (Gender Equality) and 6 (Water and Sanitation), globally driven efforts and initiatives are set against a backdrop of empowering women, improving rural water accessibility, and reducing water‐related risks. Furthermore, climate change is altering spatiotemporal patterns of water availability and quality. A thematic analysis of the literature was conducted through Scopus and Web of Science to identify drivers and consequences of as well as coping strategies for water (in)accessibility in rural SSA. A conceptual framework was developed to better understand and assess research gaps and points of intervention for gender and climate mainstreaming in mitigation strategies that reduce the impacts of water inaccessibility in rural SSA. Findings show that complex intersecting factors underlie water inaccessibility—and responses—among rural women in SSA. The complex socio‐ecological interlinkages among climate change, water, and gender are discussed and a case is made for more integrative research (including dimensions of vulnerability, impacts, and effective grassroots strategies and co‐benefits) to inform policy, planning, and practice.
有证据表明，由于父权制的性别规范和做法，撒哈拉以南非洲农村地区(SSA)缺水对妇女的影响尤为严重。在可持续发展目标5(性别平等)和6(水和环境卫生)的背景下，全球推动的努力和倡议是在赋予妇女权能、改善农村用水可及性和减少与水有关的风险的背景下进行的。此外，气候变化正在改变水资源可得性和水质的时空格局。通过Scopus和Web of Science对相关文献进行专题分析，以确定农村地区水(水)可及性的驱动因素和后果以及应对策略。制定了一个概念性框架，以便更好地了解和评估将性别和气候问题纳入缓解战略主流的研究差距和干预点，以减少农村地区缺水的影响。研究结果表明，在SSA的农村妇女中，复杂的交叉因素是水不可及性和反应的基础。本文讨论了气候变化、水和性别之间复杂的社会生态相互联系，并提出了一个案例，以进行更综合的研究(包括脆弱性、影响、有效的基层战略和共同利益的维度)，为政策、规划和实践提供信息。
{"title":"A conceptual framework for gender and climate mainstreaming to mitigate water inaccessibility in rural sub‐Saharan Africa","authors":"G. A. Apatinga, C. Schuster-Wallace, S. Dickson-Anderson","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1591","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence underscores that water inaccessibility in rural sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) disproportionately affects women due to patriarchal gender norms and practices. In the context of Sustainable Development Goals 5 (Gender Equality) and 6 (Water and Sanitation), globally driven efforts and initiatives are set against a backdrop of empowering women, improving rural water accessibility, and reducing water‐related risks. Furthermore, climate change is altering spatiotemporal patterns of water availability and quality. A thematic analysis of the literature was conducted through Scopus and Web of Science to identify drivers and consequences of as well as coping strategies for water (in)accessibility in rural SSA. A conceptual framework was developed to better understand and assess research gaps and points of intervention for gender and climate mainstreaming in mitigation strategies that reduce the impacts of water inaccessibility in rural SSA. Findings show that complex intersecting factors underlie water inaccessibility—and responses—among rural women in SSA. The complex socio‐ecological interlinkages among climate change, water, and gender are discussed and a case is made for more integrative research (including dimensions of vulnerability, impacts, and effective grassroots strategies and co‐benefits) to inform policy, planning, and practice.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73537142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last 150 years or so engineers, farmers, scientists, and many others around the globe have gained access to the waters that lie underground with drilling technology, pumps and cheap energy. Since the mid‐twentieth century, a massive worldwide proliferation of deep wells has redistributed groundwaters away from springs, seeps, wells, and oases, robbing them of the water that supports local sustainable socionatural relations. The idea and social fact of groundwater has emerged in this history, and has three distinguishing features: heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility. The failure to halt depletion has prompted a turn to culture in the hope of governing the liquid sustainably. However, rather than grapple with the complexities and contradictions of heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility, these efforts take a rather thin view of culture—as rules, norms, and institutions to be studied, codified and deployed to address the crisis. This instrumental understanding of culture as a set of traits to be selectively used for arresting depletion has not proven effective, however, compelling us to rethink our cultural, political, and economic engagements with groundwater.
{"title":"Beyond rules and norms: Heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility of groundwaters","authors":"Casey Walsh","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1597","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last 150 years or so engineers, farmers, scientists, and many others around the globe have gained access to the waters that lie underground with drilling technology, pumps and cheap energy. Since the mid‐twentieth century, a massive worldwide proliferation of deep wells has redistributed groundwaters away from springs, seeps, wells, and oases, robbing them of the water that supports local sustainable socionatural relations. The idea and social fact of groundwater has emerged in this history, and has three distinguishing features: heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility. The failure to halt depletion has prompted a turn to culture in the hope of governing the liquid sustainably. However, rather than grapple with the complexities and contradictions of heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility, these efforts take a rather thin view of culture—as rules, norms, and institutions to be studied, codified and deployed to address the crisis. This instrumental understanding of culture as a set of traits to be selectively used for arresting depletion has not proven effective, however, compelling us to rethink our cultural, political, and economic engagements with groundwater.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76879536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amber Wutich, W. Jepson, C. Velasco, A. Roque, Zhining Gu, M. Hanemann, M. J. Hossain, Laura Landes, R. Larson, Wen Wen Li, Olga S. Morales, Nargish Patwoary, Sarah Porter, Yu‐shiou Tsai, Madeleine Zheng, P. Westerhoff
Since the late 1970s, the term “colonias” (in English) has described low‐income, peri‐urban, and rural subdivisions north of the U.S.‐Mexico border. These communities are in arid and semi‐arid regions—now in a megadrought—and tend to have limited basic infrastructure, including community water service and sanitation. Recent scholarship has demonstrated how colonias residents experience unjust and inequitable dynamics that produce water insecurity in the Global North. In this review, we explain why U.S. colonias are an important example for theorizing water insecurity in the United States and beyond in the Global North. Tracing the history of water infrastructure development in U.S. colonias, we show how colonias are legally and socially defined by water insecurity. We draw on the published literature to discuss key factors that produce water insecurity in U.S. colonias: political exclusion, municipal underbounding, and failures in water quality monitoring. We show that water insecurity had led to negative outcomes—including poor water access, risks to physical health, and mental ill‐health—in U.S. colonias. We present four possible approaches to improving water security in U.S. colonias: (1) soft paths & social infrastructure for water delivery, (2) decentralized water treatment approaches, such as point‐of‐use, point‐of‐entry, and fit‐for‐purpose systems; (3) informality, including infrastructural, economic, and socio‐cultural innovations; and (4) political, policy, and law innovations and reforms. At the same time, we reflect seriously on how water security can be ethically achieved in partnership and aligning with the visions of U.S. colonias residents themselves.
{"title":"Water insecurity in the Global North: A review of experiences in U.S. colonias communities along the Mexico border","authors":"Amber Wutich, W. Jepson, C. Velasco, A. Roque, Zhining Gu, M. Hanemann, M. J. Hossain, Laura Landes, R. Larson, Wen Wen Li, Olga S. Morales, Nargish Patwoary, Sarah Porter, Yu‐shiou Tsai, Madeleine Zheng, P. Westerhoff","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1595","url":null,"abstract":"Since the late 1970s, the term “colonias” (in English) has described low‐income, peri‐urban, and rural subdivisions north of the U.S.‐Mexico border. These communities are in arid and semi‐arid regions—now in a megadrought—and tend to have limited basic infrastructure, including community water service and sanitation. Recent scholarship has demonstrated how colonias residents experience unjust and inequitable dynamics that produce water insecurity in the Global North. In this review, we explain why U.S. colonias are an important example for theorizing water insecurity in the United States and beyond in the Global North. Tracing the history of water infrastructure development in U.S. colonias, we show how colonias are legally and socially defined by water insecurity. We draw on the published literature to discuss key factors that produce water insecurity in U.S. colonias: political exclusion, municipal underbounding, and failures in water quality monitoring. We show that water insecurity had led to negative outcomes—including poor water access, risks to physical health, and mental ill‐health—in U.S. colonias. We present four possible approaches to improving water security in U.S. colonias: (1) soft paths & social infrastructure for water delivery, (2) decentralized water treatment approaches, such as point‐of‐use, point‐of‐entry, and fit‐for‐purpose systems; (3) informality, including infrastructural, economic, and socio‐cultural innovations; and (4) political, policy, and law innovations and reforms. At the same time, we reflect seriously on how water security can be ethically achieved in partnership and aligning with the visions of U.S. colonias residents themselves.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88645067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serious gaming is increasingly used to explore important real‐world problems and a growing number of serious games are addressing flood‐related issues. However, there has been limited synthesis of these attempts and their contributions to the ongoing shift toward a more holistic and governance‐based flood resilience perspective in flood risk management (FRM). This international review collates and analyses these attempts in order to develop a knowledge base of serious gaming in the field of FRM. It contains 37 games that were developed with different rationales that include engaging players in the topic of FRM, supporting practice by exploring future options through collaboration, improving communication of FRM, as educational tools, and to collect research data. The gameplay countries and player characteristics, game characteristics, relevance to FRM, game rationales, and collection of data are explored in this paper. Identified serious games provided an unconventional and entertaining approach to engage stakeholders on flood‐related issues. The review analyzed the serious games in light of the shift toward flood resilience and identified limitations in the documentation of serious games and their potential in understanding the longer‐term impacts of gameplay on players. Furthermore, the vast majority of reviewed games were played in a single country and missed out on understanding the cultural production and perspectives of FRM that could support cross‐cultural learning and inspiration for future FRM strategies. Overall, the review identified an important role for serious games in the shift toward governance and the adoption of more holistic flood resilience perspectives.
{"title":"Serious gaming in flood risk management","authors":"S. Forrest, Martina Kubíková, J. Macháč","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1589","url":null,"abstract":"Serious gaming is increasingly used to explore important real‐world problems and a growing number of serious games are addressing flood‐related issues. However, there has been limited synthesis of these attempts and their contributions to the ongoing shift toward a more holistic and governance‐based flood resilience perspective in flood risk management (FRM). This international review collates and analyses these attempts in order to develop a knowledge base of serious gaming in the field of FRM. It contains 37 games that were developed with different rationales that include engaging players in the topic of FRM, supporting practice by exploring future options through collaboration, improving communication of FRM, as educational tools, and to collect research data. The gameplay countries and player characteristics, game characteristics, relevance to FRM, game rationales, and collection of data are explored in this paper. Identified serious games provided an unconventional and entertaining approach to engage stakeholders on flood‐related issues. The review analyzed the serious games in light of the shift toward flood resilience and identified limitations in the documentation of serious games and their potential in understanding the longer‐term impacts of gameplay on players. Furthermore, the vast majority of reviewed games were played in a single country and missed out on understanding the cultural production and perspectives of FRM that could support cross‐cultural learning and inspiration for future FRM strategies. Overall, the review identified an important role for serious games in the shift toward governance and the adoption of more holistic flood resilience perspectives.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83443058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is increasingly framed as a financial risk in equity markets. This article illustrates that this framing must be understood as a new aspect of the wider history of the financialization of the water sector. Unlike earlier instances, where water‐related services, or water risks are the primary subjects to be financialized, water itself is here being reformed to fit market logic. This article reviews, unpacks, and analyses the factors that have enabled, reframed, and defined water as a financial risk. As such, the article goes beyond simply reviewing what has happened, but also presents a critical analysis of why and how, and the potential effects this may have. Drawing on advanced theoretical perspectives from the social sciences, specifically building on the constitutive nature of language, the role of expertise in the knowledge‐policy interface, and the sociology of quantification, it proposes that the reframing of water into a financial risk is not a value‐free exercise. Critically, it shows that the value of water, at least as it relates to company activities, could be reduced to only embody those aspects which, in quantitative terms can be shown to affect Return on Investment. To alleviate this reductive process, an ambitious multi‐ and interdisciplinary research agenda must be developed moving forward to ensure that the multiple values of water are recognized and accounted for in equity markets and beyond.
{"title":"Framing water as a financial risk: Reviewing the processes shaping a narrative","authors":"Therese Rudebeck","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1596","url":null,"abstract":"Water is increasingly framed as a financial risk in equity markets. This article illustrates that this framing must be understood as a new aspect of the wider history of the financialization of the water sector. Unlike earlier instances, where water‐related services, or water risks are the primary subjects to be financialized, water itself is here being reformed to fit market logic. This article reviews, unpacks, and analyses the factors that have enabled, reframed, and defined water as a financial risk. As such, the article goes beyond simply reviewing what has happened, but also presents a critical analysis of why and how, and the potential effects this may have. Drawing on advanced theoretical perspectives from the social sciences, specifically building on the constitutive nature of language, the role of expertise in the knowledge‐policy interface, and the sociology of quantification, it proposes that the reframing of water into a financial risk is not a value‐free exercise. Critically, it shows that the value of water, at least as it relates to company activities, could be reduced to only embody those aspects which, in quantitative terms can be shown to affect Return on Investment. To alleviate this reductive process, an ambitious multi‐ and interdisciplinary research agenda must be developed moving forward to ensure that the multiple values of water are recognized and accounted for in equity markets and beyond.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88037228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Naman, S. White, J. Bellmore, P. Mchugh, Matthew J. Kaylor, C. Baxter, R. Danehy, R. Naiman, A. Puls
Food web analyses offer useful insights into understanding how species interactions, trophic relationships, and energy flow underpin important demographic parameters of fish populations such as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, the vast amount of food web literature and the diversity of approaches can be a deterrent to fisheries practitioners engaged in on‐the‐ground research, monitoring, or restoration. Incorporation of food web perspectives into contemporary fisheries management and conservation is especially rare in riverine systems, where approaches often focus more on the influence of physical habitat and water temperature on fish populations. In this review, we first discuss the importance of food webs in the context of several common fisheries management issues, including assessing carrying capacity, evaluating the effects of habitat change, examining species introductions or extinctions, considering bioaccumulation of toxins, and predicting the effects of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors on riverine fishes. We then examine several relevant perspectives: basic food web description, metabolic models, trophic basis of production, mass‐abundance network approaches, ecological stoichiometry, and mathematical modeling. Finally, we highlight several existing and emerging methodologies including diet and prey surveys, eDNA, stable isotopes, fatty acids, and community and network analysis. Although our emphasis and most examples are focused on salmonids in riverine environments, the concepts are easily generalizable to other freshwater fish taxa and ecosystems.
{"title":"Food web perspectives and methods for riverine fish conservation","authors":"S. Naman, S. White, J. Bellmore, P. Mchugh, Matthew J. Kaylor, C. Baxter, R. Danehy, R. Naiman, A. Puls","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1590","url":null,"abstract":"Food web analyses offer useful insights into understanding how species interactions, trophic relationships, and energy flow underpin important demographic parameters of fish populations such as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, the vast amount of food web literature and the diversity of approaches can be a deterrent to fisheries practitioners engaged in on‐the‐ground research, monitoring, or restoration. Incorporation of food web perspectives into contemporary fisheries management and conservation is especially rare in riverine systems, where approaches often focus more on the influence of physical habitat and water temperature on fish populations. In this review, we first discuss the importance of food webs in the context of several common fisheries management issues, including assessing carrying capacity, evaluating the effects of habitat change, examining species introductions or extinctions, considering bioaccumulation of toxins, and predicting the effects of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors on riverine fishes. We then examine several relevant perspectives: basic food web description, metabolic models, trophic basis of production, mass‐abundance network approaches, ecological stoichiometry, and mathematical modeling. Finally, we highlight several existing and emerging methodologies including diet and prey surveys, eDNA, stable isotopes, fatty acids, and community and network analysis. Although our emphasis and most examples are focused on salmonids in riverine environments, the concepts are easily generalizable to other freshwater fish taxa and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":23774,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82065948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：