Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.198212
Wanwan Zhao, Liang Wen, Zhu Liu, Rui Liang, Yao-Li Zhang, Zhenhua Huang, L. Cai
This study initiallyinvestigated decay resistance of preservative injected poplar and its infection mechanismof preventing white rot fungi. The living poplar was injected with different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.%) of alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ). Using thescanning electron microscopy, the process of preservative injected poplar wood preventing white rot fungi infection at different tree heights were examined. The decay resistance test results showed that the decay resistance of preservative injected poplar at different tree heights was significantly different. With the increase in tree height, the decay resistance decreased, and the higher the ACQ concentration, the better the decay resistance. The white rot fungi infested the poplar wood with the vessels as the breakthrough point, being spread to other cells through pits. The white rot fungi degraded wood cell walls by secreting enzymes and preferentially degraded the parenchyma cells.
{"title":"DECAY RESISTANCE OF PRESERVATIVE INJECTED POPLAR AND ITS PROCESS OF PREVENTING WHITE ROT FUNGI INFECTION","authors":"Wanwan Zhao, Liang Wen, Zhu Liu, Rui Liang, Yao-Li Zhang, Zhenhua Huang, L. Cai","doi":"10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.198212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.198212","url":null,"abstract":"This study initiallyinvestigated decay resistance of preservative injected poplar and its infection mechanismof preventing white rot fungi. The living poplar was injected with different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.%) of alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ). Using thescanning electron microscopy, the process of preservative injected poplar wood preventing white rot fungi infection at different tree heights were examined. The decay resistance test results showed that the decay resistance of preservative injected poplar at different tree heights was significantly different. With the increase in tree height, the decay resistance decreased, and the higher the ACQ concentration, the better the decay resistance. The white rot fungi infested the poplar wood with the vessels as the breakthrough point, being spread to other cells through pits. The white rot fungi degraded wood cell walls by secreting enzymes and preferentially degraded the parenchyma cells.","PeriodicalId":23786,"journal":{"name":"Wood Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46469495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.326339
Bai Jue, Guan Huiyuan
The purpose of this study is to investigate the contact temperature and thermal comfort when the upper extremity touches a wooden table top, and to seek an efficient accurate simulation device instead of human testing. Therefore, three parts of this paper were conducted. First, 20 subjects were selected for the temperature test experiment. Secondly, theperceptual thermal comfort evaluation was quantified by recording the thermal comfort evaluation at aspecific moment. Finally, a device was developed to replace the human forearm for upper limb thermal comfort study. The results show that the ambient temperature, type and thickness of material all have significant effects on the local contact temperature. Interms of thermal comfort evaluation, the correlation between temperature and thermal comfort was significant. The simulation device in the study is not only simple to operate, but also can continuously and stably replace the heat transfer process of the upper limb.
{"title":"STUDY ON THERMAL COMFORT OF WOOD TABLETOP MATERIALS","authors":"Bai Jue, Guan Huiyuan","doi":"10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.326339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.326339","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate the contact temperature and thermal comfort when the upper extremity touches a wooden table top, and to seek an efficient accurate simulation device instead of human testing. Therefore, three parts of this paper were conducted. First, 20 subjects were selected for the temperature test experiment. Secondly, theperceptual thermal comfort evaluation was quantified by recording the thermal comfort evaluation at aspecific moment. Finally, a device was developed to replace the human forearm for upper limb thermal comfort study. The results show that the ambient temperature, type and thickness of material all have significant effects on the local contact temperature. Interms of thermal comfort evaluation, the correlation between temperature and thermal comfort was significant. The simulation device in the study is not only simple to operate, but also can continuously and stably replace the heat transfer process of the upper limb.","PeriodicalId":23786,"journal":{"name":"Wood Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43859717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bamboo filaments were treated with boric acid and borax (the mass ratio of 1:1, the concentration of 20%) with four different treatment methods including atmospheric immersion, cold and hot bath immersion, vacuum impregnation and vacuum-pressure impregnation. The different treatment methods on the boron loading were analyzed and the corresponding flame resistance of bamboo filaments were evaluated by the cone analysis. The results showed that suitable treatment method with optimized processing indexes, such as hot and cold bath immersion in the condition of 100°C/2 h and 20°C/2 h with 3 cycles, was more credible to accelerate the percentages of boron loading in the bamboo filaments, and the lowest result was found in the samples with vacuum impregnation. Compared to the untreated samples, the heat and smoke release would be decreased significantly, especially for the samples with the promising hot and cold treatment, and promising pressure treatment, attributed to the more stable boron fixed in the bamboo filaments.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FLAME RETARDANT TREATMENTS ON THE COMBUSTIBILITY OF BAMBOO FILAMENT","authors":"Chun-Yu Li, Xinjie Zhou, Chang-jiang Yang, Hui Li, Lili Yu, B. Fei","doi":"10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.2.255266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.2.255266","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo filaments were treated with boric acid and borax (the mass ratio of 1:1,\u0000the concentration of 20%) with four different treatment methods including atmospheric immersion, cold and hot bath immersion, vacuum impregnation and vacuum-pressure impregnation. The different treatment methods on the boron loading were analyzed and\u0000the corresponding flame resistance of bamboo filaments were evaluated by the cone analysis. The results showed that suitable treatment method with optimized processing indexes, such as hot and cold bath immersion in the condition of 100°C/2 h and 20°C/2 h with 3 cycles, was more credible to accelerate the percentages of boron loading in the bamboo filaments, and the lowest result was found in the samples with vacuum impregnation. Compared to the untreated samples, the heat and smoke release would be decreased significantly, especially for the samples with the promising hot and cold treatment, and promising pressure treatment, attributed to the more stable boron fixed in the bamboo filaments.","PeriodicalId":23786,"journal":{"name":"Wood Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46816109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.1.5770
Masendra Masendra, Brandon Aristo, Verick Purba, G. Lukmandaru, B. A. V. Purba
This study investigated the antioxidant activity from the methanol (MeOH) soluble extract of the inner and outer bark of Swietenia macrophylla. The MeOH soluble extracts were fractionated into ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble and insoluble. The antioxidant activity was conducted by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and the phenolic compounds were detected by GC-MS. The levels of total phenolic content of soluble and insoluble fraction of EtOAc of outer bark were higher than in inner bark, while total f lavonoid content showed opposite results. The crude methanol extract and its EtOAc soluble fraction of outer bark showed a higher level of antioxidant activity. The GC-MS analysis detected higher levels of fatty acids and alcohols of 87.12% than phenolic compounds of 12.17% in the inner bark, while the outer bark showed the opposite pattern with phenolic compounds of 82.65% than fatty acids of 8.43%. A strong correlation was demonstrated between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.
{"title":"Antioxidant activity of Swietenia macrophylla king bark extracts","authors":"Masendra Masendra, Brandon Aristo, Verick Purba, G. Lukmandaru, B. A. V. Purba","doi":"10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.1.5770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.1.5770","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the antioxidant activity from the methanol (MeOH) soluble extract of the inner and outer bark of Swietenia macrophylla. The MeOH soluble extracts were fractionated into ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble and insoluble. The antioxidant activity was conducted by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and the phenolic compounds were detected by GC-MS. The levels of total phenolic content of soluble and insoluble fraction of EtOAc of outer bark were higher than in inner bark, while total f lavonoid content showed opposite results. The crude methanol extract and its EtOAc soluble fraction of outer bark showed a higher level of antioxidant activity. The GC-MS analysis detected higher levels of fatty acids and alcohols of 87.12% than phenolic compounds of 12.17% in the inner bark, while the outer bark showed the opposite pattern with phenolic compounds of 82.65% than fatty acids of 8.43%. A strong correlation was demonstrated between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":23786,"journal":{"name":"Wood Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47598606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.1.4956
Dongna Li, Jianing Li, Xiaojun Ma
In this study, the biodegradable composites were prepared from rubber wood fibers (Hevea brasiliensis) and biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) via hot pressing process, using the titanate as the coupling agent. The morphological, chemical structure, mechanical properties and water absorption (WA) of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical properties and WA analysis. Results showed that a new absorption peak of Ti-O-C was formed due to the addition of titanate, indicating that it was successfully grafted on the surface of wood fibers. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites first increased and then decreased with the increasing of the titanate content. The obvious improvement of WA of composites was attributed to the inclusion of P34HB by titanate modified wood fiber. Moreover, it was also found that the optimal condition of the titanate coupling agent content was 1 wt%.
{"title":"Study on the structure and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/ rubber wood fiber composites modified with titanate coupling agent","authors":"Dongna Li, Jianing Li, Xiaojun Ma","doi":"10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.1.4956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37763/WR.1336-4561/66.1.4956","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the biodegradable composites were prepared from rubber wood fibers (Hevea brasiliensis) and biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) via hot pressing process, using the titanate as the coupling agent. The morphological, chemical structure, mechanical properties and water absorption (WA) of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical properties and WA analysis. Results showed that a new absorption peak of Ti-O-C was formed due to the addition of titanate, indicating that it was successfully grafted on the surface of wood fibers. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites first increased and then decreased with the increasing of the titanate content. The obvious improvement of WA of composites was attributed to the inclusion of P34HB by titanate modified wood fiber. Moreover, it was also found that the optimal condition of the titanate coupling agent content was 1 wt%.","PeriodicalId":23786,"journal":{"name":"Wood Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46505138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our paper proposed an ensemble framework of combining three deep convolution neural networks (CNN). This method was inspired by network in network. Transfer learning used to accelerate training and deeper layers of network. Nine different CNN architectures were trained and evaluated in two wood macroscopic images datasets. After two times of 30 epochs training, our proposed network obtained 100% test rate in our dataset, which including 8 kinds of wood species and 918 images. The proposed method achieved 98.81% test recognition rate after three times training with 30 epochs in other dataset, which including 41 kinds of wood species and 11,984 images. Results showed that magnification macroscopic images can be instead of microscopic images in wood species identification, and our proposed ensemble of deep CNN can be used for wood species identification.
{"title":"Wood species identification based on an ensemble of deep convolution neural networks.","authors":"Tao He, Shibiao Mu, Houkui Zhou, Junguo Hu","doi":"10.37763/66.1.0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37763/66.1.0114","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper proposed an ensemble framework of combining three deep convolution neural networks (CNN). This method was inspired by network in network. Transfer learning used to accelerate training and deeper layers of network. Nine different CNN architectures were trained and evaluated in two wood macroscopic images datasets. After two times of 30 epochs training, our proposed network obtained 100% test rate in our dataset, which including 8 kinds of wood species and 918 images. The proposed method achieved 98.81% test recognition rate after three times training with 30 epochs in other dataset, which including 41 kinds of wood species and 11,984 images. Results showed that magnification macroscopic images can be instead of microscopic images in wood species identification, and our proposed ensemble of deep CNN can be used for wood species identification.","PeriodicalId":23786,"journal":{"name":"Wood Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41364806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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