Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To retrospectively investigate the outcome of a modified Morgan pocket technique that included temporary ventral scleral gland fixation to treat prolapse of the nictitans gland.

Animal studied: The files of 101 client-owned dogs (126 eyes) between 2015 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results: All the surgeries were completed in under 10 min. Follow-up was between 180 to 3285 days (mean 1190 days) in 119/126 (94%) eyes and three years in 81/126 (64.3%) eyes. The technique achieved successful surgical repositioning in 125/126 (99.2%) eyes after one surgery, with only one eye (1/126 (0.8%)) having a recurring prolapse that was successfully managed by repeating the technique. Seven other immediate postoperative complications (7/126, 5.6% of the eyes) were recorded, including lacrimal cysts in 5/126 (4%) eyes and corneal ulceration in 2/126 (1.6%) eyes. All cysts were treated with local drainage, two under general anesthesia and three under sedation and topical anesthesia. Additional complications occurred in 14/101 (13.9%) of the animals, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca and ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis of different degrees of severity. Given the long follow-up and low number of cases affected, it was not known if these problems might have been associated with some aspects of the surgical treatment.

Conclusions: The technique described included a temporary fixation of the gland before closure of the pocket with successful long-term repositioning of the gland in 99.2% of eyes after the first attempt. Cysts and recurrence were infrequent complications. Further studies could investigate if the technique might be adapted to minimize complications.

This review aims to summarize and broadly evaluate the use of bite/apprehension dogs in law enforcement in the United States of America, focusing specifically on how this elective culture practice pertains to veterinary medicine and the responsibility of the veterinarian. Sections include the history of using dogs as tools of human control and policing, current training techniques used by handlers and officers, the negative physical and medical impacts experienced by working dogs, and the ultimate effect that the use of apprehension dogs in policing has on society and public health.

Objective: To determine the replication kinetics and cytopathic effect (CPE) of feline calicivirus (FCV) in feline corneal epithelial cells (FCEC).

Animals studied: Seven archived FCV isolates and one archived feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) isolate, previously obtained from eight domestic short hair cats.

Procedures: FCV RNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq, to identify three genomically diverse isolates for further testing. Following reference-based assembly, viral genomes were annotated and assessed. Superficial keratectomies were performed to isolate the corneal epithelium of cats and the cells were cultured in vitro. FCEC were infected with the three chosen FCV isolates and one FHV-1 isolate at two different multiplicity of infection ratios (MOIs, 0.1 and 0.01 PFU/cell) and virus titration was assessed at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-infection (hpi). Viral identity was confirmed by RT-qPCR.

Results: Three genomically diverse FCV isolates were chosen for further assessment in the FCEC model. All infections of FCEC with FCV led to visible CPE, characterized by epithelial cell rounding and detachment from the plate by 24 hpi, while FHV-1 led to visible CPE within 48 hpi. All three of the FCV isolates replicated effectively in FCEC at both 0.1 and 0.01 MOI, with a peak increase in titer approximately 12-24 hpi.

Conclusions: The results support the possible role of FCV as a primary pathogen of the feline ocular surface. FCV replicates in FCEC in vitro, leading to profound CPE.

Objective: To evaluate the repeatability, reproducibility, agreement, and safety of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using a Tono-Pen with a polyethylene tip cover (PC) compared to the latex tip cover (LC).

Animal studied: A controlled eye model and healthy canine eyes.

Procedures: Measurements were performed in two phases. In the eye model, 55 intra-balloon pressure levels (10 to 30 mmHg) were tested. Two measurements for each tip cover were performed to assess repeatability and agreement between the LC and PC. In canine eyes, repeatability and reproducibility of the PC were assessed using measurements from two examiners (77 eyes), while agreement between PC and LC was assessed using measurements by one examiner (79 eyes). Statistical analyses included mean differences (MD) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) using the Bland-Altman method, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).

Results: In the eye model, MD, LOA, and ICC were 0.02, -4.40 to 4.44, and 0.79 for PC repeatability; -0.25, -4.55 to 4.05, and 0.78 for LC repeatability; 0.56, -5.23 to 6.36, and 0.63 for LC and PC agreement. In canine eyes, MD, LOA, and ICC were -0.08, -4.61 to 4.47, and 0.84 for PC repeatability; -0.14, -5.44 to 5.16, and 0.77 for PC reproducibility; 0.13, -3.87 to 4.13, and 0.84 for LC and PC agreement. No corneal complications were observed in any measurements.

Conclusions: Compared to the conventional LC, the custom-made PC proved to be a safe and reliable alternative tip cover for IOP measurement, demonstrating good repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement.

Objective: To determine if topical serum use impacts clinical outcomes of infected corneal ulcers in dogs.

Animals: A total of 252 eyes (237 dogs) undergoing medical and surgical therapy for infected corneal ulcers managed with or without topical serum.

Procedures: Patients were identified retrospectively in the same geographic region of the United States. Healing times, visual outcomes, and enucleation were recorded for medically managed ulcers. Visual outcomes and enucleation were recorded for surgically managed ulcers. The number and frequency of topical medications were recorded for all groups. Statistical analyses were performed for all comparisons, with a significance level of p = 0.05.

Results: In total, 252 eyes (237 dogs) were included. Of these, 203 eyes underwent medical therapy (150 without serum/53 with serum) and 49 eyes were treated surgically at presentation (35 without serum/14 with serum postoperatively). In the medical group, the use of serum had no impact on healing times (p = 0.380), visual outcomes (p = 0.751) or enucleation (p = 0.433). In the surgery group, visual outcomes (p = 0.488) and enucleation (no eyes enucleated) were not impacted by serum use. Healing times were not impacted by frequency (p = 0.092) or number of topical medications (p = 0.346).

Clinical relevance: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to determine if topical serum use affects clinical outcomes of infected corneal ulcers in dogs. Topical serum did not impact healing times, visual outcomes, or enucleation rates of infected corneal ulcers treated medically or surgically in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of two excipients, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 0.75% cross-linked hyaluronic acid (XHA), on tear film concentrations of cefazolin and chloramphenicol.

Animals studied: Ten ophthalmologically healthy dogs.

Procedures: Cefazolin and chloramphenicol were compounded into 5.5% and 0.5% solutions, respectively, using either 1.4% PVA or 0.75% XHA. In the first trial, each dog received cefazolin-PVA in one randomly assigned eye and cefazolin-XHA in the contralateral eye. One month later, the experiment was repeated using chloramphenicol formulations. Tear fluid was sampled at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 min following eyedrop administration using 2 μL capillary tubes. Tear concentrations of cefazolin and chloramphenicol were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

Results: Tear film concentrations of cefazolin and chloramphenicol were significantly higher with XHA compared to PVA at all time points (p ≤ 0.020), except for baseline (both antibiotics), times 1 min, 60 min, and 120 min for cefazolin. The tear film kinetics exhibited a biphasic pattern, with drug levels decreasing from 0 to 120 min, then slightly increasing between 120 and 360 min before declining again until 480 min. The area under the time-concentration curve (AUC_0-480) was significantly greater with XHA versus PVA formulations (p = 0.002), with a median 2.4 and 4.2 times higher for cefazolin and chloramphenicol, respectively.

Conclusion: The cross-linked hyaluronic acid significantly enhanced the retention and overall exposure of both cefazolin and chloramphenicol in the canine tear film. These findings suggest that XHA could serve as a superior delivery vehicle for ocular antibiotics, potentially improving treatment outcomes for ophthalmic infections.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of recalibrated TONOVET Plus (rTVP) and the newly released TONOVET Pro (TVPR) in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in ex vivo canine eyes compared to manometer and the established TONOVET (TV).

Procedure: Sixteen enucleated canine eyes were cannulated to establish manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 80 mmHg. IOP measurements were obtained using TV, rTVP, and TVPR.

Results: All tonometers showed a strong correlation with the manometer (R² > 0.98). Measurements from rTVP and TVPR exhibited almost perfect agreement with the manometer (CCC = 0.9974 for both), whereas TV demonstrated lower agreement (CCC = 0.9874) associated with greater systematic bias. Specifically, TV showed a lower proportional bias (95% confidence interval [CI] of the slope = 0.987-1.006) but a larger systematic bias (intercept = -3.33 mmHg) compared to rTVP and TVPR (95% CI of the slope = 1.045-1.066 and 1.045-1.063; intercept = -2.532 and -2.633 mmHg, respectively). In accuracy analyses by range, rTVP and TVPR showed no significant difference from the manometer in the 30-70 mmHg and 35-80 mmHg IOP ranges, respectively.

Conclusions: Among the ICare rebound tonometers, rTVP and TVPR provided the most accurate IOP measurements in the ex vivo analysis and demonstrated particularly strong agreement in the high IOP range, suggesting their suitability for IOP measurement in glaucomatous patients.

Purpose: To evaluate different laboratory procedures for determining the etiologic diagnosis of equine recurrent uveitis regarding intraocular infection with Leptospira spp. and to establish a diagnostic guideline.

Material and methods: Eighty horses with a history of ERU were ophthalmologically examined. Serum and aqueous humor were collected. Total protein, albumin level, and MAT against Leptospira spp. were evaluated on serum and aqueous humor. PCR for Leptospira spp., EHV-1 and -4 was performed on aqueous humor. Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (GWC) and C-value (CC) were calculated based on MAT. In 42 cases, an additional ELISA was initiated.

Results: Forty-six female and 34 male horses of different breeds (mean age 10.9 years; range 3 to 31) were included. By MAT 56/80 horses (70.0%) were identified seropositive for Leptospira spp. MAT results were positive for Leptospira spp. in aqueous humor of 47/80 (58.8%) patients. PCR tested 16/80 (20.0%) positive, ELISA detected 13/42 (31.0%) positive. Neither EHV-1 nor EHV-4 were detected by PCR. Calculating GWC gives evidence suggestive of intraocular involvement with Leptospira spp. in 53/80 (66.3%) at the level ≥ 3. Setting GWC ≥ 3 as gold standard, ELISA and C ≥ 2 closely matched this threshold, showing high accuracy (95.2%; 91.3%), sensitivity (86.7%; 84.9%), and strong agreement (V = 0.90; V = 0.81). PCR was less accurate (53.8%) and sensitive (30.2%) compared to GWC.

Conclusion: Within this setting, GWC achieved the highest number of positive results for detecting intraocular involvement of Leptospira spp. when compared to PCR, ELISA, and C-value.

Background: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) results from a deficiency in the pre-corneal tear film, causing persistent ocular discomfort and a predisposition to ocular surface diseases. Current treatments, including topical lacrimostimulants and lacrimomimetics, primarily offer symptomatic relief without restoring lacrimal gland function. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, with its regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, has been investigated in preclinical and veterinary studies but remains critically underexplored for its clinical relevance in treating KCS.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted on April 24, 2024, using Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and CABI databases. Studies evaluating MSC therapy in dogs and cats with KCS were included. Data collected included demographic information, baseline and post-treatment Schirmer tear test (STT) values, and ocular symptoms such as discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal changes. The risk of bias was assessed using validated tools, and the quality of evidence was graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM). Statistical analyses were performed with STATA to compare STT values at baseline and after 1- and 6-month follow-ups.

Results: Six studies involving 151 eyes from 98 dogs were included. Studies demonstrated low to moderate risk of bias, and evidence quality was graded as level C. MSC therapy significantly increased tear production and improved ocular comfort, with mean STT increases of 0.68 mm/min at 1 month and 1.51 mm/min at 6 months.

Conclusion: MSC therapy offers statistically significant improvements in tear production in dogs with KCS and is considered a safe treatment option. However, the modest clinical significance highlights the need for further research to confirm its efficacy.

Objective: To evaluate the evolution of corneal sensitivity in healthy beagle puppies during the first weeks of life, compare these results with adult corneal sensitivity, and determine the age at which adult corneal sensitivity levels are reached.

Animals studied: Twelve puppies and five adult females.

Procedures: Corneal sensitivity was assessed in puppies weekly from 2 to 7 weeks of age and in their mothers by measuring the corneal touch threshold (CTT) in the central cornea using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Hygrometric and temperature measurements were recorded throughout the study period.

Results: In puppies, esthesiometry indicated a progressive decrease in corneal sensitivity with age. Sensitivity was higher between 2 and 4 weeks, which stabilized between 5 and 7 weeks, with a median CTT values of 0.5, 0.5, 0.8, 1.4, 1.2, and 1.4 g/mm² at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 weeks, respectively. The median CTT in puppies reached the adult median value (1.4 g/mm²) at 5 weeks. The median CTT at 2 weeks was significantly different from the median CTT at 7 weeks (0.5 vs. 1.4 g/mm²). Humidity and temperature were not significantly associated with corneal sensitivity in adults.

Conclusions: In this study, corneal sensitivity in beagle puppies was higher during the first 3 weeks of life compared to 7 weeks. During this early period, puppies exhibited corneal sensitivity levels exceeding those of adults, which subsequently decreased to adult-equivalent values between 5 and 7 weeks of age.