Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ChatGPT-4.5 and ChatGPT-4o in comparison with experienced and novice veterinary ophthalmologists in diagnosing feline ocular disease. Sixty standardized feline ophthalmology cases, each involving an isolated ocular condition without concurrent systemic disease, were selected from institutional and private archives and presented in a structured format. Each case included a brief clinical summary and an anterior segment image. Two experienced ophthalmologists, two novices, and two artificial intelligence (AI) models (ChatGPT-4.5 and ChatGPT-4o) independently evaluated the cases. Human evaluators were allotted a maximum of 3 min per case. Diagnostic accuracy, interobserver agreement (%), Cohen's kappa coefficients, and Fisher's exact tests were used for comparative analysis. Highest accuracy was observed in the Experienced 1 (96.7%), followed by ChatGPT-4.5 (90.0%), ChatGPT-4o and Experienced 2 (83.3%), Novice 1 (66.7%), and Novice 2 (56.7%). ChatGPT-4.5 showed strong agreement with ChatGPT-4o (93.3%) and achieved the highest kappa score (κ = 0.47). No statistically significant differences were observed between ChatGPT-4.5 and Experienced ophthalmologists. The AI models significantly outperformed novice evaluators in both accuracy and agreement. ChatGPT-4.5 demonstrated diagnostic performance closely aligned with experienced veterinary ophthalmologists, particularly in the context of feline ocular disease. These findings support the potential of ChatGPT to assist in clinical decision-making, especially in settings with limited specialist availability.

Objective: To determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of specific antiseptics against common equine ocular surface pathogens.

Methods: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (n = 12), Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) (n = 9), Enterobacter hormaechei (E. hormaechei) (n = 6), and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) (n = 5) were collected from corneal samples of horses with ulcerative keratitis. Reference strains were included. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of polyhexanide, povidone-iodine, and hypochlorous acid were tested using the microdilution method. After incubation with the antimicrobial agent, the inocula were subcultured according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Colony growth was manually counted and photographically documented.

Results: The MBC values of polyhexanide were 0.8-3.2 ppm for S. aureus, 0.8-1.6 ppm for S. zooepidemicus, 1.6-3.2 ppm for E. hormaechei, and 1.6-6.4 ppm for B. cereus. For povidone-iodine, values were 8-32 ppm for S. aureus, 4-16 ppm for S. zooepidemicus, 8-16 ppm for E. hormaechei, and 8-16 ppm for B. cereus. For hypochlorous acid, values were 0.4-6.4 ppm for S. aureus, 0.4-3.2 ppm for S. zooepidemicus, 0.8-1.6 ppm for E. hormaechei, and 1.6-6.4 ppm for B. cereus. The MBC values of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were comparable to those of methicillin-susceptible isolates.

Conclusion: All antiseptics are highly efficient against common equine ocular bacterial surface pathogens, in concentrations that are well below those of commercially available products. In accordance with the One Health approach, these findings highlight their potential in treating infectious ocular surface disease either as an alternative or alongside topical antibiotics. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to investigate the translatability of their in vitro effectiveness to clinic cases.

Objective: This study was performed to establish an immortalized canine corneal endothelial cell (CEC) line and characterize its properties to overcome the current limitations in sourcing primary CECs for basic and translational research in veterinary ophthalmology.

Procedures: Eyeballs were obtained from dogs euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. The canine corneas were dissected and isolated, and CECs were enzymatically dispersed and cultured. The cultured CECs were transfected with the simian virus 40 large T antigen gene for immortalization. Morphological evaluation of the immortalized cells and immunohistochemical analysis of CEC markers, including zonula occludens-1 and sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, was conducted to confirm the identity of the cultured cells. Furthermore, post-passage morphological changes and cell proliferative ability were assessed.

Results: Immortalized canine CECs displayed a small, cobblestone-like morphology. The cells proliferated in vitro and expressed zonula occludens-1 and sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Following repeated passaging, the cells maintained their morphological characteristics and proliferative ability.

Conclusions: Our immortalized canine CECs showed a high proliferative ability and characteristics similar to those of primary canine CECs, maintaining these properties for at least up to passages 25-30. This model may be valuable for studies aimed at optimizing culture conditions, testing therapeutic agents, and exploring cell-based therapies in veterinary ophthalmology.

Objective: To describe a novel technique for upper eyelid reconstruction using a contralateral full-thickness lower eyelid graft harvested during enucleation of a blind eye in a cat with bilateral upper eyelid agenesis.

Case presentation: A 2 year-old female Domestic Short-haired cat presented with bilateral upper eyelid agenesis involving approximately the lateral three-quarters of each upper eyelid, accompanied by microphthalmia. The left eye retained visual function, while the right eye was blind. Enucleation of the right eye was performed, and the right lower eyelid was harvested as a full-thickness graft for reconstruction of the left upper eyelid defect.

Results: Partial graft necrosis developed, followed by granulation tissue formation and secondary intention healing, resulting in a stable, non-haired scar by 8 weeks. At 6 months, the reconstructed eyelid demonstrated sustained functional integrity without trichiasis or exposure keratitis.

Conclusion: Contralateral lower eyelid grafting following enucleation may be considered a viable reconstructive option for upper eyelid defects in cats with bilateral eyelid agenesis and unilateral blindness.

Objective: To assess if an inexpensive, commercially available ultraviolet C (UV-C) light device with a peak emission of 275 nm can inhibit equine keratomycosis-associated pathogens located at different corneal depths in an ex vivo model.

Methods: A controlled, randomized experimental design. Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani isolates were inoculated in fresh bovine corneoscleral transplants, superficially or at 450 μm of stromal depth for the ulcerative keratomycosis or stromal abscess model, respectively. After a minimum of 18 h of incubation, treatment groups received 15 s of UV-C light exposure at a 10 mm distance from the corneal surface level (22.5 mJ/cm² dose). Fungal inactivation was quantified by determining the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of two fungal viability markers (SYTO 9 = green = alive; PI = red = dead) utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results: UV-C treatment resulted in statistically significantly higher MFI-PI, lower MFI-SYTO 9 and lower normalized MFI ratios (SYTO 9/[SYTO 9 + PI]) compared to controls for both isolates irrespective of corneal depth; therefore demonstrating successful fungal inactivation. In superficial location, fungal inhibition reached 88% for both isolates. At deeper corneal depth, fungal inhibition was not significantly different for F. solani (84%) but significantly less complete for A. fumigatus (60%).

Conclusions: Corneal UV-C light treatment may offer therapeutic benefits for ulcerative keratomycosis and stromal abscesses in the equine species using doses expected to be safe for corneal exposure based on previously published safety data. Species-specific safety studies are required to ensure that antifungal efficacy aligns with safe clinical practice.

A 10-year-old intact male Labrador Retriever presented with persistent swelling of the upper eyelid of the right eye. A solid, movable, and spherical mass was palpable under the right upper eyelid. No abnormalities were found in the orbit or globe. The mass was treated via excisional biopsy and was submitted for histopathology, where the diagnosis of a fibrolipoma was made. There were no signs of tumor regrowth during 30 months of follow-up. This is the first report on the diagnosis and treatment of fibrolipoma of the canine eyelid, providing a valuable reference for the clinical practice of ophthalmology in small animals.

Objective: To describe the ocular morphological characteristics and establish clinical and ophthalmic reference standards for Nile tilapia.

Animals studied: Fresh carcasses were used for diaphanization, optical and electron microscopy, and computed tomography analyses. For clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations, 75 adult Nile tilapias of undetermined sex were examined.

Procedure: Standard diaphanization, optical and electron microscopy, and computed tomography techniques were applied to fresh carcasses of Nile tilapia. Live fish were chemically restrained using propofol. Ophthalmic evaluations included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, direct ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein staining, and rebound tonometry for intraocular pressure measurement. Ocular ultrasonographic measurements were obtained from both eyes of three individuals.

Results: The diaphanization technique revealed a scleral ring composed of two cartilaginous ossicles (dorsal and ventral) connected by two bony ossicles (rostral and caudal). Microscopic analysis identified the fibrous tunic (comprising the cornea and sclera), the vascular tunic (including the iris and choroid), and the nervous tunic (represented by the retina). Clinical evaluation of Nile tilapia showed no ocular lesions, with a mean intraocular pressure of 7.74 mmHg. Ultrasonography effectively assessed intraocular and retrobulbar structures, while computed tomography enabled visualization and measurement of the eyeballs, lens, and vitreous chamber in sagittal, axial, and coronal planes.

Conclusions: The ocular structures of Nile tilapia, including the cornea, lens, retina, and iris, are similar to those observed in other teleost species. Clinical evaluation methods, such as ultrasonography, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and rebound tonometry appear to be reliable diagnostic methods in fish ophthalmology. The data presented in this study are novel for Nile tilapia.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of topical prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) agonist, omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in normal cats and cats with feline congenital glaucoma (FCG).

Animals studied: Ten FCG cats and 8 normal cats.

Methods: In this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, masked pilot study, normal and FCG cats received one drop of 0.002% OMDI ophthalmic solution in one eye and artificial tears in the contralateral eye. IOP and PD were measured by a masked observer at baseline and at multiple time points up to 32-36 h post-administration.

Results: Topical 0.002% OMDI significantly lowered IOP compared to controls in both normal and FCG cats. In normal cats, the effect was significant up to 12 h after instillation, with a maximal reduction from baseline of 7.3 mmHg (43.5%). In FCG cats, the effect was significant from 2 to 8 h after instillation, with a maximal reduction from baseline of 16.7 mmHg (60.2%). No significant effect on pupil diameter or signs of ocular irritation was observed in either group.

Conclusions: A single topical drop of 0.002% OMDI significantly lowers IOP in normal and FCG cats without inducing miosis. Our findings support that topical selective EP2 agonists may be a promising therapeutic option for feline glaucoma and provide information relevant to dosing intervals for future studies.

Objectives: To evaluate the sensitivity of ocular pain detection by email, as well as the concordance between telediagnosis by email and the diagnosis established in consultation for canine or feline ophthalmological emergencies.

Animals studied: 65 dogs and 35 cats.

Procedures: Retrospective study of 100 ophthalmological emergencies with a contact by email before being examined by a specialized ophthalmology department. Telediagnoses from one European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ECVO) diplomate and three ECVO residents retrospectively derived from the email communications were compared to clinical diagnoses following consultations. Analysis was focused on signs of ocular pain and ocular disease diagnosis.

Results: Sensitivity of detecting ocular pain by email was 79%. This sensitivity significantly improved in emails with photographs attached (89%; p < 0.01). Inter-operator reproducibility of remote email diagnosis was satisfactory when diagnosis was possible (K = 0.82). Concordance between remote email diagnosis and diagnosis made in consultation was satisfactory for the four clinicians for all ocular conditions (K = 0.85 ± 0.08), but unsatisfactory when restricted to corneal conditions (K = 0.66 ± 0.16). There was also a significant positive association between excellent photograph quality and diagnostic concordance (p = 0.01).

Conclusions: This exploratory study represents the first description of the use of veterinary teleophthalmology for email triage and telediagnosis of canine and feline ophthalmological emergencies. In our study, emails were a reliable tool for detecting ocular pain and giving a diagnostic orientation, especially when photographs were attached.

Objective: To determine whether dexmedetomidine prolongs corneal anesthesia following subconjunctival ropivacaine injection in healthy equine eyes.

Methods: Ten horses with normal ophthalmic exams were enrolled in a randomized, blinded, crossover experiment with a minimum 4-week washout between treatments. Baseline corneal touch thresholds (CTT, cm) were measured via esthesiometry and a subconjunctival injection was performed in the treatment eye with ropivacaine (R, 0.3 mL 0.5%) or dexmedetomidine-ropivacaine (DR, 0.1 mL 0.5 mg/mL + 0.2 mL 0.5%) and saline (control, 0.3 mL) in the contralateral eye. CTT was measured every 10 min up to 120 min, every 30 min up to 360 min, and every 60 min thereafter until return to baseline. Ambient humidity was concurrently recorded. Subconjunctival hemorrhage was scored 0, 2, and 7 days after injection. CTT values were converted to corneal pressure tolerance (CPT, g/mm²) using humidity-adjusted exponential regression. Data were compared between treatments using mixed model analysis (significance p < 0.05).

Results: Mean ± standard deviation total anesthesia time was significantly longer with DR (196 ± 121 vs. 103 ± 47 min R, p = 0.02). Evidence of significant differences between treatments was not seen for minimum CTT, duration of minimum CTT, maximal CPT, or hemorrhage scores. However, time to minimum CTT was longer for DR (32 ± 12 vs. 16 ± 10 min R, p < 0.001). Subconjunctival hemorrhage resolved within 7 days of injection.

Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine prolongs corneal anesthesia from subconjunctival ropivacaine in horses but delays the onset. Further studies are needed to assess efficacy in diseased eyes.