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Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications最新文献

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Novel Nanocomposite Refractive Index Tuning Mechanism Based on Controlling Embedded Particle Morphology 基于嵌入粒子形态控制的新型纳米复合材料折射率调谐机制
Sipan Liu, Md. Didarul Islam, Z. Ku, A. Urbas, J. Derov, D. Boyd, Woohong Kim, J. Sanghera, J. Ryu
This study investigates the embedded nanoparticles’ morphology and distribution effects on the effective refractive index (RI) of composite. The study is based on the FEA model for the Fabry-Pérot interference cavity made from the nanocomposite film. The composites’ effective RI can be derived from the simulation reflection spectrum. In constant particle volume fraction condition, the embedded particles with a larger diameter, locating at the region with high electric field and having longer side length along the electric field oscillating direction, are identified as the factors to reinforce the effective RI. For 4 μm incident light-wave, as controlling the diameter from 24.8 nm to 212 nm, distribution from middle-gathered (high electric field region) to top-bottom gathered (low electric field region), and the rectangular cylinder particle shortest side along electric field oscillating direction to longest side along electric field oscillating direction, the effective RI increasing from 1.687 to 1.719, 1.638 to 1.745 and 1.66 to 1.901, respectively. The underlying RI shifting principle is recognized from the light scattering loss by embedded nanoparticles. This discovering provides one novel idea for next-generation real-time RI tuning structure and device.
研究了包埋纳米颗粒的形态和分布对复合材料有效折射率的影响。本文的研究是基于纳米复合材料制成的法布里-普氏干涉腔的有限元模型。通过模拟反射谱可以得到复合材料的有效RI。在颗粒体积分数恒定的条件下,粒径较大、位于电场强区域、沿电场振荡方向边长较长的嵌入颗粒是增强有效RI的因素。对于4 μm入射光波,将直径控制在24.8 nm ~ 212 nm,由中聚集(高电场区)向上下聚集(低电场区)分布,矩形柱状粒子沿电场振荡方向的最短边向最长边增加,有效RI分别从1.687增加到1.719,从1.638增加到1.745,从1.66增加到1.901。从纳米颗粒的光散射损失中可以识别出潜在的RI位移原理。这一发现为下一代实时RI调谐结构和器件提供了一种新的思路。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of Cyclic Corrosion and Joining Method on the Strength of Multimaterial Double Lap Joints 循环腐蚀及连接方式对复合材料双搭接接头强度的影响
Marco Gerini Romagnoli, Chao Yang, S. Nassar
The effect of cyclic corrosion on the static performance of multi-material double lap joints is investigated. Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced thermoplastic composite substrates are joined to Aluminum substrates using bonding-only, bolting-only, or by hybrid bonding-and-bolting methods. Polyurethane-based or epoxy-based structural adhesives are used. Surface roughness is maintained constant and evaluated with an optical profilometer. The quasi-static performance of baseline joints is assessed, and the results from the various joining methods are compared. Cyclic corrosion testing of Double Lap joints is performed in accordance with a GMW14872 3-stage laboratory standards for 30 one-full-day cycles. Quasi-static lap shear tests of test samples are performed at various stages of corrosion cycling, and progressive strength degradation is observed for bonded-only and hybrid bonded-and-bolted joints. Bolted-only joints do not show significant performance loss. Results, discussion, and conclusions are provided.
研究了循环腐蚀对多材料双搭接接头静力性能的影响。碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料基板与铝基板的连接方式为仅粘合、仅螺栓连接或混合粘合和螺栓连接。使用聚氨酯基或环氧基结构粘合剂。表面粗糙度保持恒定,并用光学轮廓仪进行评估。对基线节点的准静态性能进行了评估,并对不同连接方法的结果进行了比较。双搭接循环腐蚀试验按照GMW14872 3阶段实验室标准进行30个全天循环。在腐蚀循环的不同阶段对试件进行了准静态搭接剪切试验,发现纯粘结和混合粘结螺栓连接的强度逐渐退化。仅螺栓连接不会表现出明显的性能损失。提供了结果、讨论和结论。
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引用次数: 0
Ultrasound Assisted Production of Metal Foam From Polyurethane Precursor 超声辅助聚氨酯前驱体制备金属泡沫
Asima Zahoor, A. Mourad
Metal foam is a novel class of metals that is inspired by naturally occurring, functionally graded, cellular structures like wood and bones. The properties of metal foam are so diverse that they can be tailored to suit the particular need, hence the study of metal foams has become attractive to researchers and efforts are being made to optimize the methodology to develop the metal foam. Most of the production methods cannot be widely utilized because of difficult process control and high production costs. One of the most economical ways to produce metal foam is adopting conventional electro deposition technique. The electro deposition technique starts from first metalizing the non-conducting polymeric foam and then electrically depositing metal onto this metallized precursor foam with open cells and later the precursor is removed by the sintering process. The main hindrance in this process is that foam being multi layered, a uniform deposition of the metal in the inner layers of the foam was not achieved. After sintering it was found that the foam sample turned out hollow at the center, due to lack or very less deposition of the metal. Experiments aiming to overcome this problem of non-uniform deposition of the metal in the inner layers of the precursor were conducted. It was found that mechanical agitation in the form of low frequency ultrasound promoted the uniform electro deposition throughout the metalized multilayered precursor. Finally, desired strength foam was produced.
金属泡沫是一类新型金属,其灵感来自于自然发生的、功能分级的细胞结构,如木材和骨头。金属泡沫的性质是如此的多样化,以至于它们可以根据特定的需要进行定制,因此金属泡沫的研究已经成为研究人员的吸引力,并且正在努力优化开发金属泡沫的方法。大多数生产方法由于过程控制困难、生产成本高而不能广泛应用。采用传统的电沉积技术是制备金属泡沫最经济的方法之一。电沉积技术首先将非导电聚合物泡沫金属化,然后将金属电沉积在具有开口孔的金属化前驱体泡沫上,然后通过烧结过程去除前驱体。该工艺的主要障碍是泡沫是多层的,金属在泡沫内层的均匀沉积是无法实现的。烧结后发现,由于缺乏或很少沉积金属,泡沫样品在中心出现空心。为了克服金属在前驱体内层不均匀沉积的问题,进行了实验。研究发现,低频超声形式的机械搅拌促进了多层金属化前驱体的均匀电沉积。最后得到了要求强度的泡沫。
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引用次数: 0
Temperature-Dependent Impact Properties of ABS Polymer ABS聚合物的温度依赖性冲击性能
Max Kratzok, A. Saigal, M. Zimmerman
Polymeric materials are composed of chains of molecules known as monomers which are held together by secondary bonds. Amorphous polymers have a glass transition temperature above which their behavior transitions from glassy to viscoelastic, meaning they act like both a viscous liquid and an elastic solid. This concept may seem familiar to anyone who has used Silly Putty®; bouncing a ball of Silly Putty causes the material to behave elastically whereas it will flow into a puddle if left on a table overnight. Time temperature superposition (TTS) describes the dependence of viscoelastic mechanical properties on time and temperature. Repeating the Silly Putty experiment at a different temperature will change how long it takes to reach the same end mechanical property. The Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation empirically defines the relationship between a temperature shift and a shift in the timescale for a specific material property. It has been widely used for materials undergoing low rates of strain (e.g. creep, stress relaxation), but it applies to any property of viscoelastic behavior. This paper examines modeling the temperature-dependent impact behavior of polymers based on the WLF equation. Although polymers experience viscoelastic behavior for an incredibly short time prior to fracture, the strong temperature dependence and past literature suggest the validity of the WLF equation to higher rates of strain as demonstrated herein for the energy absorption of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) undergoing high-velocity multiaxial impact tests.
聚合材料是由称为单体的分子链组成的,这些分子链通过二级键连接在一起。非晶聚合物具有玻璃化转变温度,在此温度以上,它们的行为从玻璃态转变为粘弹性,这意味着它们的行为既像粘性液体又像弹性固体。这个概念似乎熟悉的任何人谁使用橡皮泥®;弹跳橡皮泥球会使这种材料表现出弹性,而如果把它放在桌子上过夜,它会流进水坑里。时间-温度叠加(TTS)描述了粘弹性力学性能对时间和温度的依赖关系。在不同的温度下重复橡皮泥实验会改变达到相同末端机械性能所需的时间。Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF)方程根据经验定义了特定材料性质的温度变化和时间尺度变化之间的关系。它已被广泛用于经历低应变速率(如蠕变,应力松弛)的材料,但它适用于任何粘弹性行为的性质。本文研究了基于WLF方程的聚合物随温度变化的冲击行为建模。尽管聚合物在断裂前会经历非常短的粘弹性行为,但强烈的温度依赖性和过去的文献表明,WLF方程适用于更高的应变速率,正如本文所示,在高速多轴冲击试验中,丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)的能量吸收。
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引用次数: 1
Atomistic Simulation of Interface Effects in Hybrid Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Incorporating ZnO Nanowires ZnO纳米线混杂碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料界面效应的原子模拟
P. Marashizadeh, M. Abshirini, M. Saha, Liangliang Huang, Yingtao Liu
This paper reports a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study for evaluating the interfacial properties of ZnO nanowire (NW)/carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hybrid composites. Molecular structures of the hybrid composite components, including cross-linked epoxy, graphene sheet representing carbon fiber surface, and ZnO NW are simulated. A representative volume element (RVE) is modeled at the nanoscale containing a ZnO NW vertically aligned on the carbon fiber surface and embedded in the epoxy matrix. Normal displacement load is applied to the carbon fiber sheet to separate it from the ZnO NW perpendicular to the fiber sheet. The traction-separation properties of the interface between fiber and the enhanced matrix are evaluated. The cohesive parameters, including the interfacial strength and the cohesive energy in the ZnO NW hybrid model, are compared with the bare model (fiber and epoxy). The MD simulation results show a 98% improvement in the cohesive energy and 130% improvement in interfacial strength of the hybrid CFRP composites. This study demonstrates the promising effect of aligning ZnO on the fibers for enhancing fiber-matrix adhesion.
本文采用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究了ZnO纳米线(NW)/碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)混杂复合材料的界面性能。模拟了交联环氧树脂、石墨烯片代表碳纤维表面和ZnO NW等杂化复合材料组分的分子结构。在纳米尺度上建立了一种具有代表性的体积单元(RVE),其中ZnO NW垂直排列在碳纤维表面并嵌入环氧树脂基体中。对碳纤维片施加法向位移载荷,使其与垂直于纤维片的ZnO NW分离。对纤维与增强基体界面的拉伸分离性能进行了评价。对比了ZnO NW杂化模型与裸模型(纤维和环氧树脂)的界面强度和结合能等粘结参数。MD模拟结果表明,复合材料的黏结能提高98%,界面强度提高130%。该研究证明了在纤维上排列ZnO以增强纤维-基质粘附性的良好效果。
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引用次数: 1
Constitutive Modeling and Validation of Sintered Metal Powders Subjected to Large Strains and High Strain Rates 大应变和高应变率下烧结金属粉末的本构建模与验证
Ashby West, Garrett Venable, M. Flanagan, Evan Harris, B. Davis, F. T. Davidson, J. Hanus
The development of advanced small caliber weapon systems has resulted in rounds with more material penetration capabilities. The increased capabilities may mean that existing live-fire facilities will no longer be adequate for the training and certification of military and law enforcement personnel, which could result in training constraints and possibly expensive upgrades to improve the safety of existing facilities. New training ammunition manufactured from novel structural materials are needed to allow for the safe, continued use of live-fire shoot house facilities. The goal of this project is to characterize a sintered metal powder and fit a suitable constitutive model for simulation in support of numerical design. A pressed and sintered blend of copper-tin was selected as a suitable representative material for this application. Samples were tested in uniaxial compression under quasi-static conditions and elevated temperatures. Dynamic compression testing at strain rates up to approximately 105 s−1 was conducted using a split-Hopkinson bar. The results of these tests were then used to fit Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong strength models to the test data. The models were fit by selecting points from test data at different strain rates and elevated temperatures. This system of equations was then solved for each model while using the same test data to ensure a fair comparison of the results. A Mie-Gruneisen equation of state for the material was estimated using a rule of mixtures and existing shock and particle velocity data. Taylor cylinder tests were conducted and the rate of change in length was measured using high-speed video. Simulation of the Taylor tests was conducted using the developed strength and equation of state model and compared to the experimental results for model validation and comparison. Both the Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong models resulted in less than 1% error of the Taylor cylinder results before material fracture. Further development of a fracture model for this material is recommended for use in high strain rate modeling applications.
先进小口径武器系统的发展使得弹药具有更强的穿透能力。能力的增加可能意味着现有的实弹设施将不再足以训练和核证军事和执法人员,这可能造成训练限制和可能昂贵的升级,以改善现有设施的安全。需要用新型结构材料制造新的训练弹药,以便安全、持续地使用实弹射击房设施。该项目的目标是表征烧结金属粉末,并拟合合适的本构模型进行模拟,以支持数值设计。选择了一种压烧结铜锡共混物作为这种应用的合适代表材料。样品在准静态条件和高温下进行单轴压缩测试。采用分离式霍普金森杆进行应变率约为105 s−1的动态压缩试验。然后使用这些测试的结果来拟合Johnson-Cook和zerili - armstrong强度模型。从不同应变速率和高温下的试验数据中选取点进行拟合。然后,在使用相同的测试数据的同时,对每个模型求解该方程组,以确保结果的公平比较。使用混合规则和现有的激波和粒子速度数据估计了材料的Mie-Gruneisen状态方程。进行了泰勒圆柱体试验,并使用高速视频测量了长度变化率。采用所建立的强度和状态方程模型对Taylor试验进行了仿真,并与试验结果进行了对比,验证了模型的有效性。Johnson-Cook模型和zerillil - armstrong模型与材料断裂前的Taylor圆柱体结果误差均小于1%。建议进一步开发这种材料的断裂模型,用于高应变率建模应用。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Pore Size Distribution and Mechanical Properties of Porous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Structures Using Solvent Evaporation Technique 用溶剂蒸发技术研究多孔聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)结构的孔径分布和力学性能
M. Abshirini, M. Altan, Yingtao Liu, M. Saha
This paper reports a fast and straightforward method for controlling the pore size distribution and mechanical properties of porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures. The solvent evaporation-induced phase separation is implemented for the fabrication of absorbent PDMS sheets. The ternary polymer solution containing PDMS, water (nonsolvent), and three different solvents are prepared. Tetrahydrofuran, Heptane, and Toluene are the solvents explored in this study. The stepping heat treatment is applied to the sample to control the solvent evaporation and trigger the phase separation. The pore morphology and pore size distribution are explored using the scanning electron microscope images captured from the internal surface. The results demonstrate that the pore microstructure is sensitive to the solvent used in polymer solution preparation. Besides, the mechanical properties of the porous PDMS sheets are characterized by tensile testing of the dog bone-shaped specimens cut from the sheets. The results indicate that the elastic modulus of the porous PDMS is dependent on the pore size distribution of the structure. Moreover, the mechanical properties and pore microstructure are shown to be dependent on the solvent type used in the mixture.
本文报道了一种快速、直接的方法来控制多孔聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)结构的孔径分布和力学性能。采用溶剂蒸发诱导相分离的方法制备了吸水性PDMS片材。制备了含PDMS、水(非溶剂)和三种不同溶剂的三元聚合物溶液。四氢呋喃、庚烷和甲苯是本研究探讨的溶剂。对样品进行步进热处理,控制溶剂蒸发,触发相分离。利用扫描电子显微镜从内表面捕获的图像探索了孔隙形态和孔径分布。结果表明,孔结构对聚合物溶液制备中所用的溶剂非常敏感。此外,通过从多孔PDMS板材上切割狗骨状试样进行拉伸试验,表征了多孔PDMS板材的力学性能。结果表明,多孔PDMS的弹性模量与结构的孔径分布有关。此外,力学性能和孔隙微观结构显示依赖于在混合物中使用的溶剂类型。
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引用次数: 0
Solder Paste Additives for Thermal Expansion Control 用于热膨胀控制的锡膏添加剂
P. Capela, M. S. Souza, S. Costa, M. Fernandes, H. Figueiredo, R. Alves, I. Delgado, J. Teixeira, D. Soares
Most electronic failures that occur in equipment are due to stresses induced by differences in the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of the different materials in a Printed Circuit Board Assemblies (PCBA). During a thermal cycle, the incompatibility of CTE between the PCB and the components induces shear fatigue that may affect the reliability of the solder interconnections on the PCB, which can eventually lead to fracture and failure of the joints and the PCB. Due to the advancement in the electronic components industry, interest from the researcher’s point of view has grown in studying the influence of additives in the solder alloys, in relation to microstructure, physical and mechanical properties and, mainly in the CTE. In this work two types of additives (Bi and graphite powder) were tested in order to reduce the CTE of a lead-free solder (SAC305) solder paste for reflow soldering. Because the selected additives have different characteristics, namely different densities, a different method of SAC305 solder additivation was tested for each type of additive. For Bi addition in SAC305 alloy (up to 6.5 wt.%), after a mechanical mixing of it, with the solder paste, a fusion technique (with a thermal cycle similar to the used on the reflow soldering) was used. For composites with graphite (addition up to 0.1 wt.%) a double-printing method was used in order to achieve a homogeneous additive distribution, so that graphite remained in the final ingot. These additivated solder alloys were chemically analyzed and characterized for thermogravimetric properties. Samples microstructure were characterized by SEM/EDS analysis, and also they were tested for their electrical resistivity. With graphite addition there is a slight increase on the initial alloy melting temperature (∼1.5°C) and with Bi an almost linear decrease was obtained (∼16 °C for the higher tested Bi addition). Composites with bismuth have a decrease trend, with the additive increase content until close to 5%. The CTE value decreases almost linearly ((from 25 to ∼14.5 μm/(m·°C); R2 = 0.9905). However, the sample of SAC305 + 6.5% Bi does not follow this trend, which may indicate that for these and higher amounts of bismuth, the composite CTE stabilizes. For composites with graphite there is a reduction of CTE (from 25 to ∼17 μm/(m·°C) for 0.04 wt. % graphite addition). For higher graphite additions the CTE seems to increase. The obtained results show that both additives can be used in order to achieve a CTE target value close to the PCB copper PAD (17 μm/(m·°C). However, the mixing method used for graphite mixing on solder paste cannot be directly transposed to the reflow soldering technique.
设备中发生的大多数电子故障是由于印刷电路板组件(PCBA)中不同材料的热膨胀系数(CTE)差异引起的应力引起的。在热循环过程中,PCB与组件之间的CTE不兼容会产生剪切疲劳,从而影响PCB上焊料互连的可靠性,最终导致接头和PCB的断裂和失效。由于电子元件工业的进步,从研究人员的角度来看,研究焊料合金中添加剂对微观结构、物理和机械性能的影响,主要是在CTE方面的影响越来越大。为了降低一种用于回流焊的无铅焊料(SAC305)锡膏的CTE,本文对两种添加剂(铋和石墨粉)进行了测试。由于所选择的添加剂具有不同的特性,即不同的密度,因此对每种类型的添加剂进行了不同的SAC305焊料添加方法测试。对于在SAC305合金中添加Bi(高达6.5% wt.%),在将其与锡膏进行机械混合后,使用熔化技术(与回流焊接中使用的热循环相似)。对于含有石墨的复合材料(添加量高达0.1 wt.%),采用双重印刷方法,以实现均匀的添加剂分布,使石墨留在最终铸锭中。对这些钎料合金进行了化学分析和热重表征。采用SEM/EDS对样品的微观结构进行了表征,并进行了电阻率测试。随着石墨的加入,合金的初始熔化温度略有升高(~ 1.5°C),而随着Bi的加入,合金的熔化温度几乎呈线性下降(对于较高的Bi添加量,合金的熔化温度为~ 16°C)。添加铋的复合材料随添加剂含量的增加有降低的趋势,直到接近5%。CTE值几乎呈线性下降(从25 ~ ~ 14.5 μm/(m·°C);R2 = 0.9905)。然而,SAC305 + 6.5% Bi的样品没有遵循这一趋势,这可能表明对于这些和更高量的铋,复合CTE稳定。对于石墨复合材料,CTE降低(0.04 wt. %的石墨添加量从25 μm/(m·°C)降至~ 17 μm/(m·°C))。对于较高的石墨添加量,CTE似乎有所增加。结果表明,两种添加剂均可使CTE的目标值接近PCB铜PAD (17 μm/(m·°C))。然而,在锡膏上混合石墨的混合方法不能直接转置到回流焊接技术中。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Developments in Processing and Characterization of Metal Foam: Review 金属泡沫材料的加工与表征研究进展综述
Asima Zahoor, A. Mourad
Metal foam is a novel class of metals that is inspired by naturally occurring, functionally graded, cellular structures like wood and bones. Owing to the diverse physical and mechanical properties that can be tailored to suit a particular need, metal foams have become attractive to researchers and efforts are being made to optimize the methodology to develop the metal foam. This paper presents an overview of all the traditional and the state of art manufacturing methods adopted till date with their advantages and limitations as well. The manuscript further investigates characterization techniques used to characterize metal foam. Also, a summary of the most relevant applications with actual examples is presented.
金属泡沫是一类新型金属,其灵感来自于自然发生的、功能分级的细胞结构,如木材和骨头。由于金属泡沫具有多种物理和机械性能,可以根据特定需要进行定制,因此研究人员对金属泡沫具有吸引力,并且正在努力优化开发金属泡沫的方法。本文概述了迄今为止采用的所有传统和最先进的制造方法,以及它们的优点和局限性。手稿进一步调查表征技术用于表征金属泡沫。同时,通过实例对最相关的应用进行了总结。
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引用次数: 1
Probabilistic Study of Corrosion Pit-Induced Fatigue 腐蚀坑诱发疲劳的概率研究
Benjamin Starr, Serge L. Shishkin, C. Sahay, Suhash Ghosh
Corrosion fatigue is the major damage mechanism responsible for the premature failure of the aircrafts and turbine parts, especially in the marine environment. It has been seen that even relatively mild corrosive atmospheres can reduce the fatigue strength of many structures considerably as compared to their fatigue strength in dry air. The process starts with the surface degradation due to the corrosion pits, that become fatigue initiation sites and the initial damage when the part is loaded. Microstructure and morphology of the surface pits is critical for the crack initiation. It is assumed that the cracks are initiated at the sharp corners and bottoms of the narrow “micropits”. The paper provides a statistical characterization of the crack initiation process based on these pits’ density and microstructure distribution. Based on the surface damage initiation analysis, new morphological characteristics combining the pit size and highest curvature are introduced and have shown to be the efficient metrics for pitting fatigue with the distribution of introduced morphological characteristics. The distribution of these characteristics is estimated from the measured data. Effects of pitting morphology are evaluated for various heat-treated Aluminum 2024 specimens, with varying distribution of pit shapes and curvatures. The statistical distribution of specimen life is estimated using the “weakest link” approach, that is, by computing the probability that at least one crack is initiated anywhere on the surface. The paper contains a detailed description of crack initiation’s statistical model, methodology of corrosion parameter estimation and representative numerical examples of statistical modeling. The surface pit characterization has been nondestructively measured on a Zygo ZeGage 3D profiler. The ZeGage uses a Coherence Scanning Interferometry (CSI) technique which uses the wavelength of light to define its high precision. A carefully calibrated CSI profiler can measure a larger range of surface qualities with repeatable results in sub-nanometer precision. High magnification (20x, 50x, 100x) lenses increase the versatility in measuring even smoother surfaces. Large area scanning was done using a segmentation approach. A large field of view of the selected lens and automated rapid scanning allowed for reasonably smaller data files obtained after stitching these individual segments.
腐蚀疲劳是导致飞机和涡轮部件过早失效的主要损伤机制,特别是在海洋环境中。已经看到,与干燥空气中的疲劳强度相比,即使是相对温和的腐蚀性大气也会大大降低许多结构的疲劳强度。这一过程开始于由于腐蚀坑引起的表面退化,腐蚀坑成为疲劳起始点和零件加载时的初始损伤。表面凹坑的微观组织和形貌是裂纹萌生的关键。假定裂纹起源于狭窄的“微坑”的尖角和底部。根据这些凹坑的密度和微观组织分布,对裂纹萌生过程进行了统计表征。在表面损伤起爆分析的基础上,引入了由坑尺寸和最高曲率组成的新的形态特征,并通过引入的形态特征的分布证明了这些特征是有效的点蚀疲劳度量指标。这些特性的分布是由实测数据估计出来的。在不同的坑形分布和曲率下,评价了不同热处理铝2024试样的点蚀形貌的影响。试样寿命的统计分布是使用“最薄弱环节”方法来估计的,即通过计算表面任何地方至少产生一个裂纹的概率。本文详细介绍了裂纹起裂的统计模型、腐蚀参数估计的方法以及统计建模的代表性数值实例。在Zygo ZeGage三维轮廓仪上对表面凹坑特征进行了无损测量。ZeGage使用相干扫描干涉测量(CSI)技术,该技术使用光的波长来定义其高精度。精心校准的CSI分析器可以测量更大范围的表面质量,并具有亚纳米精度的可重复结果。高放大倍率(20倍,50倍,100倍)镜头增加了测量更光滑表面的通用性。采用分割方法进行大面积扫描。所选镜头的大视场和自动快速扫描允许在拼接这些单独的片段后获得相当小的数据文件。
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Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications
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