M. Vilarinho, P. Araújo, J. Teixeira, Elisabete Silva, Dionísio Silveira, D. Soares, M. Paiva, Daniel Ribeiro, Marisa Branco
The protection of human life and goods assumes a growing concern in all forms of activities. The fire and smoke curtains act as a physical barrier to prevent the fire from spreading between spaces as well as to staunch the smoke and heat transfer to adjacent areas, while causing minimal interference. Usually, curtains are based on fiber structures that can be coated to enhance their protective capabilities. Also, the fiber structure can be developed into a complex pattern of 2D and 3D threads, with single or multiple materials that can be tailored to optimize its behavior. The thermal and fire protection depends on the fibers, fabric pattern and coatings. The present paper reports the development of novel coated structures of fibers used for fire protection curtains. Basalt and glass fibers are used as yarn materials. Following the certification standards the samples were assessed for their thermal resistance by measuring the temperature differential they provide while their integrity is evaluated. The sample is placed under stress in an attempt to mimic its own weight effect when in service. The temperature is monitored using thermocouples which are placed at both sides of the fabric and the integrity parameter is assessed through the occurrence of fabric rupture and smoke and/or odor release motivated by its deterioration. Regarding the uncoated samples, the one composed of glass-fiber in both directions presents the best thermal performance. The addition of an alumina coating significantly improves the performance of all samples. However, while a thinner (0.05 μm) alumina layer provides better results for the sample with glass-fiber in both warp and weft directions, the behavior of samples composed of glass-fiber and basalt is superior when a thicker (0.3 μm) alumina layer is used. In both cases, an alumina coating application results in an increase of the gradient temperature (between curtain inside/outside temperatures) of about 38.0% (310.0 °C vs. 427.0 °C for the first and 386.0 °C vs. 526.0 °C for the latter.
在所有形式的活动中，对人的生命和财产的保护日益受到关注。防火和防烟帘作为物理屏障，防止火灾在空间之间蔓延，并阻止烟雾和热量传递到邻近区域，同时造成最小的干扰。通常，窗帘是基于纤维结构，可以涂覆以增强其防护能力。此外，纤维结构可以发展成2D和3D螺纹的复杂图案，可以使用单一或多种材料进行定制以优化其性能。隔热和防火性能取决于纤维、织物图案和涂层。本文报道了用于防火窗帘的新型纤维涂层结构的发展。玄武岩纤维和玻璃纤维是纱线的原料。根据认证标准，通过测量样品提供的温差来评估样品的耐热性，同时评估样品的完整性。样品被置于压力下，试图模拟其在使用时的重量效应。使用放置在织物两侧的热电偶来监测温度，并通过织物破裂的发生以及由其劣化引起的烟雾和/或气味释放来评估完整性参数。对于未包覆的样品，双向玻璃纤维组成的样品表现出最好的热性能。氧化铝涂层的加入显著提高了所有样品的性能。然而，当氧化铝层较薄(0.05 μm)时，经向和纬向玻璃纤维样品的性能都较好，而当氧化铝层较厚(0.3 μm)时，玻璃纤维和玄武岩样品的性能都较好。在这两种情况下，氧化铝涂层的应用导致梯度温度(窗帘内外温度之间)增加约38.0%(310.0°C vs. 427.0°C, 386.0°C vs. 526.0°C)。
{"title":"Influence of Coating on High Performance Heat Resistant Textile Curtains","authors":"M. Vilarinho, P. Araújo, J. Teixeira, Elisabete Silva, Dionísio Silveira, D. Soares, M. Paiva, Daniel Ribeiro, Marisa Branco","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73307","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The protection of human life and goods assumes a growing concern in all forms of activities. The fire and smoke curtains act as a physical barrier to prevent the fire from spreading between spaces as well as to staunch the smoke and heat transfer to adjacent areas, while causing minimal interference. Usually, curtains are based on fiber structures that can be coated to enhance their protective capabilities. Also, the fiber structure can be developed into a complex pattern of 2D and 3D threads, with single or multiple materials that can be tailored to optimize its behavior. The thermal and fire protection depends on the fibers, fabric pattern and coatings.\u0000 The present paper reports the development of novel coated structures of fibers used for fire protection curtains. Basalt and glass fibers are used as yarn materials.\u0000 Following the certification standards the samples were assessed for their thermal resistance by measuring the temperature differential they provide while their integrity is evaluated. The sample is placed under stress in an attempt to mimic its own weight effect when in service. The temperature is monitored using thermocouples which are placed at both sides of the fabric and the integrity parameter is assessed through the occurrence of fabric rupture and smoke and/or odor release motivated by its deterioration.\u0000 Regarding the uncoated samples, the one composed of glass-fiber in both directions presents the best thermal performance. The addition of an alumina coating significantly improves the performance of all samples. However, while a thinner (0.05 μm) alumina layer provides better results for the sample with glass-fiber in both warp and weft directions, the behavior of samples composed of glass-fiber and basalt is superior when a thicker (0.3 μm) alumina layer is used. In both cases, an alumina coating application results in an increase of the gradient temperature (between curtain inside/outside temperatures) of about 38.0% (310.0 °C vs. 427.0 °C for the first and 386.0 °C vs. 526.0 °C for the latter.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86509342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chi Zhan, Mingzhe Li, R. Mccoy, Linda Zhao, Weiyi Lu
Re-entrant honeycombs with negative Poisson’s ratio have shown great potential as lightweight energy absorbers for various applications. However, due to its bending-dominated behavior, the structural stability and energy absorption capacity of reentrant honeycombs are yet to be further improved. It has been demonstrated that hierarchical structures exhibit a combination of lightweight and superior mechanical properties. We hypothesize that by introducing the triangular hierarchical substructures into the conventional cell walls, the bending-dominated behavior of re-entrant honeycombs can be converted into the stretching-dominated one. Consequently, the overall structural stability of the hierarchical re-entrant honeycombs can be promoted through local deformation of hierarchy, which can potentially benefit the energy absorption capacity of the resulted structure. To test our hypothesis, we first fabricate the hierarchical reentrant honeycombs with length scale ranging from micrometer to centimeter using Polyjet 3D-printing technique. Regular reentrant honeycombs with solid struts have been fabricated as baseline structures. The mechanical performance of the honeycombs has been characterized through uniaxial quasi-static compression tests. Besides, the local deformation mechanisms of the hierarchical structure have been revealed by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In comparison to the regular re-entrant honeycomb, the global failure strain of hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb is enhanced by 36%. This is due to the improved structural stability from local fracture and densification of the triangular hierarchy. Both the regular and hierarchical honeycombs exhibit the same specific energy absorption capacity. As predicted by the existing scaling laws, the hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb has great potential to outperform regular one by optimizing the relative density of the structure. A finite element model of the hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb has been developed by using commercial software Abaqus/CAE 2020. The model has been calibrated by the experimental data. Within the elastic region, the simulated deformation modes show good agreement with experimental observations. When the relative density of the regular re-entrant honeycombs equals to the hierarchical ones, the model predicts that the hierarchical re-entrant honeycombs have superior energy absorption performance with enhanced stiffness and yield strength in comparison to the regular ones. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that by introducing hierarchical structure into re-entrant honeycomb, the structural stability has been improved. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure endows re-entrant honeycomb with lightweight yet competitive energy absorption capacity.
{"title":"3D-Printed Hierarchical Re-Entrant Honeycomb With Improved Structural Stability Under Quasi-Static Compressive Loading","authors":"Chi Zhan, Mingzhe Li, R. Mccoy, Linda Zhao, Weiyi Lu","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-68961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68961","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Re-entrant honeycombs with negative Poisson’s ratio have shown great potential as lightweight energy absorbers for various applications. However, due to its bending-dominated behavior, the structural stability and energy absorption capacity of reentrant honeycombs are yet to be further improved. It has been demonstrated that hierarchical structures exhibit a combination of lightweight and superior mechanical properties. We hypothesize that by introducing the triangular hierarchical substructures into the conventional cell walls, the bending-dominated behavior of re-entrant honeycombs can be converted into the stretching-dominated one. Consequently, the overall structural stability of the hierarchical re-entrant honeycombs can be promoted through local deformation of hierarchy, which can potentially benefit the energy absorption capacity of the resulted structure.\u0000 To test our hypothesis, we first fabricate the hierarchical reentrant honeycombs with length scale ranging from micrometer to centimeter using Polyjet 3D-printing technique. Regular reentrant honeycombs with solid struts have been fabricated as baseline structures. The mechanical performance of the honeycombs has been characterized through uniaxial quasi-static compression tests. Besides, the local deformation mechanisms of the hierarchical structure have been revealed by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In comparison to the regular re-entrant honeycomb, the global failure strain of hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb is enhanced by 36%. This is due to the improved structural stability from local fracture and densification of the triangular hierarchy. Both the regular and hierarchical honeycombs exhibit the same specific energy absorption capacity. As predicted by the existing scaling laws, the hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb has great potential to outperform regular one by optimizing the relative density of the structure.\u0000 A finite element model of the hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb has been developed by using commercial software Abaqus/CAE 2020. The model has been calibrated by the experimental data. Within the elastic region, the simulated deformation modes show good agreement with experimental observations. When the relative density of the regular re-entrant honeycombs equals to the hierarchical ones, the model predicts that the hierarchical re-entrant honeycombs have superior energy absorption performance with enhanced stiffness and yield strength in comparison to the regular ones.\u0000 In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that by introducing hierarchical structure into re-entrant honeycomb, the structural stability has been improved. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure endows re-entrant honeycomb with lightweight yet competitive energy absorption capacity.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79431109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a powerful technique that can detect internal defects and differentiate between different materials making XCT a valuable non-destructive evaluation (NDE). However, when X-ray CT is employed as an NDE method, the scanning parameters and methodology are often underreported leading to a lack of consensus on the optimal scanning parameters to use when analyzing a particular metal or alloy. In this study, 16-bit X-ray CT scans are employed to characterize AA2011. Four parameters are investigated: scan (voxel) resolution, tube voltage, tube current, and sample size (thickness). Two sample disks are scanned simultaneously at an image bit depth of 16-bit. Mean and standard deviation Hounsfield Unit (HU) values are calculated which are then used to develop a predictive model for these two values. The model equation is used to produce surface plots to determine desired scanning parameters combination for characterizing AA2011 HU mean and standard deviation values. It is concluded that higher scanning resolution (smaller voxel), larger tube voltage and tube current settings, and thicker samples result in smaller of standard deviation HU values and converged mean HU values when scanning AA2011.
{"title":"X-Ray Computed Tomography (XCT) Scanning Parameters Effects on the Hounsfield Unit (HU) Measurements for AA2011","authors":"A. Baydoun, R. Hamade","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-67415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-67415","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a powerful technique that can detect internal defects and differentiate between different materials making XCT a valuable non-destructive evaluation (NDE). However, when X-ray CT is employed as an NDE method, the scanning parameters and methodology are often underreported leading to a lack of consensus on the optimal scanning parameters to use when analyzing a particular metal or alloy.\u0000 In this study, 16-bit X-ray CT scans are employed to characterize AA2011. Four parameters are investigated: scan (voxel) resolution, tube voltage, tube current, and sample size (thickness). Two sample disks are scanned simultaneously at an image bit depth of 16-bit. Mean and standard deviation Hounsfield Unit (HU) values are calculated which are then used to develop a predictive model for these two values. The model equation is used to produce surface plots to determine desired scanning parameters combination for characterizing AA2011 HU mean and standard deviation values. It is concluded that higher scanning resolution (smaller voxel), larger tube voltage and tube current settings, and thicker samples result in smaller of standard deviation HU values and converged mean HU values when scanning AA2011.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75031602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the field of additive manufacturing (AM), mid-print failure is exceedingly common due to user error, bad design, or environmental factors that cannot be readily prepared for. This holds for most if not all types of AM, but perhaps none more so than the popular Filament Deposition Modeling (FDM) method machines. Absent total power failure, the bulk of the common modes of failure in FDM can be expressed as having an immediate impact on the mechanical system, whether that be a head collision due to warping, increased pressure on the stepper as it tries to push jammed filament, etc. The open loop nature of FDM machines does nothing to help the high rate of failure that FDM printers are known for compared to traditional methods of manufacturing. In this paper, a method for predicting failure due to mechanical malfunction of an FDM 3D printer is presented. The method proposed seeks to close the loop on FDM machines by characterizing the vibrations of the stepper motors which comprise an FDM machine. Using the acoustic emissions, a classifier is trained in order to assess the state of a print based off of supervised learning of known modes of failure. The resulting model is able to successfully predict jamming or air printing during a print with 90% training accuracy.
{"title":"Detection of Jamming and Filament Breakage in FDM Using Vibration of Feeder Stepper","authors":"Sean P. Rooney, Emil Pitz, K. Pochiraju","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71283","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the field of additive manufacturing (AM), mid-print failure is exceedingly common due to user error, bad design, or environmental factors that cannot be readily prepared for. This holds for most if not all types of AM, but perhaps none more so than the popular Filament Deposition Modeling (FDM) method machines. Absent total power failure, the bulk of the common modes of failure in FDM can be expressed as having an immediate impact on the mechanical system, whether that be a head collision due to warping, increased pressure on the stepper as it tries to push jammed filament, etc. The open loop nature of FDM machines does nothing to help the high rate of failure that FDM printers are known for compared to traditional methods of manufacturing. In this paper, a method for predicting failure due to mechanical malfunction of an FDM 3D printer is presented. The method proposed seeks to close the loop on FDM machines by characterizing the vibrations of the stepper motors which comprise an FDM machine. Using the acoustic emissions, a classifier is trained in order to assess the state of a print based off of supervised learning of known modes of failure. The resulting model is able to successfully predict jamming or air printing during a print with 90% training accuracy.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75448296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High yield HY-100 steel is a unique alloy and well known for its employment in heavy construction. HY-100 offers good characteristics like ductility, notch toughness, corrosion resistance, and weldability. The physical characteristics and molecular structure of HY-100 steel are also well known; however, there is little known about the effect of high-velocity projectiles impact on this metal alloy’s crystalline structure and material phase. The effects of high-speed velocity impact on the crystalline structure and material phase changes are studied herein experimentally. The results of an impact on the crystalline structure are assessed by impacting HY-100 steel plates (15.4 × 15.4 × 1.27 cm) with Lexan projectiles. A two-stage light gas gun accelerates these projectiles to a velocity of 6.70 km/s at the point of the impact. The impacted plates’ surfaces are prepared as required for inspection by the Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) microscope. Ten regions on each impacted plate area are examined and analyzed after impact. These regions are selected from the area immediately under the impact crater to locations that are not physically affected by the impact. Observations of collected EBSD images show that the predominant phase is Body-Centered Cubic (BCC). Moreover, Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) and Hexagonal-Close-Packed (HCP) phases are also indexed. The samples are also post-impact examined for molecular structure allocation changes. The results were then tabulated according to the regions relative to the impact crater. In this study, traces of HCP were found at some locations in all post-impact stages. This study also indicates that the BCC crystalline structure remained the dominant phase structure after impact, and it is valid with all test samples and all levels of shock loading. At this velocity, the damage zone develops within 5 microseconds due to impacting momentum. HY-100 steel materials go through a reversible phase change when subject to elevated temperature and high quasi-static pressure.
{"title":"Crystalline Phase Changes Due to High-Speed Projectiles Impact on HY100 Steel","authors":"Muna Y. Slewa","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69956","url":null,"abstract":"High yield HY-100 steel is a unique alloy and well known for its employment in heavy construction. HY-100 offers good characteristics like ductility, notch toughness, corrosion resistance, and weldability. The physical characteristics and molecular structure of HY-100 steel are also well known; however, there is little known about the effect of high-velocity projectiles impact on this metal alloy’s crystalline structure and material phase. The effects of high-speed velocity impact on the crystalline structure and material phase changes are studied herein experimentally. The results of an impact on the crystalline structure are assessed by impacting HY-100 steel plates (15.4 × 15.4 × 1.27 cm) with Lexan projectiles. A two-stage light gas gun accelerates these projectiles to a velocity of 6.70 km/s at the point of the impact. The impacted plates’ surfaces are prepared as required for inspection by the Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) microscope. Ten regions on each impacted plate area are examined and analyzed after impact. These regions are selected from the area immediately under the impact crater to locations that are not physically affected by the impact. Observations of collected EBSD images show that the predominant phase is Body-Centered Cubic (BCC). Moreover, Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) and Hexagonal-Close-Packed (HCP) phases are also indexed. The samples are also post-impact examined for molecular structure allocation changes. The results were then tabulated according to the regions relative to the impact crater. In this study, traces of HCP were found at some locations in all post-impact stages. This study also indicates that the BCC crystalline structure remained the dominant phase structure after impact, and it is valid with all test samples and all levels of shock loading. At this velocity, the damage zone develops within 5 microseconds due to impacting momentum. HY-100 steel materials go through a reversible phase change when subject to elevated temperature and high quasi-static pressure.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73665207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seth Addeo, Margaret Nowicki, Kenneth J. McDonald, N. Zander
Filament shredders and extruders greatly expand the additive manufacturing material selection. By using recycled filaments, waste and future costs can be efficiently cut while creating in-house, customizable, filaments. Testing mixed filaments is necessary to determine the physical and chemical benefits and costs of mixing filaments. This work aims to characterize mixtures of Polylactic Acid and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. Mixtures were characterized through tensile strength testing and differential scanning calorimetry of extruded filament samples. The tested mixed filaments were found to be comparable to purchased filaments, with drastic increases in elasticity and decreases in torsional strength and tensile strength. This study shows that while possible to produce mixed filaments, and in spite of their chemical similarities, mixtures are not comparable in physical strength to pure filaments.
{"title":"Strength and Qualities of Mixed Additive Manufacturing Materials","authors":"Seth Addeo, Margaret Nowicki, Kenneth J. McDonald, N. Zander","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70564","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Filament shredders and extruders greatly expand the additive manufacturing material selection. By using recycled filaments, waste and future costs can be efficiently cut while creating in-house, customizable, filaments. Testing mixed filaments is necessary to determine the physical and chemical benefits and costs of mixing filaments. This work aims to characterize mixtures of Polylactic Acid and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. Mixtures were characterized through tensile strength testing and differential scanning calorimetry of extruded filament samples. The tested mixed filaments were found to be comparable to purchased filaments, with drastic increases in elasticity and decreases in torsional strength and tensile strength. This study shows that while possible to produce mixed filaments, and in spite of their chemical similarities, mixtures are not comparable in physical strength to pure filaments.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74458547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony Bombik, Sung Yeon Sara Ha, A. Nasrollahi, M. Haider, F. Chang
Multi-functional Energy Storage Composites (MESC) are composite sandwich structures where battery stack layers are placed between two layers of CFRP and sealed by low-density polyethylene (LDPE), forming a unified material. Because the layered Li-ion stacks have negligible out-of-plain shear stiffness, the two CFRP sheets on both sides of the battery are connected using LDPE rivets that pass through holes cut through the battery layers. The shear transfer mechanism of the rivets substantially enhances the shear stiffness and strength of the MESC. As the first step of preparing a guide for MESC design, the highly coupled mechanical and electrical behavior of MESC was studied through experiments. Several MESC cells were tested under three-point-bending loads. The load, deformation, and electric potential of the MESC were measured, and the electrical and mechanical failures were observed. A finite element model was developed to simulate the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling effect in MESC. In this model, a new constitutive relation of the battery material is proposed and verified by the experimental results. The resulting model can be used to simulate MESCs with various configurations and material properties to provide a design guideline of MESCs in multiple applications.
{"title":"Mechanical-Electrical Behavior of Multifunctional Energy Storage Composites","authors":"Anthony Bombik, Sung Yeon Sara Ha, A. Nasrollahi, M. Haider, F. Chang","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71456","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multi-functional Energy Storage Composites (MESC) are composite sandwich structures where battery stack layers are placed between two layers of CFRP and sealed by low-density polyethylene (LDPE), forming a unified material. Because the layered Li-ion stacks have negligible out-of-plain shear stiffness, the two CFRP sheets on both sides of the battery are connected using LDPE rivets that pass through holes cut through the battery layers. The shear transfer mechanism of the rivets substantially enhances the shear stiffness and strength of the MESC. As the first step of preparing a guide for MESC design, the highly coupled mechanical and electrical behavior of MESC was studied through experiments. Several MESC cells were tested under three-point-bending loads. The load, deformation, and electric potential of the MESC were measured, and the electrical and mechanical failures were observed. A finite element model was developed to simulate the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling effect in MESC. In this model, a new constitutive relation of the battery material is proposed and verified by the experimental results. The resulting model can be used to simulate MESCs with various configurations and material properties to provide a design guideline of MESCs in multiple applications.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"8 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91425023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akash Manickam, Raman Kuppusamy, Sudha Jayaprakasham, S. Santhanam
Friction Stir processing is used to modify the mechanical properties of the metal by refining the grain structure, which is proven to be effective for selective surface modification and also retaining the properties of bulk. In this present work Aluminium Alloy 2024 is used as a matrix material, which possess poor corrosion resistance and the softness of the material leads to high wear rate. Silicon Carbide (SiC), which has high hardness, high corrosion resistance and withstands high temperature is used as the reinforcement material. The present work aims to enhance the mechanical properties by refining the grain structure, and improvement in the corrosion behavior of AA2024 through surface composite (AA2024/SiC) fabricated using FSP. The Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite is fabricated using Friction Stir Processing by varying the volume fraction of SiC, rotational speed and traverse speed. The process parameters used in this experiment are rotational speed of 1200 rpm, 1500 rpm & 1800 rpm, traverse speed of 44 mm/min, 60 mm/min & 72 mm/min and volume fractions 8%, 16% & 24% of SiC. The experiment is conducted using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal array considering three factors at three different levels. A square pin tool of H13 steel with hardness of 60 HRC is designed and fabricated to provide better material flow of the reinforcement particles. The Silicon Carbide (SiC) particulate reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) has been successfully fabricated through single pass FSP. The tensile test were carried out using universal testing machine as per ASTM E8 standards to determine the elongation and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of FSPed AA2024/SiC composites and the corrosion rate were evaluated using immersion corrosion testing method by weighing the before and after weights of the samples as per ASTM G31-72, 2004. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is performed on the multiple response test results to find the optimum friction stir process parameters. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed to determine the most significant contributing friction stir process parameters at a 95% confidence level.
{"title":"Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Process Parameters on AA2024 / SiC Composite Fabricated Using Friction Stir Processing","authors":"Akash Manickam, Raman Kuppusamy, Sudha Jayaprakasham, S. Santhanam","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-68010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Friction Stir processing is used to modify the mechanical properties of the metal by refining the grain structure, which is proven to be effective for selective surface modification and also retaining the properties of bulk. In this present work Aluminium Alloy 2024 is used as a matrix material, which possess poor corrosion resistance and the softness of the material leads to high wear rate. Silicon Carbide (SiC), which has high hardness, high corrosion resistance and withstands high temperature is used as the reinforcement material. The present work aims to enhance the mechanical properties by refining the grain structure, and improvement in the corrosion behavior of AA2024 through surface composite (AA2024/SiC) fabricated using FSP. The Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite is fabricated using Friction Stir Processing by varying the volume fraction of SiC, rotational speed and traverse speed. The process parameters used in this experiment are rotational speed of 1200 rpm, 1500 rpm & 1800 rpm, traverse speed of 44 mm/min, 60 mm/min & 72 mm/min and volume fractions 8%, 16% & 24% of SiC. The experiment is conducted using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal array considering three factors at three different levels. A square pin tool of H13 steel with hardness of 60 HRC is designed and fabricated to provide better material flow of the reinforcement particles. The Silicon Carbide (SiC) particulate reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) has been successfully fabricated through single pass FSP.\u0000 The tensile test were carried out using universal testing machine as per ASTM E8 standards to determine the elongation and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of FSPed AA2024/SiC composites and the corrosion rate were evaluated using immersion corrosion testing method by weighing the before and after weights of the samples as per ASTM G31-72, 2004. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is performed on the multiple response test results to find the optimum friction stir process parameters. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed to determine the most significant contributing friction stir process parameters at a 95% confidence level.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91431528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change and its related effects are imposing severe stress on the current freshwater supplies. This has been exacerbated due to the growth in population, rapid industrialization, and increased energy demand. Increased water requirement is a global challenge. Although more than 70% of the Earth is covered by water, much of it is unusable for human use. Freshwater reservoirs, ponds, and subterranean aquifers account for just 2.5% of the world’s overall freshwater availability. Unfortunately, these water supplies are not very unevenly spread. Therefore, the need to augment these supplies through the desalination of seawater or brackish water. Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently the most widespread method of desalination. However, the unit cost of water is still high partly due to the thin-film composite (TFC) polymer membranes used in the current desalination system. Thus the need for low-cost nanomaterials for Water Desalination and Purification. A promising way to meet this demand is to use two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous materials such as graphene and MoS2 to minimize energy consumption during the desalination process. New nanotechnology methodologies that apply reverse osmosis have been developed. Among some of these technologies is using 2D materials such as graphene and MoS2, which have been studied extensively for water desalination. Single-layer nanoporous 2D materials such as graphene and MoS2 promises better filtrations in the water channel. Although single-layer MoS2 (SL_MoS2) membrane have much promise in the RO desalination membrane, multilayer MoS2 are simpler to make and more cost-efficient. Building on the SL_MoS2 membrane knowledge, we have used the molecular dynamics method (MD) to explore the effects of multilayer MoS2 in water desalination. This comparison is made as a function of the pore size, water flow rate and salt rejection. In addition, we also looked at the effect of the increased interlayer spacing between layers of the nanoporous 2D membrane and then made the comparison. The ions rejection follows the trend trilayer> bilayer> monolayer from results obtained, averaging over all three membrane types studied for the MoS2, the ions rejection follows the trend trilayer > bilayer > monolayer. We find that the thin, narrow layer separation plays a vital role in the successful rejection of salt ions in bilayers and trilayers membranes. These findings will help build and proliferate tunable nanodevices for filtration and other applications.
{"title":"Multilayer Separation Effects on MoS2 Membranes in Water Desalination","authors":"P. Oviroh, S. Oyinbo, Sina Karimzadeh, T. Jen","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69156","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Climate change and its related effects are imposing severe stress on the current freshwater supplies. This has been exacerbated due to the growth in population, rapid industrialization, and increased energy demand. Increased water requirement is a global challenge. Although more than 70% of the Earth is covered by water, much of it is unusable for human use. Freshwater reservoirs, ponds, and subterranean aquifers account for just 2.5% of the world’s overall freshwater availability. Unfortunately, these water supplies are not very unevenly spread. Therefore, the need to augment these supplies through the desalination of seawater or brackish water.\u0000 Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently the most widespread method of desalination. However, the unit cost of water is still high partly due to the thin-film composite (TFC) polymer membranes used in the current desalination system. Thus the need for low-cost nanomaterials for Water Desalination and Purification. A promising way to meet this demand is to use two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous materials such as graphene and MoS2 to minimize energy consumption during the desalination process. New nanotechnology methodologies that apply reverse osmosis have been developed. Among some of these technologies is using 2D materials such as graphene and MoS2, which have been studied extensively for water desalination.\u0000 Single-layer nanoporous 2D materials such as graphene and MoS2 promises better filtrations in the water channel. Although single-layer MoS2 (SL_MoS2) membrane have much promise in the RO desalination membrane, multilayer MoS2 are simpler to make and more cost-efficient. Building on the SL_MoS2 membrane knowledge, we have used the molecular dynamics method (MD) to explore the effects of multilayer MoS2 in water desalination. This comparison is made as a function of the pore size, water flow rate and salt rejection. In addition, we also looked at the effect of the increased interlayer spacing between layers of the nanoporous 2D membrane and then made the comparison.\u0000 The ions rejection follows the trend trilayer> bilayer> monolayer from results obtained, averaging over all three membrane types studied for the MoS2, the ions rejection follows the trend trilayer > bilayer > monolayer. We find that the thin, narrow layer separation plays a vital role in the successful rejection of salt ions in bilayers and trilayers membranes. These findings will help build and proliferate tunable nanodevices for filtration and other applications.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86932905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This manuscript introduces the challenges in the fabrication of graphene sheet reinforced non-crimp fabric (NCF) composite laminates and their influence on the interlaminar strength of the composite laminates. In the current work, the laminates were fabricated using non-crimp carbon fabric prepreg along with 50,120 and 240 μm thick graphene sheets at the mid-plane. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests are done as per ASTM 5528 using INSTRON electromechanical testing system. Modified Beam Theory method used to compute Mode I fracture toughness, using load, displacement, specimen dimension, and crack opening displacement. The graphene sheets are brittle; little bonding between the graphene and matrix observed during the fabrication process results in a fragile interface. To overcome this problem, graphene sheets were converted into a lattice structure. The lattice structure used in the present research had horizontal, vertical, and square grids. Effects of sheet thickness, grid pattern were evaluated by Mode I fracture toughness, with and without nanoengineered enhanced laminates. Axio Image upright microscope used to compare the bonding at the midplane after the DCB test. The results indicate that the composite laminates fabricated using lattice graphene structure had better interlaminar strength than the laminates fabricated with straight graphene sheets.
{"title":"Fabrication, Processing and Characterization of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Laminated Composite Embedded With Graphene Lattice Sheets","authors":"V. Jadhav, A. Kelkar","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This manuscript introduces the challenges in the fabrication of graphene sheet reinforced non-crimp fabric (NCF) composite laminates and their influence on the interlaminar strength of the composite laminates. In the current work, the laminates were fabricated using non-crimp carbon fabric prepreg along with 50,120 and 240 μm thick graphene sheets at the mid-plane. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests are done as per ASTM 5528 using INSTRON electromechanical testing system. Modified Beam Theory method used to compute Mode I fracture toughness, using load, displacement, specimen dimension, and crack opening displacement.\u0000 The graphene sheets are brittle; little bonding between the graphene and matrix observed during the fabrication process results in a fragile interface. To overcome this problem, graphene sheets were converted into a lattice structure. The lattice structure used in the present research had horizontal, vertical, and square grids. Effects of sheet thickness, grid pattern were evaluated by Mode I fracture toughness, with and without nanoengineered enhanced laminates. Axio Image upright microscope used to compare the bonding at the midplane after the DCB test. The results indicate that the composite laminates fabricated using lattice graphene structure had better interlaminar strength than the laminates fabricated with straight graphene sheets.","PeriodicalId":23837,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87730428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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