Pub Date : 2020-02-10DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.101007
J. F. N. Essone, Tatiana Harly Mba Aki Angue, M. Belmalih, R. Nkiéma, Ludmila Betty Eke Ndouo, E. Anyunzoghe, N. Ekegue, Félix Ovono Abessolo
Introduction: The mechanisms of overexpression of neuroglobin in patients with severe glaucoma (CG+) remain hypothetical. Objective: To study the anti-apoptotic, anti-hypoxic and anti-oxidant properties of neuroglobin in CG+. Population and Methods: The visual field, as well as plasma dosage of neuroglobin (CmNgb, ng/ml), hypoxia inductible factor-1alpha (CmHIF-1α, pg/ml), glutathione peroxidase (CmGpx, pg/ml), and cytochrome C oxidase (CmCyt C, pg/ml) were carried out in 45 CG+ and 45 controls (CG-). The chi-2 test compared the proportions, and Spearman’s test studied the correlations between quantitative variables (p Results: CmNgb was 4.1 in CG+, versus 2.3 in CG- (p = 1.52 × 10-5). CmGpx was 1144.7 in CG+, versus 752.8 in GC- (p = 0.0199). CmHIF-1α was 4.1 in CG+, versus 3.5 in CG- (p = 0.4530). CmCyt C was 2303.26 in CG+, versus 1750.44 in CG- (p = 0.0450). In CG+, there was a correlation between CmNgb and CmGpx (r = 0.417; p = 0.004), CmNgb and CmHIF-1α (r = 0.644; p = 1.8 × 10-6), and between CmHIF-1α and CmGpx (r = 0.447; p = 0.002), CmHIF-1α and CmCyt C (r = 0.371; p = 0.012). None correlation was found between CmNgb and CmCyt C (r = 0.126; p = 0.370), as well as CmGpx and CmCyt C (r = 0.102; p = 0.505). Conclusion: The variations of apoptosis, hypoxic, and oxidative stress biomarkers were found between CG+ and CG-, as well as their correlations, suggesting that neuroglobin overexpression is related to its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-hypoxic properties.
{"title":"Contribution at the Study of Neuroprotective Properties of Neuroglobin during Severe Chronic Glaucoma","authors":"J. F. N. Essone, Tatiana Harly Mba Aki Angue, M. Belmalih, R. Nkiéma, Ludmila Betty Eke Ndouo, E. Anyunzoghe, N. Ekegue, Félix Ovono Abessolo","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.101007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.101007","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The mechanisms of overexpression of neuroglobin in patients with severe glaucoma (CG+) remain hypothetical. Objective: To study the anti-apoptotic, anti-hypoxic and anti-oxidant properties of neuroglobin in CG+. Population and Methods: The visual field, as well as plasma dosage of neuroglobin (CmNgb, ng/ml), hypoxia inductible factor-1alpha (CmHIF-1α, pg/ml), glutathione peroxidase (CmGpx, pg/ml), and cytochrome C oxidase (CmCyt C, pg/ml) were carried out in 45 CG+ and 45 controls (CG-). The chi-2 test compared the proportions, and Spearman’s test studied the correlations between quantitative variables (p Results: CmNgb was 4.1 in CG+, versus 2.3 in CG- (p = 1.52 × 10-5). CmGpx was 1144.7 in CG+, versus 752.8 in GC- (p = 0.0199). CmHIF-1α was 4.1 in CG+, versus 3.5 in CG- (p = 0.4530). CmCyt C was 2303.26 in CG+, versus 1750.44 in CG- (p = 0.0450). In CG+, there was a correlation between CmNgb and CmGpx (r = 0.417; p = 0.004), CmNgb and CmHIF-1α (r = 0.644; p = 1.8 × 10-6), and between CmHIF-1α and CmGpx (r = 0.447; p = 0.002), CmHIF-1α and CmCyt C (r = 0.371; p = 0.012). None correlation was found between CmNgb and CmCyt C (r = 0.126; p = 0.370), as well as CmGpx and CmCyt C (r = 0.102; p = 0.505). Conclusion: The variations of apoptosis, hypoxic, and oxidative stress biomarkers were found between CG+ and CG-, as well as their correlations, suggesting that neuroglobin overexpression is related to its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-hypoxic properties.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90780601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-16DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.101005
D. Younger
The Autoimmune Brain1 explains I-Cubed, a shorthand for post-infectious autoimmunity that results from the multiplier effect of infection, immunity and inflammation, when protective immunity becomes the source of autoimmunity, conditioned by applicable environmental and genetic predisposing factors. In keeping with the post-infectious autoimmune nature of I-Cubed, neurologic and psychiatric symptoms evolve beyond a standard of care course of antibiotic therapy. Extensive serologic, electrophysiological and neuroradiographic diagnostic testing provides clues to areas of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system, and systemic involvement that guide therapy. A multimodality therapeutic approach employing immune modulatory (Ig) therapy that addresses the underlying mechanisms and not just the symptoms of Cubed disorders is most effective. Representative cases of post-infectious autoimmunity associated with Lyme disease and PANDAS are presented.
{"title":"Book Review: I-Cubed and The Autoimmune Brain, A Five-Step Plan","authors":"D. Younger","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.101005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.101005","url":null,"abstract":"The Autoimmune Brain1 explains I-Cubed, a shorthand for post-infectious autoimmunity that results from the multiplier effect of infection, immunity and inflammation, when protective immunity becomes the source of autoimmunity, conditioned by applicable environmental and genetic predisposing factors. In keeping with the post-infectious autoimmune nature of I-Cubed, neurologic and psychiatric symptoms evolve beyond a standard of care course of antibiotic therapy. Extensive serologic, electrophysiological and neuroradiographic diagnostic testing provides clues to areas of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system, and systemic involvement that guide therapy. A multimodality therapeutic approach employing immune modulatory (Ig) therapy that addresses the underlying mechanisms and not just the symptoms of Cubed disorders is most effective. Representative cases of post-infectious autoimmunity associated with Lyme disease and PANDAS are presented.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"43 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81560159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-08DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.101004
A. Dravé, C. Napon, A. Dabilgou, S. Ouédraogo, J. Kaboré
Objective: To describe the clinical and etiological characteristics of hemiplegia in the northern region of Burkina Faso. Methodology: This was transversal with a descriptive and analytical study of one hundred and ninety-six hemiplegic patients in charge of general medicine at the Ouahigouya Regional University Hospitalfrom November 2015 to November 2017. Results: The majority of patients had a brutal hemiplegia predominant on the right. The sample consisted mainly of male patients with a mean age of 58 years. High blood pressure was the main factor of vascular risk. The cerebrovascular accident (58.7%) was the main pathology diagnosed. Most patients received symptomatic management. Physiotherapy was performed in 29.6% of patients. The clinical outcome at discharge was marked by the persistence of hemiplegia in more than 90.8% of patients. There was an improvement in the average MIF score at the exit. Conclusion: The lack of computed tomography and neuro-resuscitation unit were the main factors limiting the management of hemiplegia in our context.
{"title":"Clinical and Etiological Characteristics of Hemiplegia at the University Regional Hospital Center Ouahigouya","authors":"A. Dravé, C. Napon, A. Dabilgou, S. Ouédraogo, J. Kaboré","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.101004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.101004","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To describe the clinical and etiological characteristics of hemiplegia in the northern region of Burkina Faso. Methodology: This was transversal with a descriptive and analytical study of one hundred and ninety-six hemiplegic patients in charge of general medicine at the Ouahigouya Regional University Hospitalfrom November 2015 to November 2017. Results: The majority of patients had a brutal hemiplegia predominant on the right. The sample consisted mainly of male patients with a mean age of 58 years. High blood pressure was the main factor of vascular risk. The cerebrovascular accident (58.7%) was the main pathology diagnosed. Most patients received symptomatic management. Physiotherapy was performed in 29.6% of patients. The clinical outcome at discharge was marked by the persistence of hemiplegia in more than 90.8% of patients. There was an improvement in the average MIF score at the exit. Conclusion: The lack of computed tomography and neuro-resuscitation unit were the main factors limiting the management of hemiplegia in our context.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"45 1","pages":"22-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85572302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.101001
D. Younger, B. Murphy
Despite leadership by dedicated lay organization and patient-based advocacy groups, the way forward for prospective candidates for disulfiram treatment has been difficult. This article provides the background, overview of disulfiram, in particular its intended use in post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome after a standard of care course of antibiotics fails to alleviate symptoms of tick borne disease. A series of recommendations are offered to guide patients and clinicians.
{"title":"Antabuse for Lyme Disease: The Way Forward","authors":"D. Younger, B. Murphy","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.101001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.101001","url":null,"abstract":"Despite leadership by dedicated lay organization and patient-based advocacy groups, the way forward for prospective candidates for disulfiram treatment has been difficult. This article provides the background, overview of disulfiram, in particular its intended use in post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome after a standard of care course of antibiotics fails to alleviate symptoms of tick borne disease. A series of recommendations are offered to guide patients and clinicians.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84071150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.101003
H. Ouiminga, J. Savadogo, D. S. Zabsonre, A. Ouedraogo, Diane Ndzana, Mengyou Li, Désiré Harouna Sankara, M. Gaye
Introduction: Para-spinal non-metallic foreign bodies (fabrics or plastics) are rare and poorly documented. They are often unknown and discovered at the stage of infectious complications and present big therapeutic challenges. We report a rare case of three para-spinal foreign bodies (fabric, plastic and postoperative gauze) discovered during surgery of a traumatic thoracic spine. Case report: A 32-year-old man admitted for a polytrauma (collision motorcycle-cart). The admission examination noted closed trauma of the thoracic spine, an ASIA score of A, dyspnea, a penetrating wound of the left side of the chest. The CT scan showed a compressive left pleural effusion, multiple ribs fractures, pulmonary contusion, unstable fracture of fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae associated with posterior epidural hematoma responsible for medullar compression. There was a rounded, para-spinal image, dotted with small areas of low density, air bubbles. We lifted the vital emergency by draining the left pleural effusion, debriding the penetrating chest wound, and administering broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Fourteen days later, we decided to stabilize the spine. After a posterior approach, we discovered free pus and para-vertebral three foreign bodies. Enterobacter spp.was isolated in pus susceptible to imipenem. The immediate operative follow-up was simple. Conclusion: The best treatment remains preventive by simple measures, exploration of penetrating wounds, repeated count and careful verification of gauze, because the infectious complications that they generate are source of mortality and serious medico-legal implications.
{"title":"Unusual Foreign Bodies of Surgical Discovery on a Traumatic Spine","authors":"H. Ouiminga, J. Savadogo, D. S. Zabsonre, A. Ouedraogo, Diane Ndzana, Mengyou Li, Désiré Harouna Sankara, M. Gaye","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.101003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.101003","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Para-spinal non-metallic foreign bodies (fabrics or plastics) are rare and poorly documented. They are often unknown and discovered at the stage of infectious complications and present big therapeutic challenges. We report a rare case of three para-spinal foreign bodies (fabric, plastic and postoperative gauze) discovered during surgery of a traumatic thoracic spine. Case report: A 32-year-old man admitted for a polytrauma (collision motorcycle-cart). The admission examination noted closed trauma of the thoracic spine, an ASIA score of A, dyspnea, a penetrating wound of the left side of the chest. The CT scan showed a compressive left pleural effusion, multiple ribs fractures, pulmonary contusion, unstable fracture of fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae associated with posterior epidural hematoma responsible for medullar compression. There was a rounded, para-spinal image, dotted with small areas of low density, air bubbles. We lifted the vital emergency by draining the left pleural effusion, debriding the penetrating chest wound, and administering broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Fourteen days later, we decided to stabilize the spine. After a posterior approach, we discovered free pus and para-vertebral three foreign bodies. Enterobacter spp.was isolated in pus susceptible to imipenem. The immediate operative follow-up was simple. Conclusion: The best treatment remains preventive by simple measures, exploration of penetrating wounds, repeated count and careful verification of gauze, because the infectious complications that they generate are source of mortality and serious medico-legal implications.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81144819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.101002
D. Younger
This article describes the prototypical clinical presentation, electrodiagnostic and neuropathological findings and treatment of a patient with painful peripheral neuropathy due to disulfiram toxicity. Although a review of the literature fails to reveal cases of painful peripheral neuropathy due to disulfiram toxicity, there has been heightened publicity of its risk in the treatment of persistent symptoms of Lyme disease following a standard of care course of antibiotics known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. This article reviews the etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of predominant small fiber neuropathy resulting from disulfiram neurotoxicity, and offers recommendations for its use in Lyme disease and alcoholism.
{"title":"Disulfiram (Antabuse) Neurotoxicity: Implications of Painful Small Fiber Sensory Polyneuropathy for Lyme Disease and Addiction","authors":"D. Younger","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.101002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.101002","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the prototypical clinical presentation, electrodiagnostic and neuropathological findings and treatment of a patient with painful peripheral neuropathy due to disulfiram toxicity. Although a review of the literature fails to reveal cases of painful peripheral neuropathy due to disulfiram toxicity, there has been heightened publicity of its risk in the treatment of persistent symptoms of Lyme disease following a standard of care course of antibiotics known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. This article reviews the etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of predominant small fiber neuropathy resulting from disulfiram neurotoxicity, and offers recommendations for its use in Lyme disease and alcoholism.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"11 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82978331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2020.104018
Bogdan-Ioan Nicula
According to the proposed hypothesis, graphic characters trigger the subcortical visual route. The reaction discussed is very weak. Yet, its very existence has an unusual importance: characters and (occluded) venomous snakeskin patterns reveal themselves as conflatable. Furthermore, following tractogra-phic research, a functional segregation of the subcortical pathway is to be presupposed. Thus, there can’t be a later dissociation of two stimuli previously associated. The outcomes of lecture will gradually appear probabilistically (much) more peaceful than encountering a venomous snake, though, and thus a continuous lessening of the reaction is expectable. Here, on one hand, it is relevant that the subcortical visual pathway goes to the amygdala. The reactions we describe tap into goal-oriented processes, and they will do that un-fettered. On the other hand, in the case of characters, since the beginning, fear has been converted into appetition to a great degree. This process should be fostered in the presence of light. In this way, luminosity might become a conditioned stimulus for attraction. In this case, a Pavlovian addiction for light will foster, yet also—from the point of view of reward feeling—counterbalance the lessening of the stimulation elicited by characters. The addiction we refer to is one towards light accompanied by graphic signs. Yet, as opposed to the case of the luminous medium, the attention captured by the later ones taken for themselves is continuously reduced.
{"title":"Cracking the Snake Detection Theory: The Subcortical Visual Pathway as a Major Player in Cultural Transformations","authors":"Bogdan-Ioan Nicula","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2020.104018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2020.104018","url":null,"abstract":"According to the proposed hypothesis, graphic characters trigger the subcortical visual route. The reaction discussed is very weak. Yet, its very existence has an unusual importance: characters and (occluded) venomous snakeskin patterns reveal themselves as conflatable. Furthermore, following tractogra-phic research, a functional segregation of the subcortical pathway is to be presupposed. Thus, there can’t be a later dissociation of two stimuli previously associated. The outcomes of lecture will gradually appear probabilistically (much) more peaceful than encountering a venomous snake, though, and thus a continuous lessening of the reaction is expectable. Here, on one hand, it is relevant that the subcortical visual pathway goes to the amygdala. The reactions we describe tap into goal-oriented processes, and they will do that un-fettered. On the other hand, in the case of characters, since the beginning, fear has been converted into appetition to a great degree. This process should be fostered in the presence of light. In this way, luminosity might become a conditioned stimulus for attraction. In this case, a Pavlovian addiction for light will foster, yet also—from the point of view of reward feeling—counterbalance the lessening of the stimulation elicited by characters. The addiction we refer to is one towards light accompanied by graphic signs. Yet, as opposed to the case of the luminous medium, the attention captured by the later ones taken for themselves is continuously reduced.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75991713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is increasingly common from the sixth decade, but is particularly tragic when it occurs in young adults. There are limited studies of stroke in young adults in Nigeria. It is against this background that we embarked on this prospective hospital based study to determine the epidemiology, pattern and case fatality rate of stroke in young adults in Abakaliki Southeastern part of Nigeria. Patients and Method: The stroke patients between the ages of 18 - 50 years admitted to the medical wards of a tertiary health centre at Abakaliki Nigeria from 1st August 2012 to 30th April 2019 were consecutively recruited. They were followed up till discharge. Relevant data like biodata, and clinical features of the patients were extracted and analyzed. Results: A total of 983 (males—511, females—472) stroke cases were seen with 197 between 18 - 50 years. One hundred and fifty two (77%) did neuroimaging (mean age—40.7 years). Eighty-eight (57.9%) had Cerebral infarct (males—42, females—46) while 64 (42.1%) had Hemorrhagic stroke (males—35, females—29). For those that had hemorrhagic stroke, 11 (17.2%) were Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) while 52 (82.8%) were Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The identified risk factors range from hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, HIV infection and chronic use of coffee drinks. Sixteen patients died during the admission with case fatality rate of 10.5%. Conclusion: Stroke is actually prevalent in young adults as 1 in every 5 stroke patients seen was a young adult. In addition to the traditional risk factors, HIV/AIDS and chronic use of coffee drinks were also noted as emerging risk factors. There is need for a continuous health education and strong campaign on primary stroke prevention. Also, there is need for training of more neurologists with interest in stroke management and establishing comprehensive stroke centers at national, regional and local levels in order to contend adequately with the rising burden of stoke in young adults.
{"title":"Stroke in Young Adults: Experience at Abakaliki South East Nigeria","authors":"Chukwuemeka Okorie Eze, U. A. Kalu, G. Isiguzo","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2019.94015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2019.94015","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Stroke is a major \u0000cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is increasingly common from the \u0000sixth decade, but is particularly tragic when it occurs in young adults. There \u0000are limited studies of stroke in young adults in Nigeria. It is against this background \u0000that we embarked on this prospective hospital based study to determine the \u0000epidemiology, pattern and case fatality rate of stroke in young adults in \u0000Abakaliki Southeastern part of Nigeria. Patients and Method: The stroke \u0000patients between the ages of 18 - 50 years admitted to the medical wards of a tertiary \u0000health centre at Abakaliki Nigeria from 1st August 2012 to 30th April 2019 were \u0000consecutively recruited. They were followed up till discharge. Relevant data \u0000like biodata, and clinical features of the patients were extracted and \u0000analyzed. Results: A total of \u0000983 (males—511, females—472) stroke cases were \u0000seen with 197 between 18 - 50 years. One hundred and fifty two (77%) did neuroimaging (mean age—40.7 years). Eighty-eight \u0000(57.9%) had Cerebral infarct (males—42, females—46) while 64 (42.1%) had Hemorrhagic stroke \u0000(males—35, females—29). For those that had hemorrhagic stroke, \u000011 (17.2%) were Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) while 52 (82.8%) were \u0000Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The identified risk factors range from \u0000hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, HIV infection \u0000and chronic use of coffee drinks. Sixteen patients died during the admission \u0000with case fatality rate of 10.5%. Conclusion: Stroke is actually prevalent in young adults as 1 in every 5 \u0000stroke patients seen was a young adult. In addition to the traditional risk \u0000factors, HIV/AIDS and chronic use of coffee drinks were also noted as emerging \u0000risk factors. There is need for a continuous health education and strong \u0000campaign on primary stroke prevention. Also, there is need for training of more \u0000neurologists with interest in stroke management and establishing comprehensive \u0000stroke centers at national, regional and local levels in order to contend \u0000adequately with the rising burden of stoke in young adults.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87344462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novel AARS2 gene mutations encoding mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA synthetase are important in the spectrum of different phenotypes expressed in the nervous system. Leukodystrophy and ovarian failure in females are common phenotypes. Peripheral demyelination is not a recognized aspect of the AARS2 phenotype. A patient with preceding Lyme neuroborreliosis developed progressive leukodystrophy and peripheral demyelinating motor polyneuropathy. Serial magnetic resonance imaging showed progressive inflammatory demyelination extending to the corticospinal tracts. Treatment with a standard of care of antibiotics and immune-modulatory therapy employing intravenous immune globulin was employed. The contribution of neuroborreliosis is not well understood in the expression of the AARS2 phenotype.
{"title":"Novel AARS2 Gene Mutation Producing Leukodystrophy: A Patient with Peripheral Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","authors":"D. Younger","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2019.94016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2019.94016","url":null,"abstract":"Novel AARS2 gene mutations encoding mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA synthetase are important in the spectrum of different phenotypes expressed in the nervous system. Leukodystrophy and ovarian failure in females are common phenotypes. Peripheral demyelination is not a recognized aspect of the AARS2 phenotype. A patient with preceding Lyme neuroborreliosis developed progressive leukodystrophy and peripheral demyelinating motor polyneuropathy. Serial magnetic resonance imaging showed progressive inflammatory demyelination extending to the corticospinal tracts. Treatment with a standard of care of antibiotics and immune-modulatory therapy employing intravenous immune globulin was employed. The contribution of neuroborreliosis is not well understood in the expression of the AARS2 phenotype.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84894418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liumei Luo, Jun-Cheng Guo, Xiang Li, M. Guo, Ping Huang
In the regulation of human nervous system, cognitive function and other genes, epigenetics changes the expression of genes after being influenced by the external environment. DNA methylation levels are also different in different ethnic groups, and a large number of studies have shown that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a certain genetic predisposition. Through the national differences of PTSD brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes, it not only provides new research directions for the pathogenesis and treatment of 5-HT-related mental diseases, but also provides information and new genetic indicators for forensic personal identification, paternity testing and assessment of mental status. A review studies on the national differences of brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.
{"title":"A Review of Studies on Ethnic Differences of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genes in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Liumei Luo, Jun-Cheng Guo, Xiang Li, M. Guo, Ping Huang","doi":"10.4236/wjns.2019.94017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2019.94017","url":null,"abstract":"In the regulation of human nervous system, \u0000cognitive function and other genes, epigenetics changes the expression of genes \u0000after being influenced by the external environment. DNA methylation levels are \u0000also different in different ethnic groups, and a large number of studies have shown that \u0000post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a certain genetic predisposition. \u0000Through the national differences of PTSD brain-derived neurotrophic factor \u0000genes, it not only provides new research directions for the pathogenesis and \u0000treatment of 5-HT-related mental diseases, but also provides information and \u0000new genetic indicators for forensic personal identification, paternity testing \u0000and assessment of mental status. A review studies on the national differences \u0000of brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes in patients with post-traumatic \u0000stress disorder.","PeriodicalId":23878,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74680694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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