Pub Date : 2023-03-22DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2189205
I. Araújo, César Guato Guamán, L. S. Sousa, Hitalo José Barbosa Santos, T. S. Lopes, Bruno T. A. Costa, L. J. Lara
SUMMARY Guinea fowls are an alternative source of high-quality meat and eggs. Several studies have been developed on guinea fowl reproduction, nutrition, management, meat and egg quality, including genetic improvement. However, due to the breeding system used in this species, advances in these areas have been delayed. Guinea fowls have their particular morphological and productive aspects. For example, they have seasonal reproductive characteristics, with an egg production that ranges, depending on the type of system, from 20 eggs in the extensive system to 50–200 in the intensive system. Females are heavier than males, especially when sexual maturity begins. Another characteristic is the presence of a brown-coloured cephalic protuberance in both sexes and its widely varied plumage. Other factors such as fertility and hatchability have yet to be fully elucidated. The storage of guinea fowl hatching eggs also deserves more attention. As in the case of broilers, a longer storage time can negatively affect hatchability and chick quality, emphasising that eggs from young breeders are more resistant to a higher storage time. In the nutrition field, research has focussed on determining nutrient requirements. However, standardised diets and correct nutritional requirements for better performance are still scarce. Lack of knowledge about proper nutrition along with poor genetic selection results in slow growth of the guinea hen. Despite the challenges, guinea fowl meat is one of the alternatives to chicken meat, in terms of access to a source of quality protein and financial profitability in certain markets. Guinea fowl eggs present characteristics of a nutritional supplement to a much greater degree in terms of quantitative and qualitative than other alternative bird species. This review aims to assess several aspects related to guinea fowl production as an alternative species in the poultry industry and its global panorama.
{"title":"Guinea fowl production in the world","authors":"I. Araújo, César Guato Guamán, L. S. Sousa, Hitalo José Barbosa Santos, T. S. Lopes, Bruno T. A. Costa, L. J. Lara","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2189205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2189205","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Guinea fowls are an alternative source of high-quality meat and eggs. Several studies have been developed on guinea fowl reproduction, nutrition, management, meat and egg quality, including genetic improvement. However, due to the breeding system used in this species, advances in these areas have been delayed. Guinea fowls have their particular morphological and productive aspects. For example, they have seasonal reproductive characteristics, with an egg production that ranges, depending on the type of system, from 20 eggs in the extensive system to 50–200 in the intensive system. Females are heavier than males, especially when sexual maturity begins. Another characteristic is the presence of a brown-coloured cephalic protuberance in both sexes and its widely varied plumage. Other factors such as fertility and hatchability have yet to be fully elucidated. The storage of guinea fowl hatching eggs also deserves more attention. As in the case of broilers, a longer storage time can negatively affect hatchability and chick quality, emphasising that eggs from young breeders are more resistant to a higher storage time. In the nutrition field, research has focussed on determining nutrient requirements. However, standardised diets and correct nutritional requirements for better performance are still scarce. Lack of knowledge about proper nutrition along with poor genetic selection results in slow growth of the guinea hen. Despite the challenges, guinea fowl meat is one of the alternatives to chicken meat, in terms of access to a source of quality protein and financial profitability in certain markets. Guinea fowl eggs present characteristics of a nutritional supplement to a much greater degree in terms of quantitative and qualitative than other alternative bird species. This review aims to assess several aspects related to guinea fowl production as an alternative species in the poultry industry and its global panorama.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"89 1","pages":"379 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83446274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2175344
Victor Erpen Broering, Orozimbo Furlan Júnior, Nicoly Subtil de Oliveira, R. D. Ollhoff, Igor Vivian de Almeida, E. A. Rosa
SUMMARY Feathers are among the main by-products of the poultry meat industry and are a serious environmental and health liability, with millions of tons being burned or buried annually. However, given their protein nature, they can be used as an energy matrix based on methane-rich biogas, the so-called biomethane. In theory, energy conversion is very cost-effective and would be employable to generate heat or electricity for the producer or the industry. This review presents biotechnological aspects to increase the production of methane-rich biogas (MRB). Topics such as feather quality, keratin hydrolysis (by keratinolytic microorganisms, by alkali and by reducing agents), keratin extraction by rapid vapour explosion, methane production, inoculants for anaerobic digestion and ammonia stripping are addressed.
{"title":"Bioprocessing of broiler feathers to produce biomethane","authors":"Victor Erpen Broering, Orozimbo Furlan Júnior, Nicoly Subtil de Oliveira, R. D. Ollhoff, Igor Vivian de Almeida, E. A. Rosa","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2175344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2175344","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Feathers are among the main by-products of the poultry meat industry and are a serious environmental and health liability, with millions of tons being burned or buried annually. However, given their protein nature, they can be used as an energy matrix based on methane-rich biogas, the so-called biomethane. In theory, energy conversion is very cost-effective and would be employable to generate heat or electricity for the producer or the industry. This review presents biotechnological aspects to increase the production of methane-rich biogas (MRB). Topics such as feather quality, keratin hydrolysis (by keratinolytic microorganisms, by alkali and by reducing agents), keratin extraction by rapid vapour explosion, methane production, inoculants for anaerobic digestion and ammonia stripping are addressed.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"331 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88203648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2175343
Brian Tainika, A. Şekeroğlu, Ahmet Akyol, Zacharia Waithaka Ng’ang’a
SUMMARY Development of quality welfare assessment protocols is a necessary step towards achieving high broiler welfare standards. Rapid growth rate and highly intensive commercial production systems have been highly associated with poor welfare indicated by mainly leg deformities, high stress levels and increased fear responses. Stress response in broilers is characterised by increased corticosterone and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio especially under heat stress, high light intensity, high stocking density, and an unenriched environment. Rearing environment, genotypes, high light intensity and human handling highly influence fear responses as proved during tonic immobility, open field, novel enrichment, and avoidance distance tests. Lameness which is usually visually assessed by a gait score scale remains an undisputable indicator of poor welfare in broiler production due to its effects on mobility and association with pain. Other leg problems including footpad dermatitis and hock burn also remain significant and they are highly associated with fast growth, high stocking density, poor litter quality, and poor or non-enriched production systems. Litter management and good ventilation are necessary to ensure good plumage conditions, reduction in ammonia emissions thereby promoting the well-being of broilers. Generally, broilers should be motivated and able to exhibit natural behaviours without straining including feeding, drinking, walking, and stretching thereby enhancing bird health, performance, production, and consumer satisfaction. Using a systematic approach, the important welfare parameters including stress, fear response, leg problems, plumage condition, environment, and behaviour are intensively discussed to explore the latest insights of broiler chickens’ welfare.
{"title":"Welfare issues in broiler chickens: overview","authors":"Brian Tainika, A. Şekeroğlu, Ahmet Akyol, Zacharia Waithaka Ng’ang’a","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2175343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2175343","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Development of quality welfare assessment protocols is a necessary step towards achieving high broiler welfare standards. Rapid growth rate and highly intensive commercial production systems have been highly associated with poor welfare indicated by mainly leg deformities, high stress levels and increased fear responses. Stress response in broilers is characterised by increased corticosterone and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio especially under heat stress, high light intensity, high stocking density, and an unenriched environment. Rearing environment, genotypes, high light intensity and human handling highly influence fear responses as proved during tonic immobility, open field, novel enrichment, and avoidance distance tests. Lameness which is usually visually assessed by a gait score scale remains an undisputable indicator of poor welfare in broiler production due to its effects on mobility and association with pain. Other leg problems including footpad dermatitis and hock burn also remain significant and they are highly associated with fast growth, high stocking density, poor litter quality, and poor or non-enriched production systems. Litter management and good ventilation are necessary to ensure good plumage conditions, reduction in ammonia emissions thereby promoting the well-being of broilers. Generally, broilers should be motivated and able to exhibit natural behaviours without straining including feeding, drinking, walking, and stretching thereby enhancing bird health, performance, production, and consumer satisfaction. Using a systematic approach, the important welfare parameters including stress, fear response, leg problems, plumage condition, environment, and behaviour are intensively discussed to explore the latest insights of broiler chickens’ welfare.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"285 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90152790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2189206
L. van Eck, H. Enting, I. J. Carvalhido, H. Chen, R. Kwakkel
SUMMARY The lifetime egg production capacity of laying hens (i.e. laying persistency) has increased tremendously in the last 50 years from 220 eggs in 1960 to 500 eggs in 2019. To improve and support laying persistency, nutrition is crucial to support the hen and provide the correct nutrients for egg formation. Several organs are involved in this long-term egg formation process. The follicles produced in the ovary need to grow and ovulate to initiate egg production. The liver needs to supply the nutrients, mainly lipids, for proper follicle growth and liver fattening must be prevented to maintain liver health and function. Adipose tissue has an important role in maintaining the body energy balance, functioning as a reservoir for fatty acids provided by the diet or produced by the liver. Additionally, adipose tissue might mediate in ovulation through adipokine (hormone) production. As such, body composition of laying hens might have an important role on laying persistency. This literature review discusses the interaction between these metabolic processes, the influence of diet and hormones and the effect on laying persistency.
{"title":"Lipid metabolism and body composition in long-term producing hens","authors":"L. van Eck, H. Enting, I. J. Carvalhido, H. Chen, R. Kwakkel","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2189206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2189206","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The lifetime egg production capacity of laying hens (i.e. laying persistency) has increased tremendously in the last 50 years from 220 eggs in 1960 to 500 eggs in 2019. To improve and support laying persistency, nutrition is crucial to support the hen and provide the correct nutrients for egg formation. Several organs are involved in this long-term egg formation process. The follicles produced in the ovary need to grow and ovulate to initiate egg production. The liver needs to supply the nutrients, mainly lipids, for proper follicle growth and liver fattening must be prevented to maintain liver health and function. Adipose tissue has an important role in maintaining the body energy balance, functioning as a reservoir for fatty acids provided by the diet or produced by the liver. Additionally, adipose tissue might mediate in ovulation through adipokine (hormone) production. As such, body composition of laying hens might have an important role on laying persistency. This literature review discusses the interaction between these metabolic processes, the influence of diet and hormones and the effect on laying persistency.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"243 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89213639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2175345
H. Hamadani, S. Bihaqi, M. Salahuddin, A. A. Khan, I. U. Sheikh, Z. Haq, M. T. Banday, S. Adil
SUMMARY Kashmir duck is an indigenous duck breed of India having its origins in the Kashmir Valley. Locally known as ‘Batuk’, it is reared for meat and eggs in all districts of the Valley, with highest population in the Bandipora district followed by Kupwara, Baramulla, Srinagar and others. This paper attempts to review the earlier work done on the characteristic features and production parameters of the Kashmir duck. The plumage colour varies from white, brown, black, grey and a mosaic of white, black, brown and grey with greenish or bluish patches in some as well. Bean, which is mainly black in colour, is prominent, whereas caruncles or crest is absent. Duckling weight at the time of hatching is 33.54 g. Adult male duck weighs 1790 g and female duck weighs 1620 g. Average bill-length in adult ducks is 5.58 cm and shank-length is 5.43 cm. Dressing percentage is about 64.98 to 76.21% whereas ready-to-cook weight is 941.75 g. Breast, drumsticks, thighs, back, neck and wings weight varies from 249.62 to 344.65 g, 81.48 to 97.90 g, 83.22 to 117.85 g, 191.62 to 243.85 g, 105.07 to 131.20 g and 121.80 to 138.15 g respectively. Skin, meat and bone weights of the local duck carcase is 342.95, 445.85 and 248.90 g respectively. Eggs of Kashmir duck are either white- or green-shelled and weighs 66.20 g on average. Shape index, specific gravity, yolk index, yolk weight, albumin weight, albumin index, shell-weight, shell-thickness and haugh-unit of kashmir duck eggs are reported to be 67.85, 1.07, 0.44, 23.90 g, 34.00 g, 0.07, 8.34 g, 34 mm and 69.37 ± 0.43 respectively. Average egg production per year is 138.67 eggs. Kashmir duck breed is an important indigenous poultry genetic resource with decent egg and meat production, which needs to be conserved, and promoted for rearing.
{"title":"The Kashmir duck: an important poultry genetic resource of India","authors":"H. Hamadani, S. Bihaqi, M. Salahuddin, A. A. Khan, I. U. Sheikh, Z. Haq, M. T. Banday, S. Adil","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2175345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2175345","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Kashmir duck is an indigenous duck breed of India having its origins in the Kashmir Valley. Locally known as ‘Batuk’, it is reared for meat and eggs in all districts of the Valley, with highest population in the Bandipora district followed by Kupwara, Baramulla, Srinagar and others. This paper attempts to review the earlier work done on the characteristic features and production parameters of the Kashmir duck. The plumage colour varies from white, brown, black, grey and a mosaic of white, black, brown and grey with greenish or bluish patches in some as well. Bean, which is mainly black in colour, is prominent, whereas caruncles or crest is absent. Duckling weight at the time of hatching is 33.54 g. Adult male duck weighs 1790 g and female duck weighs 1620 g. Average bill-length in adult ducks is 5.58 cm and shank-length is 5.43 cm. Dressing percentage is about 64.98 to 76.21% whereas ready-to-cook weight is 941.75 g. Breast, drumsticks, thighs, back, neck and wings weight varies from 249.62 to 344.65 g, 81.48 to 97.90 g, 83.22 to 117.85 g, 191.62 to 243.85 g, 105.07 to 131.20 g and 121.80 to 138.15 g respectively. Skin, meat and bone weights of the local duck carcase is 342.95, 445.85 and 248.90 g respectively. Eggs of Kashmir duck are either white- or green-shelled and weighs 66.20 g on average. Shape index, specific gravity, yolk index, yolk weight, albumin weight, albumin index, shell-weight, shell-thickness and haugh-unit of kashmir duck eggs are reported to be 67.85, 1.07, 0.44, 23.90 g, 34.00 g, 0.07, 8.34 g, 34 mm and 69.37 ± 0.43 respectively. Average egg production per year is 138.67 eggs. Kashmir duck breed is an important indigenous poultry genetic resource with decent egg and meat production, which needs to be conserved, and promoted for rearing.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"391 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89148493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camila Lopes Carvalho, I. Andretta, G. Galli, Nathalia de Oliveira Telesca Camargo, T. Stefanello, M. Migliorini, R. Melchior, M. Kipper
The purpose of this study was to determine if adding β-mannanase to the diet can improve the quality of storage eggs from laying hens. Lightweight laying hens (36 weeks old), housed in cages with four birds each, were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control group (diet without additives), or birds fed with 300 g/ton of β-mannanase. The experiment was carried out on a commercial farm (14 thousand birds). The study took 84 days to be completed, and each of its three productive phases lasted 28 days. On the final day of each phase, 125 eggs were randomly collected. The quality of the fresh eggs was assessed, and after each storage interval, the remaining eggs were kept and randomly divided to evaluate their quality (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days). Analysis of variance was used to compare means considering differences at 5 and 10%. When compared to the control group, β-mannanase was able to prevent the loss of egg weight and albumen weight during storage (p < 0.05). Yolk color (palette) also improved by 2.5% (p < 0.001), while lightness, red intensity, and yellow intensity all increased in comparison to the control group by 1.9% (p < 0.001), 7.7% (p < 0.001), and 4.10% (p < 0.001). Additionally, compared to the control treatment, β-mannanase was able to lower the yolk pH and TBARS levels by 2.4% (p < 0.001). As a result, adding β-mannanase to laying hen diets is a successful method for enhancing egg quality.
{"title":"Effects of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation on Egg Quality during Storage","authors":"Camila Lopes Carvalho, I. Andretta, G. Galli, Nathalia de Oliveira Telesca Camargo, T. Stefanello, M. Migliorini, R. Melchior, M. Kipper","doi":"10.3390/poultry2010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2010011","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine if adding β-mannanase to the diet can improve the quality of storage eggs from laying hens. Lightweight laying hens (36 weeks old), housed in cages with four birds each, were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control group (diet without additives), or birds fed with 300 g/ton of β-mannanase. The experiment was carried out on a commercial farm (14 thousand birds). The study took 84 days to be completed, and each of its three productive phases lasted 28 days. On the final day of each phase, 125 eggs were randomly collected. The quality of the fresh eggs was assessed, and after each storage interval, the remaining eggs were kept and randomly divided to evaluate their quality (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days). Analysis of variance was used to compare means considering differences at 5 and 10%. When compared to the control group, β-mannanase was able to prevent the loss of egg weight and albumen weight during storage (p < 0.05). Yolk color (palette) also improved by 2.5% (p < 0.001), while lightness, red intensity, and yellow intensity all increased in comparison to the control group by 1.9% (p < 0.001), 7.7% (p < 0.001), and 4.10% (p < 0.001). Additionally, compared to the control treatment, β-mannanase was able to lower the yolk pH and TBARS levels by 2.4% (p < 0.001). As a result, adding β-mannanase to laying hen diets is a successful method for enhancing egg quality.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74056524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Billions of poultry are slaughtered globally each year to provide protein for a rapidly expanding human population. The large number of birds produced in conventional systems presents animal welfare issues during production, transport, and at the time of slaughter. While we recognise the significance of welfare issues during rearing and transport, this paper highlights the welfare of poultry at the time of slaughter. The impacts of manual handling, inversion and shackling, use of inappropriate electrical stunning parameters, and the use of aversive gas mixtures during controlled atmosphere stunning are some of the evident welfare lapses; if the entrance to the water bath is wet and not isolated, bird welfare can also be compromised during water bath stunning because of pre-stun shocks. We also highlight the use of aversive stunning methods such as carbon dioxide gas at high concentrations, which has been shown to compromise bird welfare. In conclusion, we offer some reflections on ways to improve the welfare of birds during pre-slaughter handling, stunning, and neck cutting.
{"title":"Poultry Welfare at Slaughter","authors":"A. Fuseini, M. Miele, J. Lever","doi":"10.3390/poultry2010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2010010","url":null,"abstract":"Billions of poultry are slaughtered globally each year to provide protein for a rapidly expanding human population. The large number of birds produced in conventional systems presents animal welfare issues during production, transport, and at the time of slaughter. While we recognise the significance of welfare issues during rearing and transport, this paper highlights the welfare of poultry at the time of slaughter. The impacts of manual handling, inversion and shackling, use of inappropriate electrical stunning parameters, and the use of aversive gas mixtures during controlled atmosphere stunning are some of the evident welfare lapses; if the entrance to the water bath is wet and not isolated, bird welfare can also be compromised during water bath stunning because of pre-stun shocks. We also highlight the use of aversive stunning methods such as carbon dioxide gas at high concentrations, which has been shown to compromise bird welfare. In conclusion, we offer some reflections on ways to improve the welfare of birds during pre-slaughter handling, stunning, and neck cutting.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77355948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As previously reported, inflammatory activity initiated by intradermal injection of multiple growing feather (GF)-pulps of a chicken with lipopolysaccharide, and the subsequent periodic sampling of GFs and blood, enables the longitudinal evaluation of in vivo tissue- and systemic-inflammatory activities by ex vivo laboratory analyses. To demonstrate the suitability of this two-window approach to monitor and assess vaccine responses, two groups of chickens were immunized by intramuscular injection of mouse IgG (mIgG), mIgG in alum adjuvant(Alum&mIgG), or PBS-vehicle (Group I and II at 7- and 7- and 11-weeks, respectively). Plasma levels of mIgG-specific antibodies were monitored by ELISA for 28 days post-primary- and secondary-immunizations. To examine the cellular responses, 20 GF-pulps per bird were injected with mIgG on Day-10 or Day-5 post-primary- or -secondary-immunization, respectively. Two GFs were collected before- and at various times (0.25 to 7 days) post-injection for leukocyte population- and cytokine mRNA expression-analyses. The observed primary- and secondary-antibody response profiles were as expected for a T-dependent antigen. Leukocyte- and cytokine-profiles established in GF-pulps revealed temporal, qualitative, and quantitative differences in local naïve, primary, and secondary leukocyte-effector responses to antigen. This study demonstrates the unique opportunity in the avian model to monitor both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses using minimally invasive techniques.
{"title":"Two-Window Approach to Monitor and Assess Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Poultry","authors":"G. Erf, H. R. Kong, D. Falcon, Kristen A. Byrne","doi":"10.3390/poultry2010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2010009","url":null,"abstract":"As previously reported, inflammatory activity initiated by intradermal injection of multiple growing feather (GF)-pulps of a chicken with lipopolysaccharide, and the subsequent periodic sampling of GFs and blood, enables the longitudinal evaluation of in vivo tissue- and systemic-inflammatory activities by ex vivo laboratory analyses. To demonstrate the suitability of this two-window approach to monitor and assess vaccine responses, two groups of chickens were immunized by intramuscular injection of mouse IgG (mIgG), mIgG in alum adjuvant(Alum&mIgG), or PBS-vehicle (Group I and II at 7- and 7- and 11-weeks, respectively). Plasma levels of mIgG-specific antibodies were monitored by ELISA for 28 days post-primary- and secondary-immunizations. To examine the cellular responses, 20 GF-pulps per bird were injected with mIgG on Day-10 or Day-5 post-primary- or -secondary-immunization, respectively. Two GFs were collected before- and at various times (0.25 to 7 days) post-injection for leukocyte population- and cytokine mRNA expression-analyses. The observed primary- and secondary-antibody response profiles were as expected for a T-dependent antigen. Leukocyte- and cytokine-profiles established in GF-pulps revealed temporal, qualitative, and quantitative differences in local naïve, primary, and secondary leukocyte-effector responses to antigen. This study demonstrates the unique opportunity in the avian model to monitor both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses using minimally invasive techniques.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88937514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Adhikari, Alyson G. Myers, C. Ruan, Y. Kwon, S. Rochell
This study evaluated the effects of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial and microencapsulated calcium butyrate fed individually and in combination, as compared to an antibiotic growth promoter, on growth performance, processing characteristics, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota of Ross 708 broilers reared from 0 to 47 d post-hatch. Dietary treatments included: (1) a negative control with no antimicrobial (NC), (2) a positive control diet containing bacitracin methylene disalicylate (PC), (3) a diet containing a Bacillus direct-fed microbial (CS), (4) a diet containing microencapsulated calcium butyrate (BP), and (5) a diet containing both CS and BP. Treatments were replicated with 10 pens of 20 birds each. From 0 to 15 d post-hatch, the FCR of broilers fed the PC, CS, BP, and CS + BP diets were lower (p < 0.05) than those fed the NC diet, but treatment effects (p > 0.05) were not observed on subsequent performance. BP supplementation improved (p < 0.05) total breast meat weight and yield at processing. Intestinal histology was not influenced (p > 0.05) by the treatment. Analysis of the jejunal microbiota collected at 15 d post-hatch revealed that the genus SMB53 was significantly lower for the CS group, and Sporanaerobacter was lower in the CS and CS + BP groups compared with the NC (p < 0.05). The jejunal microbiota from broilers in the CS + BP group had higher (p < 0.05) alpha and beta diversities compared with broilers fed the NC and CS diets. The results reflected synergistic effects between CS and BP in modulating the jejunal microbiota at 15 d that may have been related to enhanced feed efficiency (i.e., lower FCR) observed during this period.
{"title":"Individual and Combined Effects of a Direct-Fed Microbial and Calcium Butyrate on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histology and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens","authors":"B. Adhikari, Alyson G. Myers, C. Ruan, Y. Kwon, S. Rochell","doi":"10.3390/poultry2010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2010008","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effects of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial and microencapsulated calcium butyrate fed individually and in combination, as compared to an antibiotic growth promoter, on growth performance, processing characteristics, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota of Ross 708 broilers reared from 0 to 47 d post-hatch. Dietary treatments included: (1) a negative control with no antimicrobial (NC), (2) a positive control diet containing bacitracin methylene disalicylate (PC), (3) a diet containing a Bacillus direct-fed microbial (CS), (4) a diet containing microencapsulated calcium butyrate (BP), and (5) a diet containing both CS and BP. Treatments were replicated with 10 pens of 20 birds each. From 0 to 15 d post-hatch, the FCR of broilers fed the PC, CS, BP, and CS + BP diets were lower (p < 0.05) than those fed the NC diet, but treatment effects (p > 0.05) were not observed on subsequent performance. BP supplementation improved (p < 0.05) total breast meat weight and yield at processing. Intestinal histology was not influenced (p > 0.05) by the treatment. Analysis of the jejunal microbiota collected at 15 d post-hatch revealed that the genus SMB53 was significantly lower for the CS group, and Sporanaerobacter was lower in the CS and CS + BP groups compared with the NC (p < 0.05). The jejunal microbiota from broilers in the CS + BP group had higher (p < 0.05) alpha and beta diversities compared with broilers fed the NC and CS diets. The results reflected synergistic effects between CS and BP in modulating the jejunal microbiota at 15 d that may have been related to enhanced feed efficiency (i.e., lower FCR) observed during this period.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81418434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hess, I. Bilic, D. Jandreski-Cvetkovic, M. Hess
Erysipelas is a re-emerging disease in different poultry species. Antibiotic treatment is crucial to combat outbreaks in poultry flocks, but only very limited data on susceptibility are available. Recently, the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute established standardized guidelines and minimal inhibitory concentration breakpoints for E. rhusiopathiae when using the broth microdilution method. In the present investigation, these guidelines were applied to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 30 E. rhusiopathiae isolates derived from field outbreaks in poultry flocks towards penicillins, macrolides, lincosamides and fluoroquinolones. All isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The majority of isolates belonged to two serovars, 1b and 5. More than 40% of the isolates proved resistant to penicillin G, with values ranging from 0.25 to 8 µg/mL. Furthermore, the majority of isolates were found resistant to erythromycin (76.7%; MIC 2–4 µg/mL) and enrofloxacin (60.0%; MIC ≥2 µg/mL), altogether limiting treatment options. In contrast, most of the isolates proved susceptible to ampicillin and ceftiofur with MICs ≤ 0.25 µg/mL and ≤ 2 µg/mL, respectively. A great variety of antimicrobial resistance patterns was found, and multidrug resistance was detected in one-third of the isolates. The presented data are helpful to raise awareness for the antimicrobial resistance of a zoonotic pathogen in context of the One Health concept.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae According to CLSI Document VET06 Reveals High Resistance against Penicillin G, Erythromycin and Enrofloxacin","authors":"C. Hess, I. Bilic, D. Jandreski-Cvetkovic, M. Hess","doi":"10.3390/poultry2010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2010007","url":null,"abstract":"Erysipelas is a re-emerging disease in different poultry species. Antibiotic treatment is crucial to combat outbreaks in poultry flocks, but only very limited data on susceptibility are available. Recently, the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute established standardized guidelines and minimal inhibitory concentration breakpoints for E. rhusiopathiae when using the broth microdilution method. In the present investigation, these guidelines were applied to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 30 E. rhusiopathiae isolates derived from field outbreaks in poultry flocks towards penicillins, macrolides, lincosamides and fluoroquinolones. All isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The majority of isolates belonged to two serovars, 1b and 5. More than 40% of the isolates proved resistant to penicillin G, with values ranging from 0.25 to 8 µg/mL. Furthermore, the majority of isolates were found resistant to erythromycin (76.7%; MIC 2–4 µg/mL) and enrofloxacin (60.0%; MIC ≥2 µg/mL), altogether limiting treatment options. In contrast, most of the isolates proved susceptible to ampicillin and ceftiofur with MICs ≤ 0.25 µg/mL and ≤ 2 µg/mL, respectively. A great variety of antimicrobial resistance patterns was found, and multidrug resistance was detected in one-third of the isolates. The presented data are helpful to raise awareness for the antimicrobial resistance of a zoonotic pathogen in context of the One Health concept.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73642752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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