The housing environment has become a critical issue for consumers of eggs and egg products. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how various housing environments can affect the modern laying hen. In this study, alongside the 40th NC layer performance test, four different housing environments were chosen based on industry prevalence, which include conventional cages, barren, enrichable colony cages, enriched colony cages, and cage-free environments. Hens in these environments were raised following standard feeding and lighting practices. This study found that conventional cage and enriched colony cage hens had the highest egg production level, while hens from the barren colony cages had the lowest production level. Feed efficiency followed a similar trend, where conventional cage and cage-free hens had the best feed efficiency, followed by enriched colony cage and barren colony cage hens. This study also found that conventional cage hens had the largest eggs, while cage-free hens had the smallest eggs. Cage-free and conventional cage hens had the lowest mortality rate, while hens in the barren colony cage had the highest mortality rate. From the data shown, it appears that standard, conventional cages provide white egg layers with the most optimal environment for production performance. However, a further evaluation of health and stress is needed to determine which environment provides the hen with optimal welfare.
{"title":"The Effect of Housing Environment on Egg Production, USDA Egg Size, and USDA Grade Distribution of Commercial White Egg Layers","authors":"B. Alig, P. Ferket, R. Malheiros, K. Anderson","doi":"10.3390/poultry2020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020017","url":null,"abstract":"The housing environment has become a critical issue for consumers of eggs and egg products. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how various housing environments can affect the modern laying hen. In this study, alongside the 40th NC layer performance test, four different housing environments were chosen based on industry prevalence, which include conventional cages, barren, enrichable colony cages, enriched colony cages, and cage-free environments. Hens in these environments were raised following standard feeding and lighting practices. This study found that conventional cage and enriched colony cage hens had the highest egg production level, while hens from the barren colony cages had the lowest production level. Feed efficiency followed a similar trend, where conventional cage and cage-free hens had the best feed efficiency, followed by enriched colony cage and barren colony cage hens. This study also found that conventional cage hens had the largest eggs, while cage-free hens had the smallest eggs. Cage-free and conventional cage hens had the lowest mortality rate, while hens in the barren colony cage had the highest mortality rate. From the data shown, it appears that standard, conventional cages provide white egg layers with the most optimal environment for production performance. However, a further evaluation of health and stress is needed to determine which environment provides the hen with optimal welfare.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78645368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1960238
K. El-Sabrout, M. R. T. Dantas, J. Souza-Júnior
SUMMARY We began gathering sources for this article in 2020 and began writing it as an important topic in the poultry field that provides an overview of the benefits of using herbal and bee products as nutraceuticals for improving poultry health and production, as well as encourages breeders and producers to use them instead of antibiotics for more healthy and safe products. The quality and safety attributes of poultry products have been attracting increasing attention and interest from the scientific communities as well as the public worldwide. Recently, nutraceuticals, as natural and safe alternatives to synthetic and artificial chemical drugs such as antibiotics, are used in several poultry farms (˃65%) for producing organic products (0% drugs). Nutraceuticals, such as organic acids (amino acids and fatty acids), herbal products (black cumin and fenugreek), and honeybee products (bee pollen and bee venom), are natural substances. They were added to poultry diets (1–3%) as a source of nutrition and to provide health benefits for birds. In addition, they have several biological functions in the bird’s body and may help birds to enhance their well-being. These supplements can increase the body weight of broilers and the egg production of hens by approximately 7% and 10%, respectively, as well as, enhance meat and eggs quality (˃30%). Moreover, they can improve the semen quality of roosters (ejaculate volume, advanced motility, live sperms, concentrate per ejaculate) by an average of 25%. Previous literature on the main biological activities performed by nutraceuticals has shown that most studies have only focused on the concept of using nutraceuticals as growth promoters, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agents. In the current review, critical effects/functions of the use of nutraceuticals, as natural and safe alternative feed additives in poultry farms, such as antioxidants, sexual-stimulants, immuno-stimulants, and for producing healthy products were discussed.
{"title":"Herbal and bee products as nutraceuticals for improving poultry health and production","authors":"K. El-Sabrout, M. R. T. Dantas, J. Souza-Júnior","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2021.1960238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1960238","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY We began gathering sources for this article in 2020 and began writing it as an important topic in the poultry field that provides an overview of the benefits of using herbal and bee products as nutraceuticals for improving poultry health and production, as well as encourages breeders and producers to use them instead of antibiotics for more healthy and safe products. The quality and safety attributes of poultry products have been attracting increasing attention and interest from the scientific communities as well as the public worldwide. Recently, nutraceuticals, as natural and safe alternatives to synthetic and artificial chemical drugs such as antibiotics, are used in several poultry farms (˃65%) for producing organic products (0% drugs). Nutraceuticals, such as organic acids (amino acids and fatty acids), herbal products (black cumin and fenugreek), and honeybee products (bee pollen and bee venom), are natural substances. They were added to poultry diets (1–3%) as a source of nutrition and to provide health benefits for birds. In addition, they have several biological functions in the bird’s body and may help birds to enhance their well-being. These supplements can increase the body weight of broilers and the egg production of hens by approximately 7% and 10%, respectively, as well as, enhance meat and eggs quality (˃30%). Moreover, they can improve the semen quality of roosters (ejaculate volume, advanced motility, live sperms, concentrate per ejaculate) by an average of 25%. Previous literature on the main biological activities performed by nutraceuticals has shown that most studies have only focused on the concept of using nutraceuticals as growth promoters, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agents. In the current review, critical effects/functions of the use of nutraceuticals, as natural and safe alternative feed additives in poultry farms, such as antioxidants, sexual-stimulants, immuno-stimulants, and for producing healthy products were discussed.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"100 1","pages":"223 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88819361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herve Tchoffo, Nathalie Ngwemetah, Donatien Albert Atsamo, C. Momo, Christelle Yolande Djoukouo Signe, Blandine Kambou, Arius Baulland Nguedia Dongmo, Nadege Djuissi Motchewo, F. Ngoula
The leaf extracts of Dacryodes edulis possess high concentrations of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins with various biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. These activities can be used in animal production to avoid the energy lost in favor of growth and reproduction. A total of 48 Brahma hens (45 days old), weighing on average 400 ± 12 g, were randomly distributed into four dietary treatment groups (12 birds each) with four replicates per group. The control group (T0) received 0% D. edulis, while the three test groups (T0.25, T0.50, and T0.75) were given feed with D. edulis powder leaves at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%, respectively, for a period of 60 days. Water and feed were supplied ad libitum. At the end of the study period (60 days), eight birds per treatment (two per replicate) were fasted, weighed, and slaughtered. Blood samples and organs were collected for analysis of growth characteristics, oxidative stress, and toxicity indices. This study revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in feed intake and live body weight with 0.75% D. edilus powder leaves. Abdominal fat was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower with 0.75% D. edilus powder leaves compared to the control group. Serum Aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in birds exposed to 0.75% D. edulis leaf powder compared to the control group. The use of D. edulis leaf powder as feed additive in feed could reduce oxidative stress and improve growth performance in Brahma. More research can be conducted on D. edilus, and it can be used in broiler feed at 0.75% concentration, which has shown a significant increase and decrease, respectively, in live body weight and serum aspartate aminotransferase activity.
{"title":"Blood Parameters, Kidney Histology and Growth Performances in Gallus gallus Domesticus (Brahma) Hens Fed a Diet Supplemented with Dacryodes edulis (Safou) Powder Leaves","authors":"Herve Tchoffo, Nathalie Ngwemetah, Donatien Albert Atsamo, C. Momo, Christelle Yolande Djoukouo Signe, Blandine Kambou, Arius Baulland Nguedia Dongmo, Nadege Djuissi Motchewo, F. Ngoula","doi":"10.3390/poultry2020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020016","url":null,"abstract":"The leaf extracts of Dacryodes edulis possess high concentrations of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins with various biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. These activities can be used in animal production to avoid the energy lost in favor of growth and reproduction. A total of 48 Brahma hens (45 days old), weighing on average 400 ± 12 g, were randomly distributed into four dietary treatment groups (12 birds each) with four replicates per group. The control group (T0) received 0% D. edulis, while the three test groups (T0.25, T0.50, and T0.75) were given feed with D. edulis powder leaves at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%, respectively, for a period of 60 days. Water and feed were supplied ad libitum. At the end of the study period (60 days), eight birds per treatment (two per replicate) were fasted, weighed, and slaughtered. Blood samples and organs were collected for analysis of growth characteristics, oxidative stress, and toxicity indices. This study revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in feed intake and live body weight with 0.75% D. edilus powder leaves. Abdominal fat was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower with 0.75% D. edilus powder leaves compared to the control group. Serum Aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in birds exposed to 0.75% D. edulis leaf powder compared to the control group. The use of D. edulis leaf powder as feed additive in feed could reduce oxidative stress and improve growth performance in Brahma. More research can be conducted on D. edilus, and it can be used in broiler feed at 0.75% concentration, which has shown a significant increase and decrease, respectively, in live body weight and serum aspartate aminotransferase activity.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81300190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mousstaaid, S. Fatemi, A. W. Levy, J. Purswell, H. Olanrewaju, B. Baughman, Kaylin McNulty, P. Gerard, E. Peebles
The effects of in ovo injection of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) on tissue L-AA concentrations, systemic inflammation, plasma mineral concentrations, and tracheal histomorphology of Ross 708 broilers subjected to elevated atmospheric ammonia (NH3) levels after hatch were investigated. The four in ovo treatments included non-injected (control), saline-injected (control), or saline containing 12 or 25 mg of L-AA. The in ovo treatments were applied at 17 days of incubation by injecting a 100 μL volume of each pre-specified treatment into the amnion. At hatch, 12 male chicks were randomly allocated to each of the 12 replicate battery cages belonging to each treatment group. The cages were arranged in a randomized complete block design within a common room. All birds were exposed to 50 ppm of NH3 at 35 days of posthatch age (doa), and the concentration of NH3 in the room was recorded every 20 s. At 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 doa, one bird from each cage was arbitrarily selected and euthanized for determinations of liver and eye L-AA concentrations at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 doa; plasma nitric oxide concentrations at 0, 14, 21, and 28 doa; and plasma calcium and trace mineral concentrations at 0 and 21 doa. Tracheal histomorphology evaluations were performed at 0, 21, and 28 doa. There were no significant treatment differences for plasma nitric oxide and mineral concentrations, and for liver and eye L-AA concentrations at each sampling timepoint. In ovo injection of either 12 or 25 mg of L-AA decreased tracheal attenuation incidence at 0 doa compared to the non-injected or saline-injected control groups. Furthermore, the percentage of mild tracheal inflammation scores was lower at 28 doa in response to the in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA compared to the non-injected or saline-injected control groups. These results indicate that in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA reduces tracheal inflammation in broilers subjected to elevated atmospheric NH3.
{"title":"Effects of the In ovo Administration of L-Ascorbic Acid on Tissue L-Ascorbic Acid Concentrations, Systemic Inflammation, and Tracheal Histomorphology of Ross 708 Broilers Subjected to Elevated Levels of Atmospheric Ammonia","authors":"A. Mousstaaid, S. Fatemi, A. W. Levy, J. Purswell, H. Olanrewaju, B. Baughman, Kaylin McNulty, P. Gerard, E. Peebles","doi":"10.3390/poultry2020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020014","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of in ovo injection of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) on tissue L-AA concentrations, systemic inflammation, plasma mineral concentrations, and tracheal histomorphology of Ross 708 broilers subjected to elevated atmospheric ammonia (NH3) levels after hatch were investigated. The four in ovo treatments included non-injected (control), saline-injected (control), or saline containing 12 or 25 mg of L-AA. The in ovo treatments were applied at 17 days of incubation by injecting a 100 μL volume of each pre-specified treatment into the amnion. At hatch, 12 male chicks were randomly allocated to each of the 12 replicate battery cages belonging to each treatment group. The cages were arranged in a randomized complete block design within a common room. All birds were exposed to 50 ppm of NH3 at 35 days of posthatch age (doa), and the concentration of NH3 in the room was recorded every 20 s. At 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 doa, one bird from each cage was arbitrarily selected and euthanized for determinations of liver and eye L-AA concentrations at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 doa; plasma nitric oxide concentrations at 0, 14, 21, and 28 doa; and plasma calcium and trace mineral concentrations at 0 and 21 doa. Tracheal histomorphology evaluations were performed at 0, 21, and 28 doa. There were no significant treatment differences for plasma nitric oxide and mineral concentrations, and for liver and eye L-AA concentrations at each sampling timepoint. In ovo injection of either 12 or 25 mg of L-AA decreased tracheal attenuation incidence at 0 doa compared to the non-injected or saline-injected control groups. Furthermore, the percentage of mild tracheal inflammation scores was lower at 28 doa in response to the in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA compared to the non-injected or saline-injected control groups. These results indicate that in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA reduces tracheal inflammation in broilers subjected to elevated atmospheric NH3.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89475068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zanaty, Zienab Mosaad, Wael K. Elfeil, Mona Badr, V. Palya, M. Shahein, M. Rady, M. Hess
Avian reovirus (ARV) strains cause a variety of symptoms in chickens, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, a disease that has emerged as a significant cause of economic losses in commercial chicken flocks in recent years in various countries, including Egypt. Furthermore, ARV strains are frequently isolated from birds suffering from malabsorption. In the actual study, seventy-five samples were collected in 2021 and 2022 from broiler and vaccinated broiler breeder flocks at different farms in Giza Province, Egypt, with reovirus-like symptoms such as significant weight fluctuation and arthritis/malabsorption. ARV was screened using real-time PCR, and fifteen positive samples were detected (20%), which were then subjected to embryonated chicken egg (ECE) isolation and molecular characterization (11/15 sample) of a partial segment of the sigma (σ)C gene (S1-gene). Phylogenetically, nine strains were found to belong to genotypic cluster IV, with 82–89% identity with Israeli ARV 2018, and two strains belong to genotypic cluster V with a 78% nucleotide identity with Japan ARV 2021. No correlation between lesions and genotype was found. The strains under study had a low sequence identity (43–55%) when compared with various commercial vaccines belonging to genotypic cluster I (e.g., strain S1133). These findings imply that novel ARV genotypes representing clusters IV and V have recently been introduced to Egyptian poultry farms. A homologous vaccine is suggested; because this variation raises the possibility that commercial vaccines may not offer protection against circulating ARVs.
{"title":"Isolation and Genotypic Characterization of New Emerging Avian Reovirus Genetic Variants in Egypt","authors":"A. Zanaty, Zienab Mosaad, Wael K. Elfeil, Mona Badr, V. Palya, M. Shahein, M. Rady, M. Hess","doi":"10.3390/poultry2020015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020015","url":null,"abstract":"Avian reovirus (ARV) strains cause a variety of symptoms in chickens, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, a disease that has emerged as a significant cause of economic losses in commercial chicken flocks in recent years in various countries, including Egypt. Furthermore, ARV strains are frequently isolated from birds suffering from malabsorption. In the actual study, seventy-five samples were collected in 2021 and 2022 from broiler and vaccinated broiler breeder flocks at different farms in Giza Province, Egypt, with reovirus-like symptoms such as significant weight fluctuation and arthritis/malabsorption. ARV was screened using real-time PCR, and fifteen positive samples were detected (20%), which were then subjected to embryonated chicken egg (ECE) isolation and molecular characterization (11/15 sample) of a partial segment of the sigma (σ)C gene (S1-gene). Phylogenetically, nine strains were found to belong to genotypic cluster IV, with 82–89% identity with Israeli ARV 2018, and two strains belong to genotypic cluster V with a 78% nucleotide identity with Japan ARV 2021. No correlation between lesions and genotype was found. The strains under study had a low sequence identity (43–55%) when compared with various commercial vaccines belonging to genotypic cluster I (e.g., strain S1133). These findings imply that novel ARV genotypes representing clusters IV and V have recently been introduced to Egyptian poultry farms. A homologous vaccine is suggested; because this variation raises the possibility that commercial vaccines may not offer protection against circulating ARVs.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90187897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Bist, S. Subedi, L. Chai, Prafulla Regmi, C. Ritz, W. Kim, Xiao Yang
Perching is one of the essential natural behaviors for avian species. Providing an optimal perching design (e.g., shape, dimension, and materials) for commercial poultry production is critical for maintaining bird health, welfare, and production efficiency. This review paper summarized poultry perching studies and discussed the relationship between perch design, bird welfare, and production efficiency. Providing perches at an early stage may ensure optimum use during adulthood, reduce perching accidents, and lower the risk of floor eggs in cage-free (CF) hen houses. Therefore, a perch space of 15 cm per bird is recommended for the CF hen house. Similarly, rectangular perches are preferred to circular perches as the rectangular perch provides hens with an excellent tendon-locking mechanism to prevent slipping. In addition, perches with softer materials such as polyurethane and rubber coverings are recommended to increase the contact surface on the chicken’s toes. Perching behavior (PB) promotes a musculocutaneous system and reduces the incidences of footpad dermatitis and lesions. Generally, providing perching may reduce aggression and stress in birds and improve welfare and production efficiency. In the case of broilers, it is found that the broiler perches less during the latter stage of their lives because they are comparatively heavier and exhibit a more inactive lifestyle. Studies have investigated the effect of the surface temperature of the perch on broilers’ welfare. Perches with lower temperatures help improve performance and welfare by relieving heat stress and leg issues. Overall, PB is required to improve bird health and welfare.
{"title":"Effects of Perching on Poultry Welfare and Production: A Review","authors":"R. Bist, S. Subedi, L. Chai, Prafulla Regmi, C. Ritz, W. Kim, Xiao Yang","doi":"10.3390/poultry2020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020013","url":null,"abstract":"Perching is one of the essential natural behaviors for avian species. Providing an optimal perching design (e.g., shape, dimension, and materials) for commercial poultry production is critical for maintaining bird health, welfare, and production efficiency. This review paper summarized poultry perching studies and discussed the relationship between perch design, bird welfare, and production efficiency. Providing perches at an early stage may ensure optimum use during adulthood, reduce perching accidents, and lower the risk of floor eggs in cage-free (CF) hen houses. Therefore, a perch space of 15 cm per bird is recommended for the CF hen house. Similarly, rectangular perches are preferred to circular perches as the rectangular perch provides hens with an excellent tendon-locking mechanism to prevent slipping. In addition, perches with softer materials such as polyurethane and rubber coverings are recommended to increase the contact surface on the chicken’s toes. Perching behavior (PB) promotes a musculocutaneous system and reduces the incidences of footpad dermatitis and lesions. Generally, providing perching may reduce aggression and stress in birds and improve welfare and production efficiency. In the case of broilers, it is found that the broiler perches less during the latter stage of their lives because they are comparatively heavier and exhibit a more inactive lifestyle. Studies have investigated the effect of the surface temperature of the perch on broilers’ welfare. Perches with lower temperatures help improve performance and welfare by relieving heat stress and leg issues. Overall, PB is required to improve bird health and welfare.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77626958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Pirgozliev, S. Mansbridge, I. Whiting, J. Abdulla, S. Rose, K. Kljak, Amy E. Johnson, F. Drijfhout, A. Atanasov
Four wheat-based diets with either low soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSPs, 13 g/kg) content (low viscosity, LV) or high NSPs content (33.5 g/kg; high viscosity, HV), without and with exogenous xylanase (XYL), were fed to male Ross 308 broiler chickens from 7 to 21 days age. The enzyme was supplemented at 100 FXU/kg diet, and its preparation was based on endo-1,4-beta-xylanase produced by Aspergillus oryzae. Each diet was fed to eight pens, with five birds in each pen, following randomisation. Chicks fed XYL had an improved feed efficiency, hepatic coenzyme Q10, cecal butyric acid concentration, nitrogen digestibility (p < 0.05) and increased dietary ME (p < 0.001). Compared to HV, birds fed LV diets had reduced weight of proventriculus, gizzard and the pancreas and higher blood glutathione peroxidase and dietary ME (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed on nutrient digestibility and growth performance variables. This also suggests that birds may tolerate a greater dietary NSPs content; thus, further benefits may be obtained by the application of XYL in low energy wheat-based diets.
{"title":"The Benefits of Exogenous Xylanase in Wheat–Soy Based Broiler Chicken Diets, Consisting of Different Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharides Content","authors":"V. Pirgozliev, S. Mansbridge, I. Whiting, J. Abdulla, S. Rose, K. Kljak, Amy E. Johnson, F. Drijfhout, A. Atanasov","doi":"10.3390/poultry2020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020012","url":null,"abstract":"Four wheat-based diets with either low soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSPs, 13 g/kg) content (low viscosity, LV) or high NSPs content (33.5 g/kg; high viscosity, HV), without and with exogenous xylanase (XYL), were fed to male Ross 308 broiler chickens from 7 to 21 days age. The enzyme was supplemented at 100 FXU/kg diet, and its preparation was based on endo-1,4-beta-xylanase produced by Aspergillus oryzae. Each diet was fed to eight pens, with five birds in each pen, following randomisation. Chicks fed XYL had an improved feed efficiency, hepatic coenzyme Q10, cecal butyric acid concentration, nitrogen digestibility (p < 0.05) and increased dietary ME (p < 0.001). Compared to HV, birds fed LV diets had reduced weight of proventriculus, gizzard and the pancreas and higher blood glutathione peroxidase and dietary ME (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed on nutrient digestibility and growth performance variables. This also suggests that birds may tolerate a greater dietary NSPs content; thus, further benefits may be obtained by the application of XYL in low energy wheat-based diets.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72697533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2192885
I. Araújo, L. Lara
SUMMARY The egg provides the nutritional support for the development of the embryo; thus, the embryo’s antioxidant system can be enhanced with antioxidant supplementation agents in the breeder’s diet or antioxidant supplementation agents in in ovo feeding. The 19th day of broiler embryonic development can be cited as a moment of increased oxidative action on chick embryo tissues as on the 18th day of development, the chick starts the internal pipping of the air chamber and starts to have a greater oxygen supply, which can intensify the oxidative action and the generation of free radicals. The use of vitamin E in doses higher than 200 mg/kg in the breeders’ feed influences the oxidative protection in the egg yolk, with a greater concentration of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px activity, SOD and catalase) in the serum, liver and musculature of breeders and in the serum of newly hatched chicks. Canthaxanthin (6 mg/kg) in the broiler breeders’ diet is efficient in improving the results of egg fertility, hatchability and oxidative status of the newly hatched chick. Supplementing selenium in the breeder’s feed is capable of increasing the availability of selenium for embryonic development and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the embryo’s tissues, increasing the hatching. Vitamin E in ovo feeding was studied, but the doses administered need to be further investigated because there is a certain discrepancy between the results found. The only study that evaluated a commercial product containing canthaxanthin in ovo indicated an improvement in the antioxidant capacity of the embryo; however, it was recommended that the studies are carried out to elucidate the use of pure canthaxanthin. The present review found that oxidative protection of embryonic tissues during development and at hatching period is essential for an incubation with a high number of hatched chicks and a low incidence of embryonic mortality.
{"title":"Perspectives on vitamin E, canthaxanthin and selenium to chick embryo antioxidant protection","authors":"I. Araújo, L. Lara","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2192885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2192885","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The egg provides the nutritional support for the development of the embryo; thus, the embryo’s antioxidant system can be enhanced with antioxidant supplementation agents in the breeder’s diet or antioxidant supplementation agents in in ovo feeding. The 19th day of broiler embryonic development can be cited as a moment of increased oxidative action on chick embryo tissues as on the 18th day of development, the chick starts the internal pipping of the air chamber and starts to have a greater oxygen supply, which can intensify the oxidative action and the generation of free radicals. The use of vitamin E in doses higher than 200 mg/kg in the breeders’ feed influences the oxidative protection in the egg yolk, with a greater concentration of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px activity, SOD and catalase) in the serum, liver and musculature of breeders and in the serum of newly hatched chicks. Canthaxanthin (6 mg/kg) in the broiler breeders’ diet is efficient in improving the results of egg fertility, hatchability and oxidative status of the newly hatched chick. Supplementing selenium in the breeder’s feed is capable of increasing the availability of selenium for embryonic development and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the embryo’s tissues, increasing the hatching. Vitamin E in ovo feeding was studied, but the doses administered need to be further investigated because there is a certain discrepancy between the results found. The only study that evaluated a commercial product containing canthaxanthin in ovo indicated an improvement in the antioxidant capacity of the embryo; however, it was recommended that the studies are carried out to elucidate the use of pure canthaxanthin. The present review found that oxidative protection of embryonic tissues during development and at hatching period is essential for an incubation with a high number of hatched chicks and a low incidence of embryonic mortality.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"265 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84499282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2189207
R. M. Bilal, Muhammad Ali Tahir, A. Shahzad, Mayada R. Farag, Abdelmonem Siddiq, N. El-shall, K. Dhama, S. Elnesr, M. Alagawany
SUMMARY Poultry is an important source of human protein so research was done to identify methods of improving the feed quality and overcoming the challenge of using this feed type. Poultry feed is commonly contaminated with certain organisms like fungi which produce a group of secondary metabolites called mycotoxins, which affect the quality of the feed. These mycotoxins are highly toxic even in a small concentration like ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin causing a wide range of disorders such as hepatic and kidney injury, etc. This review aims to provide an insight into this problem and the use of yeast and its derived products as a method to overcome these mycotoxins. In the literature, yeast is applied to poultry feed as it promotes the growth of broilers when added to the diet and enhances immunity by increasing the antibody titre and macrophages. It increases the size of immunity organs like the thymus gland and the spleen, improves gut immunity, and decreases the proportion of certain microorganisms like E. coli and Salmonella. Lachancea Thermotoleran is an example of a yeast strain that produces volatile organic compounds like 2-phenyl ethanol, which decreases the production of OTA by certain percentages according to the applied conditions. Therefore, the inclusion of yeast was applied as a promising feed additive to overcome mycotoxins in poultry diets because of its many benefits.
{"title":"Yeast and derived products: their uses in preventing mycotoxins in poultry feeds","authors":"R. M. Bilal, Muhammad Ali Tahir, A. Shahzad, Mayada R. Farag, Abdelmonem Siddiq, N. El-shall, K. Dhama, S. Elnesr, M. Alagawany","doi":"10.1080/00439339.2023.2189207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2189207","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Poultry is an important source of human protein so research was done to identify methods of improving the feed quality and overcoming the challenge of using this feed type. Poultry feed is commonly contaminated with certain organisms like fungi which produce a group of secondary metabolites called mycotoxins, which affect the quality of the feed. These mycotoxins are highly toxic even in a small concentration like ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin causing a wide range of disorders such as hepatic and kidney injury, etc. This review aims to provide an insight into this problem and the use of yeast and its derived products as a method to overcome these mycotoxins. In the literature, yeast is applied to poultry feed as it promotes the growth of broilers when added to the diet and enhances immunity by increasing the antibody titre and macrophages. It increases the size of immunity organs like the thymus gland and the spleen, improves gut immunity, and decreases the proportion of certain microorganisms like E. coli and Salmonella. Lachancea Thermotoleran is an example of a yeast strain that produces volatile organic compounds like 2-phenyl ethanol, which decreases the production of OTA by certain percentages according to the applied conditions. Therefore, the inclusion of yeast was applied as a promising feed additive to overcome mycotoxins in poultry diets because of its many benefits.","PeriodicalId":24003,"journal":{"name":"World's Poultry Science Journal","volume":"402 1","pages":"351 - 378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79918435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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