Анна Сергеевна Благонравова, Т.В. Жиляева, Д. В. Квашнина
The second part of the literature review on the role of intestinal microbiota disturbances in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is devoted to the analysis of published literature on the possible mechanisms underlying the impact of intestinal dysbiosis on the function of the central nervous system and symptoms of ASD and vice versa, the effect of the nervous system on the intestinal microbiota. The hypotheses of slow inflammation, hyperserotoninemia, the production of toxic metabolites of the intestinal microbiota, impaired intestinal wall permeability, and the effect of intestinal dysbiosis on the synthesis of amino acids, vitamins and other biologically active substances that are potentially involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD are considered. Available to date experimental and clinical data supporting these hypotheses are presented. The main mechanisms of the so-called gut-brain axis, which may be related to the pathogenesis of ASD, are formulated.
{"title":"Нарушения кишечной микробиоты при расстройствах аутистического спектра: новые горизонты в поиске патогенетических подходов к терапии. Часть 2. Ось кишечник–мозг в патогенезе расстройств аутистического спектра","authors":"Анна Сергеевна Благонравова, Т.В. Жиляева, Д. В. Квашнина","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-83","url":null,"abstract":"The second part of the literature review on the role of intestinal microbiota disturbances in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is devoted to the analysis of published literature on the possible mechanisms underlying the impact of intestinal dysbiosis on the function of the central nervous system and symptoms of ASD and vice versa, the effect of the nervous system on the intestinal microbiota. The hypotheses of slow inflammation, hyperserotoninemia, the production of toxic metabolites of the intestinal microbiota, impaired intestinal wall permeability, and the effect of intestinal dysbiosis on the synthesis of amino acids, vitamins and other biologically active substances that are potentially involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD are considered. Available to date experimental and clinical data supporting these hypotheses are presented. The main mechanisms of the so-called gut-brain axis, which may be related to the pathogenesis of ASD, are formulated.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77515072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
И. И. Долгушин, В. В. Генкель, И. Л. Батурина, Игорь Валериевич Емельянов, А. Ю. Савочкина, Игорь Иосифович Шапошник
Introduction . The role of neutrophils in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis as well as in the development of its complications has received scientific attention only in the recent years. Today, there is growing evidence to support a role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in sustained inflammation during different chronic inflammatory diseases by retaining neutrophils at inflammatory sites. The aim of the study is to assess the diagnostic and prognostic significance of circulating CD62L lo CXCR4 hi neutrophils in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Materials and methods . A total of 75 patients (52% of men and 48% of women) aged 40 to 64 years were examined. None of them were diagnosed with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. All the patients underwent carotid artery duplex scanning. The flow cytometry and CD16, CD11b, CD62L, CD182 (CXCR2) and CD184 (CXCR4) conjugated monoclonal antibodies were used for phenotyping and differentiation of neutrophil subpopulations. Results . Atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries were detected in 72% of the patients; most of the patients were diagnosed with stenosis development in more than one of the carotid arteries (CA). The elevated levels of circulating CXCR4 h neutrophils were associated with the levels of total cholesterol (r = 0.377; p = 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (r = 0.293; p = 0.014) and triglycerides (r = 0.388; p = 0.003). The study revealed direct correlation between the circulating CXCR4 hi neutrophil count and the cumulative percentage of CA stenosis (r = 0.300; p = 0.011), including the number of stenosed CA (r = 0.291; p = 0.034). It was also found that CXCR4 hi neutrophil counts demonstrated a statistically significant increase along with the increased number of stenosed CA (p = 0.025). The ROC analysis findings show that the elevated CXCR4 hi neutrophil counts ≥260 cells/μL made it possible to diagnose stenotic lesion of 4 CAs with a sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity reaching 76.6%. Conclusion . In patients with carotid atherosclerosis, the increased count of circulating CD62L lo CXCR4 hi neutrophils was associated with the increased number of stenosed CAs, while no significant changes were observed in the other examined subpopulations of neutrophil granulocytes. The increased CD62L lo CXCR4 hi neutrophil count made it possible to diagnose stenotic lesion of 4 CAs with a sufficient sensitivity and specificity.
{"title":"Ассоциация увеличения количества циркулирующих CD62L lo CXCR4 hi -нейтрофилов с распространённостью каротидного атеросклероза","authors":"И. И. Долгушин, В. В. Генкель, И. Л. Батурина, Игорь Валериевич Емельянов, А. Ю. Савочкина, Игорь Иосифович Шапошник","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-67","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction . The role of neutrophils in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis as well as in the development of its complications has received scientific attention only in the recent years. Today, there is growing evidence to support a role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in sustained inflammation during different chronic inflammatory diseases by retaining neutrophils at inflammatory sites. The aim of the study is to assess the diagnostic and prognostic significance of circulating CD62L lo CXCR4 hi neutrophils in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Materials and methods . A total of 75 patients (52% of men and 48% of women) aged 40 to 64 years were examined. None of them were diagnosed with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. All the patients underwent carotid artery duplex scanning. The flow cytometry and CD16, CD11b, CD62L, CD182 (CXCR2) and CD184 (CXCR4) conjugated monoclonal antibodies were used for phenotyping and differentiation of neutrophil subpopulations. Results . Atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries were detected in 72% of the patients; most of the patients were diagnosed with stenosis development in more than one of the carotid arteries (CA). The elevated levels of circulating CXCR4 h neutrophils were associated with the levels of total cholesterol (r = 0.377; p = 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (r = 0.293; p = 0.014) and triglycerides (r = 0.388; p = 0.003). The study revealed direct correlation between the circulating CXCR4 hi neutrophil count and the cumulative percentage of CA stenosis (r = 0.300; p = 0.011), including the number of stenosed CA (r = 0.291; p = 0.034). It was also found that CXCR4 hi neutrophil counts demonstrated a statistically significant increase along with the increased number of stenosed CA (p = 0.025). The ROC analysis findings show that the elevated CXCR4 hi neutrophil counts ≥260 cells/μL made it possible to diagnose stenotic lesion of 4 CAs with a sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity reaching 76.6%. Conclusion . In patients with carotid atherosclerosis, the increased count of circulating CD62L lo CXCR4 hi neutrophils was associated with the increased number of stenosed CAs, while no significant changes were observed in the other examined subpopulations of neutrophil granulocytes. The increased CD62L lo CXCR4 hi neutrophil count made it possible to diagnose stenotic lesion of 4 CAs with a sufficient sensitivity and specificity.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75207252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Анна Сергеевна Благонравова, Т.В. Жиляева, Д. В. Квашнина
The first part of the literature review on the role of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) includes recent data published in the literature on the features of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microbiota in patients with autism. It was shown that an excessive presence of Clostridium was detected in ASD, and evidence was presented showing the possible participation of these bacteria in the development of autism symptoms. Contradictory research results on an increase in a number of other pathogenic bacteria and, conversely, a decrease in the number of bacteria necessary to maintain the normal functioning of the intestine and the host organism as a whole are presented. The possible role of Candida albicans in ASD, requiring further study, is reported. Possible causes of contradictions in the results of studies on this topic are discussed.
{"title":"Нарушения кишечной микробиоты при расстройствах аутистического спектра: новые горизонты в поиске патогенетических подходов к терапии. Часть 1. Особенности кишечной микробиоты при расстройствах аутистического спектра","authors":"Анна Сергеевна Благонравова, Т.В. Жиляева, Д. В. Квашнина","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-62","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of the literature review on the role of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) includes recent data published in the literature on the features of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microbiota in patients with autism. It was shown that an excessive presence of Clostridium was detected in ASD, and evidence was presented showing the possible participation of these bacteria in the development of autism symptoms. Contradictory research results on an increase in a number of other pathogenic bacteria and, conversely, a decrease in the number of bacteria necessary to maintain the normal functioning of the intestine and the host organism as a whole are presented. The possible role of Candida albicans in ASD, requiring further study, is reported. Possible causes of contradictions in the results of studies on this topic are discussed.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72388473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-04DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-11
A. V. Lomonosova
Introduction . One of the reasons for the increase of pertussis in the Russian Federation on the background of the widespread coverage of prophylactic vaccinations of more than 95% is a large number of unreasonable medical recusals and parental refusals and, as a result, untimely prophylactic vaccinations against pertussis infection. Materials and methods . We analyzed 5101 emergency notifications for pertussis in children under 17 years of age in Moscow in 2012-2017 and 300 child development histories for children under 14 years of age in two clinics in Moscow. A сase-сontrol study was conducted to assess the relationship between pertussis and the presence of deviations in the immunization schedule. Results . It was found that the level of timely immunization against pertussis did not exceed 5%. Medical (20%) and parental refusals (45%) prevail among the reasons for delayed vaccination. In the structure of medical exemption, the main causes are perinatal encephalopathy, congenital heart defects, intestinal dysbiosis, allergic diseases, anemia and some chronic diseases. Discussion. The main principle for the formation of a full protective immunity from pertussis infection is the mandatory administration of a full primary course of vaccination against pertussis, with the completion of three vaccinations at the age of 10-12 months and mandatory control over the timely receipt of a booster dose no later than the child reaches two years of age. In addition, it is necessary to introduce additional booster doses of pertussis vaccine at the age of 6-7 years, 12-14 years, vaccination of adults every 10 years, as well as consider the introduction of vaccination of expectant mothers in each pregnancy at 27-36 weeks, vaccination for medical personnel and employees who provide child care services.
{"title":"Causes and consequences of delayed vaccination against pertussis infection in the Russian Federation","authors":"A. V. Lomonosova","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-11","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction . One of the reasons for the increase of pertussis in the Russian Federation on the background of the widespread coverage of prophylactic vaccinations of more than 95% is a large number of unreasonable medical recusals and parental refusals and, as a result, untimely prophylactic vaccinations against pertussis infection. Materials and methods . We analyzed 5101 emergency notifications for pertussis in children under 17 years of age in Moscow in 2012-2017 and 300 child development histories for children under 14 years of age in two clinics in Moscow. A сase-сontrol study was conducted to assess the relationship between pertussis and the presence of deviations in the immunization schedule. Results . It was found that the level of timely immunization against pertussis did not exceed 5%. Medical (20%) and parental refusals (45%) prevail among the reasons for delayed vaccination. In the structure of medical exemption, the main causes are perinatal encephalopathy, congenital heart defects, intestinal dysbiosis, allergic diseases, anemia and some chronic diseases. Discussion. The main principle for the formation of a full protective immunity from pertussis infection is the mandatory administration of a full primary course of vaccination against pertussis, with the completion of three vaccinations at the age of 10-12 months and mandatory control over the timely receipt of a booster dose no later than the child reaches two years of age. In addition, it is necessary to introduce additional booster doses of pertussis vaccine at the age of 6-7 years, 12-14 years, vaccination of adults every 10 years, as well as consider the introduction of vaccination of expectant mothers in each pregnancy at 27-36 weeks, vaccination for medical personnel and employees who provide child care services.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83950969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-04DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-10
D. A. Levchenko, I. V. Arhangelskaya, V. D. Kruglikov, Oksana A. Podoinitsina
{"title":"Atypicity of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains based on agglutability","authors":"D. A. Levchenko, I. V. Arhangelskaya, V. D. Kruglikov, Oksana A. Podoinitsina","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72942902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-04DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-2
B. Andryukov, L. Somova, I. Lyapun, M. Bynina, E. Matosova
Introduction. With the advent of the paradigm of heterogeneity of the bacterial population, attention has been drawn to the phenotype of dormant cells, the active generation of which occurs when adverse environmental conditions of microorganisms appear. These cells are characterized by metabolic and reproductive dormancy, as well as antibiotic resistance. However, upon the occurrence of favorable living conditions, they are able to germinate again and cause an exacerbation of infectious diseases. In recent years, a threatening decrease in the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and an increase in the incidence of persistent, chronic and hospital infections have been associated with these phenotypes of pathogenic bacteria. Given the key role of fatty acid (FA) in the adaptation of bacteria, the aim of this study was to identify the specific features of changes in the fatty acid composition of gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family during their long-term storage under extreme conditions and the formation of dormant (uncultured) subpopulations of cell forms.Materials and methods. Static cultures of following reference strains were used in the study: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli, stored under vaseline oil at 4-8°С for 5-10 years. Dormant cell forms were obtained by removing the oil layer and collecting the microbial mass. The ultrastructural features of the dormant cell forms were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The viability of dormant cells was assessed by a molecular genetic method. The lack of reproductive activity of dormant forms was checked by repeated inoculations on LB broth, Endo and Serov media and incubation at 4-6°C, 22-24°C, and 37°С. Methyl esters of total FAs were obtained according to the procedure approved by the European Committee for Standardization and recommended by the Sherlock MIS protocol. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was carried out by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. After preliminary homogenization of the bacterial masses, lipids were extracted, and FA spectra were obtained by electron impact at 70 eVResults. It was demonstrated that phenotypic uncultured generation of dormant cells is formed under extreme conditions (low temperature, nutrient deficiency, hypoxia) in populations of E. coli, Y. pseudotuberculosis and S. Typhimurium. A comparative analysis of changes in the fatty acid spectrum in the dormant phenotype revealed certain features compared to vegetative cells associated with a decrease in the unsaturation index and the dominance of long-chain saturated FAs (C14-C18).Conclusion. The biological significance of the observed transformations is apparently associated with the special role of these FA fractions in the reversible formation of dormant (uncultivated) cell phenotype and as an alternative source of carbohydrates in a metabolically inactive state, as well as their subsequent reversal to
{"title":"Features of changes in spectra of fatty acids of the bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family in the process of forming stable (dormant) cell forms","authors":"B. Andryukov, L. Somova, I. Lyapun, M. Bynina, E. Matosova","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-5-2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. With the advent of the paradigm of heterogeneity of the bacterial population, attention has been drawn to the phenotype of dormant cells, the active generation of which occurs when adverse environmental conditions of microorganisms appear. These cells are characterized by metabolic and reproductive dormancy, as well as antibiotic resistance. However, upon the occurrence of favorable living conditions, they are able to germinate again and cause an exacerbation of infectious diseases. In recent years, a threatening decrease in the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and an increase in the incidence of persistent, chronic and hospital infections have been associated with these phenotypes of pathogenic bacteria. Given the key role of fatty acid (FA) in the adaptation of bacteria, the aim of this study was to identify the specific features of changes in the fatty acid composition of gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family during their long-term storage under extreme conditions and the formation of dormant (uncultured) subpopulations of cell forms.Materials and methods. Static cultures of following reference strains were used in the study: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli, stored under vaseline oil at 4-8°С for 5-10 years. Dormant cell forms were obtained by removing the oil layer and collecting the microbial mass. The ultrastructural features of the dormant cell forms were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The viability of dormant cells was assessed by a molecular genetic method. The lack of reproductive activity of dormant forms was checked by repeated inoculations on LB broth, Endo and Serov media and incubation at 4-6°C, 22-24°C, and 37°С. Methyl esters of total FAs were obtained according to the procedure approved by the European Committee for Standardization and recommended by the Sherlock MIS protocol. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was carried out by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. After preliminary homogenization of the bacterial masses, lipids were extracted, and FA spectra were obtained by electron impact at 70 eVResults. It was demonstrated that phenotypic uncultured generation of dormant cells is formed under extreme conditions (low temperature, nutrient deficiency, hypoxia) in populations of E. coli, Y. pseudotuberculosis and S. Typhimurium. A comparative analysis of changes in the fatty acid spectrum in the dormant phenotype revealed certain features compared to vegetative cells associated with a decrease in the unsaturation index and the dominance of long-chain saturated FAs (C14-C18).Conclusion. The biological significance of the observed transformations is apparently associated with the special role of these FA fractions in the reversible formation of dormant (uncultivated) cell phenotype and as an alternative source of carbohydrates in a metabolically inactive state, as well as their subsequent reversal to","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84869325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-1-102-103
V. Akimkin
.
．
{"title":"Resolution of the Congress with international participation “Control and prevention of healthcare associated infections (HAIs-2019)” (Moscow, November 28–29, 2019)","authors":"V. Akimkin","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-1-102-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-1-102-103","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90291855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-62-71
L. Somova, B. G. Andryukov, I. Lyapun
The paper discusses the issues of morphofunctional variability of sapronoses pathogens in stressful environment. In the current century, sapronoses infections attract increasing attention. Under unfavorable environmental conditions the pathogens use the strategy for the formation of resting (stable) states, that is: viable but non-culturable cell formes and persistent bacteria, which are characterized by reduced metabolism and changes in the morphology and physiology of the microorganisms, termination of replication. Possibility of sapronoses pathogens survival in interepidemic period and antibiotic resistance formation, which play an important role in chronic infections, are associated with the formation of persistent forms of bacteria. The literature extensively discusses mechanisms and conditions of the pathogenic bacteria stable states formation and their pathogenetic contribution to infectious pathology, whereas ultrastructural organization and morphological variability of persistent cell forms, as well as their differentiation, causing the pathogens population heterogeneity, is still insufficiently illuminated. Based on the analysis of current data and their own experience, the authors evaluate the morphological and functional changes of bacteria stable cellular forms and their role in sapronoses pathogens adaptation strategies.
{"title":"Гетероморфизм клеточной персистенции возбудителей сапронозов в различных условиях среды обитания","authors":"L. Somova, B. G. Andryukov, I. Lyapun","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-62-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-62-71","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the issues of morphofunctional variability of sapronoses pathogens in stressful environment. In the current century, sapronoses infections attract increasing attention. Under unfavorable environmental conditions the pathogens use the strategy for the formation of resting (stable) states, that is: viable but non-culturable cell formes and persistent bacteria, which are characterized by reduced metabolism and changes in the morphology and physiology of the microorganisms, termination of replication. Possibility of sapronoses pathogens survival in interepidemic period and antibiotic resistance formation, which play an important role in chronic infections, are associated with the formation of persistent forms of bacteria. The literature extensively discusses mechanisms and conditions of the pathogenic bacteria stable states formation and their pathogenetic contribution to infectious pathology, whereas ultrastructural organization and morphological variability of persistent cell forms, as well as their differentiation, causing the pathogens population heterogeneity, is still insufficiently illuminated. Based on the analysis of current data and their own experience, the authors evaluate the morphological and functional changes of bacteria stable cellular forms and their role in sapronoses pathogens adaptation strategies.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73166788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-32-39
A. A. Asratyan, T. A. Semenenko, I. B. Kal’nin, O. Orlova, D. Soloviev, E. V. Rusakova, S. Kazaryan, Kuzin Sn
Background . Psychiatric hospitals, where patients with immunodeficiency often do not comply with basic preventive measures, as well as receiving a wide range of medical procedures, including parenteral ones, are the institutions of high risk of socially significant infections spreading. The aim was to study the current epidemiological features of parenteral hepatitis among various categories of mentally ill patients (with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection) and medical personnel in a large psychiatric hospital. Materials and methods . Serological markers of hepatitis B (HB) and hepatitis C (HC) were determined in 8352 patients and 542 employees of a large psychiatric hospital using domestic diagnostic test systems. Results . Markers of HB and HC among patients were revealed in 7.2% of persons (HB — 2.8%, HC — 3.1%, and HB+HC — 1.4%). The analysis of sex, age and social characteristics of HBVand HCV-patients was conducted. Markers of HC were significantly more common in HIV-infected patients (44.4% of individuals); the main routes of transmission of HB and HC were intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse. Among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, the maximum number of persons was found with markers of HB (44.3%) and HB+HC (38.2%); the main clinical form of pulmonary tuberculosis was represented by the infiltrative form (60.4%); in 53,7% of cases the bacillary forms were identified that pose a serious epidemiological risk in the spread of tuberculosis in the hospital. Analysis of the social structure showed that HBV+HC+HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis are characteristics of persons with aggravated social status. The most frequent factors of infection with HBV and HCV were longterm parenteral loading and intravenous drug use. The greatest factor of parenteral load was observed in mentally ill patients diagnosed with HB+HC accompanying tuberculosis. It was shown that the frequency of HBV and HCV markers detection among medical personnel depends on the department profile, work duration, frequency and risk of contact with blood during professional activity. Conclusion. A high level of comorbidity of mental disorders and socially significant infectious diseases (HIV infection, tuberculosis and HB and HC) has been established, which has a significant impact on the epidemic process of these infections. Preventive programmes established in hospitals and in the territories they serve should take into account their comorbidity. The necessity of specific and non-specific prevention of viral hepatitis in patients and medical staff of psychiatric hospitals is shown.
背景。在精神病院，免疫缺陷患者往往不遵守基本预防措施，并接受各种医疗程序，包括肠外注射，这是具有社会意义的传染病传播的高风险机构。目的是研究一家大型精神病院各类精神病患者(肺结核和艾滋病毒感染)和医务人员目前的肠外肝炎流行病学特征。材料和方法。采用国产诊断检测系统对某大型精神病院8352例患者和542名工作人员进行了乙型肝炎(HB)和丙型肝炎(HC)血清学标志物检测。结果。在7.2%的患者中发现HB和HC标记物(HB - 2.8%， HC - 3.1%， HB+HC - 1.4%)。分析乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎患者的性别、年龄和社会特征。HC标记物在hiv感染者中更为常见(44.4%);乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的主要传播途径是静脉吸毒和性交。在肺结核患者中，HB(44.3%)和HB+HC(38.2%)标记的人数最多;肺结核临床表现以浸润型为主(60.4%);在53.7%的病例中，鉴定出的细菌形式对医院内结核病的传播构成严重的流行病学风险。社会结构分析显示HBV+HC+HIV和肺结核是社会地位加重人群的特征。HBV和HCV感染最常见的因素是长期的肠外负荷和静脉注射药物。在诊断为HB+HC合并结核病的精神病患者中观察到肠外负荷最大的因素。结果表明，医务人员HBV和HCV标志物检测频率与科室概况、工作时间、职业活动中接触血液的频率和风险有关。结论。精神障碍和具有社会意义的传染病(艾滋病毒感染、结核病、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎)的共病率很高，这对这些感染的流行过程产生了重大影响。在医院及其所服务的领土内制定的预防方案应考虑到这些疾病的合并症。指出了精神病院患者和医务人员对病毒性肝炎进行特异性和非特异性预防的必要性。
{"title":"Современные эпидемиологические особенности вирусных гепатитов В и С, туберкулеза и ВИЧ-инфекции в психиатрических стационарах","authors":"A. A. Asratyan, T. A. Semenenko, I. B. Kal’nin, O. Orlova, D. Soloviev, E. V. Rusakova, S. Kazaryan, Kuzin Sn","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-32-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-32-39","url":null,"abstract":"Background . Psychiatric hospitals, where patients with immunodeficiency often do not comply with basic preventive measures, as well as receiving a wide range of medical procedures, including parenteral ones, are the institutions of high risk of socially significant infections spreading. The aim was to study the current epidemiological features of parenteral hepatitis among various categories of mentally ill patients (with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection) and medical personnel in a large psychiatric hospital. Materials and methods . Serological markers of hepatitis B (HB) and hepatitis C (HC) were determined in 8352 patients and 542 employees of a large psychiatric hospital using domestic diagnostic test systems. Results . Markers of HB and HC among patients were revealed in 7.2% of persons (HB — 2.8%, HC — 3.1%, and HB+HC — 1.4%). The analysis of sex, age and social characteristics of HBVand HCV-patients was conducted. Markers of HC were significantly more common in HIV-infected patients (44.4% of individuals); the main routes of transmission of HB and HC were intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse. Among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, the maximum number of persons was found with markers of HB (44.3%) and HB+HC (38.2%); the main clinical form of pulmonary tuberculosis was represented by the infiltrative form (60.4%); in 53,7% of cases the bacillary forms were identified that pose a serious epidemiological risk in the spread of tuberculosis in the hospital. Analysis of the social structure showed that HBV+HC+HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis are characteristics of persons with aggravated social status. The most frequent factors of infection with HBV and HCV were longterm parenteral loading and intravenous drug use. The greatest factor of parenteral load was observed in mentally ill patients diagnosed with HB+HC accompanying tuberculosis. It was shown that the frequency of HBV and HCV markers detection among medical personnel depends on the department profile, work duration, frequency and risk of contact with blood during professional activity. Conclusion. A high level of comorbidity of mental disorders and socially significant infectious diseases (HIV infection, tuberculosis and HB and HC) has been established, which has a significant impact on the epidemic process of these infections. Preventive programmes established in hospitals and in the territories they serve should take into account their comorbidity. The necessity of specific and non-specific prevention of viral hepatitis in patients and medical staff of psychiatric hospitals is shown.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82053470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-83-90
N. M. Shlepotina, M. V. Peshikova, O. L. Kolesnikov, Y. S. Shishkova
Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.
{"title":"Современные представления о механизмах взаимодействия биопленки и факторов клеточного иммунитета","authors":"N. M. Shlepotina, M. V. Peshikova, O. L. Kolesnikov, Y. S. Shishkova","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-83-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-83-90","url":null,"abstract":"Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.","PeriodicalId":24020,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90062673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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