中华预防医学杂志最新文献

Influenza places a substantial burden on the elderly population. Implementation of free influenza vaccination project can significantly improve the influenza vaccination rate in the elderly, and reduce influenza incidence, hospitalization, and death. With the implementation of the project, rich experience has been accumulated in various localities. To provide guidance for scientific implementation and evaluation of the free influenza vaccination project in other regions, the expert group formulated recommendations for the implementation and evaluation of the project. The recommendations focus on project application and approval, project organization and implementation, and project evaluation, in which the vaccination rate, vaccine effectiveness, satisfaction, safety, health economics, and health benefits are evaluated.

Immune-mediated neuropathies (IMN) are a heterogenous group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system, due to dysregulation of the immune system. It mainly includes Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy and so on. Most of these diseases can be clinically improved by appropriate immunotherapy, but some patients still have unsatisfactory results. Therefore, studying the pathophysiology of the occurrence and development of diseases can reveal the nature of diseases and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the pathophysiological mechanism of various IMNs is described in detail, with emphasis on immunological mechanism, and the progress of diagnosis and treatment of various IMNs is briefly introduced.

Tumors of the digestive system are one of the most important factors affecting people's quality of life and have become a serious public health problem globally.Early screening and intervention of tumor markers in high-risk groups for tumors is the key to tumor prevention. Follistatin-related proteins (FRP) are important members of the follistatin family and such proteins are involved in the pathological process of tumors of the reproductive system and respiratory system, among others. In recent years, FRP has attracted extensive attention in the study of digestive system tumors, suggesting that FRP may play a significant role in the development of digestive system tumors, and is a potential marker for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The article reviews the biological function, expression and potential mechanism of action of FRP associated with digestive system tumors, with a view to providing reference for the diagnosis and prevention of digestive system tumors, prognosis assessment and drug development.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of anti-cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant IgE antibodies (anti-CCD IgE) on the detection of allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies, as well as the application value of anti-CCD IgE adsorbents in detecting allergen sIgE. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2 636 test samples from patients who received treatment in West China Hospital of Sichuan University and tested allergen sIgE using the western blot method from October 2020 to May 2021 were analyzed. In these samples, 709 samples tested postive of allergen sIgE. 46 stochastic venous serum samples that tested positive in both sIgE and anti-CCD IgE and 1 serum sample that tested positive in sIgE but negative in anti-CCD IgE were collected. These samples were processed by anti-CCD IgE adsorbents, followed by allergen sIgE detection. The difference between the two detection results before and after adsorption was analyzed. The allergen test results showed that the positive rate of anti-CCD IgE in samples was 2.6% (69/2 636) during the period of sample collection. After treatment with anti-CCD IgE adsorbents, the top three allergen-sIgE of the positive rate changed from tree combination 2 (willow/poplar/elm), common ragweed and peanut to dust mite combination, cockroach and crab. The positive anti-CCD IgE results of 46 samples all turned negative and the total positive sIgE antibody dropped by 62.8%; the positive rate of sIgE antibodies with the class result ≥2 significantly decreased after treatment with anti-CCD IgE adsorbents, especially the positive rate of common ragweed dropped by 96.2%. The results of positive samples showed that multiple sIgE antibodies declined by different ranges, involving up to 11 antibodies with a maximum decline of 4 classes. Strongly positive sIgE antibodies (the class result ≥4) also had a high conversion rate of negative (25.0%-100%). The positive sIgE antibodies in about 60% of the samples decreased by more than 2, and the sIgE antibodies in 17.4% of the samples turned completely negative. There was no change in the allergen sIgE detection results of the sample with negative anti-CCD IgE after treatment. In conclusion, sIgE antibodies including targeting common ragweed, humulus, tree combination 2 (willow/poplar/elm), etc. are susceptible to false positives caused by anti-CCD IgE. Treatment of samples with anti-CCD IgE adsorbents can significantly reduce the risk of false positives caused by anti-CCD IgE. It is necessary to pretreat samples that were anti-CCD IgE positive with anti-CCD IgE adsorbents, which can make laboratory results more accurate and provide a reference for diagnosis and prevention of allergic diseases.

Shellfish, being one of the eight major food allergens, affects approximately 3% of the global population. The occurrence of shellfish allergy is not only related to the individual's immune system sensitivity but is also influenced by geographical environment, food availability, and dietary habits. Although crustaceans (such as shrimp, crab, and lobster) and mollusks (such as oysters, mussels, and squid) are collectively referred to as shellfish, they exhibit significant differences in biological evolution and the spectrum of allergenic molecules they contain, leading to various allergic reactions. Accurate identification of allergenic proteins is crucial for the diagnosis and management of shellfish allergies, with key allergenic protein families including tropomyosin, arginine kinase, and hemocyanin. Furthermore, due to the diversity of shellfish allergens and their cross-reactivity with dust mite and insect allergens, diagnosing and managing shellfish allergies is complex, especially concerning tropomyosin and arginine kinase protein families. Currently, there are no specific immunotherapy treatments for shellfish allergies, and clinical management primarily relies on avoiding allergens and using anti-allergy medications. This article thoroughly interprets the " Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 (MAUG 2.0)" published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the latest research on shellfish allergies both domestically and internationally. It highlights the significant role of allergen component diagnostics in optimizing the diagnostic and treatment processes for shellfish allergies, effectively assisting clinicians in accurately identifying common allergens and cross-reactions, thereby providing patients with more personalized diagnosis and treatment plans.

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen and one of the main causes of diarrhea. Every year, about 550 million people suffer from diarrhea due to Salmonella infection, of which about 230 000 die. It has become a major global public safety issue. The application fields of Salmonella detection involve food safety, water quality monitoring, animal husbandry, public health monitoring, and medical diagnosis. The detection requirements mainly come from three aspects: pathogen identification, serotype identification, drug resistance and virulence identification. In recent years, the detection technology for Salmonella has made rapid progress, especially the emergence and development of emerging molecular detection technologies, providing new perspectives for Salmonella detection in different scenarios. However, due to the diversity of Salmonella serotypes and the complexity of detection scenarios, existing detection technologies still have some pain points (such as long detection time, cumbersome operation steps, low scene adaptability, etc.). This article will elaborate on the application of several emerging molecular detection technologies with distinct characteristics, such as CRISPR Cas technology, digital PCR technology, sequencing technology, and microfluidic technology, in Salmonella detection. It aims to provide a reference for the development and improvement of Salmonella detection technology and the establishment of infection warning and control systems.

The Standards for drinking water quality(GB 5749-2022), which has taken effect on April 1, 2023, stipulates that limit values of aesthetic and chemical characteristics of drinking water can be temporarily adjusted in emergencies. However, the national standard does not clearly specify the adjusted period and limit values. This study is based on the principle that the human body will not cause acute toxic damage during short-term exposure, considering the acceptability such as chromaticity, smell, and taste in drinking water, referring to the drinking water quality standards of different countries and regions including the World Health Organization, the United States, the European Union, Japan, Australia, etc. We discussed the limited values during emergencies for 21 aesthetic and chemical characteristics from GB 5749-2022 to guaranine the drinking water safety and human health in emergencies.

Objective: To explore the application of COVID-19-specific IgG antibody in identifying epidemic Omicron BA.5 strain infection. Method: Omicron BF.7/BA.5 naturally infected population, healthy population vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine, and Omicron BF.7/BA.5 breakthrough cases were enrolled into this study. The serum WT-S-IgG and BA.5-S-IgG were detected by indirect ELISA, and the serum-specific IgG antibody levels of different populations were compared. The application value of the two antibody titers and the ratio of the two antibodies in identifying Omicron BA.5 epidemic strain infection were explored by the ROC curve, aiming to provide technical support for pathogen diagnosis. Results: The antibody titers of WT-S-IgG and BA.5-S-IgG in the breakthrough cases were higher than those in the naturally infected population and the healthy population (P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of WT-S-IgG and BA.5-S-IgG in identifying epidemic Omicron BA.5 strain infection was 0.947 and 0.961, respectively. The AUC of BA.5-S-IgG and WT-S-IgG antibody titer ratio was 0.873. When the antibody titer ratio was 0.855, the sensitivity and specificity were 80.00% and 90.00%, respectively. According to the interval since the last infection, the AUC of the ratio of BA.5-S-IgG to WT-S-IgG antibody titer to identify the infection of epidemic strains less than 30 days and more than 30 days was 0.887 and 0.863, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity were both above 80%. Conclusion: Both BA.5-S-IgG and WT-S-IgG, as well as the combination of these two antibodies, are of high value in the identification of epidemic strains.

Neurodegenerative diseases, originating from irreversible progressive loss of neuronal structure or function, are difficult to diagnose and treat. They vary widely in scope and have poor prevention and prognosis. Therefore, research on their early diagnosis is particularly important. Exosomes are small vesicles of cellular origin that contain various bioactive small molecules, such as proteins, RNAs, and DNAs, and play important roles in intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that exosomes and their non-coding RNAs are key factors in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, exosomes and their non-coding RNAs may provide a breakthrough for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the biology of exosomes and the current research progress of exosomes and their non-coding RNAs in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases and further explores the challenges and prospects they face.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Fuzhou City from 2016 to 2023, it was found that a total of 1 697 cases of Dengue fever (1 512 local cases and 185 imported cases) were reported in Fuzhou City from 2016 to 2023, and a total of 15 dengue-related public health emergencies were reported, with an average duration of the epidemic. The average duration of the epidemic was 71.6 days. Local dengue fever cases: the peak incidence period was concentrated in August-October, accounting for 96.69% (1 462/1 512); distributed in 10 counties and districts, the three counties with the highest annual average incidence rate were Minhou County (9.95/100 000), Cangshan District (6.03/100 000), and Taijiang District (5.58/100 000); in 2019 (Moran's I=0.18, P<0.05) and 2023 (Moran's I=0.5, P<0.05) the spatial distribution of local dengue fever cases in Fuzhou City showed a clustering pattern, with Gulou, Taijiang, Cangshan, and Jin'an districts as high-high clustering areas, and the outbreaks basically clustered in the urban areas; the median age was 47 years old, and the proportion of 40-70 years old was 50.93% (770/1 512). Among the local cases of Dengue fever, 81.15% (1 227/1 512) were unemployed, and 6.81% (103/1 512) were students with the highest proportion.The median time between onset diagnosis was 3.38 d, 6.67 d, 3.50 d, 3.75 d in 2016-2019, and 3.46 d in 2023, respectively, and the years of onset. The difference in the median time between onset and diagnosis was not statistically significant (χ²=8.556 4, P>0.05). Imported cases: mainly from Southeast Asian countries, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia accounted for the highest proportion of 62.70% (116/185); May to September is the active period of Aedes albopictus, and the results of Aedes albopictus resistance test showed that the mosquito larvae were sensitive to residual chlorpyrifos, and the Aedes albopictus adult mosquitoes showed sensitivity to two organophosphorus insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion), and to one type of Aedes albopictus adults were sensitive to two kinds of organophosphorus insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion) and a kind of pyrethroid carbamate insecticide (carbofuran).