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This study presents a thorough overview of the diversity of the Trichoptera fauna in Croatia, encompassing several key aspects. First, it offers a historical overview of Trichoptera research conducted within the country, tracing the development and major milestones of this field. Second, it provides a detailed analysis of the distribution and species diversity of caddisflies across Croatia's three geographical regions, the Continental, Alpine, and Mediterranean, as well as within two ecoregions (ER5 - Dinaric Western Balkan and ER11 - Pannonian Lowlands) and two major river basins (AS - Adriatic Sea basin and BS - Black Sea basin). This biogeographic assessment is based on comprehensive records of adult specimens and, in certain cases, on DNA barcoding data obtained from larval stages. Third, the study includes a thorough examination of species synonyms and a critical review of the existing literature. Finally, it delivers a faunistic and taxonomic review of selected species and subspecies. A total of 225 species belonging to 18 families and 74 genera have been identified. Two of these species are represented by two and three subspecies, respectively, bringing the total number of recorded Trichoptera taxa in Croatia to 228. The presence of 223 species was confirmed in the adult stage. Only two species were identified by DNA barcoding as larvae. In the Continental region 170 species were recorded, in the Alpine region 155, and in the Mediterranean part 131 species. The Black Sea basin contains 203, and the Adriatic basin 141 species. In the Pannonian Lowland region (Ecoregion 11) we determined 152 and in the Dinaric Western Balkan (Ecoregion 5) 197 species. The BOLD Systems database currently contains about 593 DNA barcoded Trichoptera specimens from Croatia comprising 176 species, identifying 211 BINs, covering 78% of Croatian Trichoptera fauna.

Based on previously published species accounts and collection records of the authors, a county-level distributional checklist of all 220 caddisfly species documented within Florida is presented, representing 46 genera within 19 families. New state records are provided for four species and five new Integripalpian species are described and illustrated: Protoptila chipolensis Rasmussen & Harris, sp. nov. (Glossosomatidae), Hydroptila aviforma Rasmussen & Harris, sp. nov. (Hydroptilidae), Beraea jennyae Rasmussen & Harris, sp. nov. (Beraeidae), Ceraclea pescadori Rasmussen & Harris, sp. nov. (Leptoceridae), and Oecetis densoni Rasmussen & Harris, sp. nov. (Leptoceridae). The most speciose families within Florida are the Hydroptilidae (77 species), Leptoceridae (54 species), Hydropsychidae (21 species) and Polycentropodidae (18 species). In addition to county-level distributional data, conservation status ranks and ranking recommendations for the newly described species are also provided. The majority of Florida's caddisfly species are native to the eastern Nearctic, with many endemic (precinctive) to the Southeastern Coastal Plain, including 34 species known only from Florida. Diversity and distributional data are summarized for each family and regional diversity is compared between the panhandle and peninsula. Taxa richness and endemism are higher in the panhandle than in the peninsula. The panhandle contains 213 recorded species with 23 species endemic to the region, compared to the peninsula containing 131 recorded species, with five of those endemic to the peninsula. The higher taxonomic richness and presence of many cool-adapted taxa within the panhandle is likely due the temperate climate, diverse lentic and lotic habitats, and connectedness of river basins that extend north into Alabama and Georgia. The water bodies in counties of the Florida peninsula have a less diverse caddisfly fauna with taxonomic richness generally decreasing north to south along the peninsula, where habitat diversity declines and mean annual temperature increases.

Seven new species in the caddisfly family Philopotamidae are diagnosed, described, and illustrated from Ecuador, three in the subfamily Chimarrinae: Chimarrhodella spinosa sp. nov., Chimarra (Otarrha) buglassp. nov., Chimarra (Chimarra) buenaventurasp. nov., and four in the subfamily Philopotaminae: Sumacodella grijalvai sp. nov., Wormaldia nilssoni sp. nov., Wormaldia insolita sp. nov., and Wormaldia milpe sp. nov. The species are rare and endemic to the country. In addition, an updated distributional checklist of the 60 species of philopotamids now known from the country is presented. Thirty-eight, or 64%, of these species are endemic. Finally, the Chao 2 estimator, based on 126 localities, suggests that the expected number of philopotamid species is 60 (SD 9), which implies that almost all the species present in the country are known.

Understanding the spatial patterns of energy flow from mountain streams via emerging aquatic insects remains limited due to a lack of empirical data. Upon emergence, adult flying insects disperse in both longitudinal (upstream/downstream) and lateral (into terrestrial habitats) directions. Here, we quantified the dispersal patterns of adult aquatic insects in both dimensions using a combination of sticky and Malaise traps. To assess longitudinal dispersal, we deployed sticky traps in transects along three streams, with Petri dish arrays designed to capture insects flying upstream, downstream, or laterally across the channel. Lateral dispersal was measured using the same trap design placed at increasing distances (up to 32-64 m) from the stream edge, complemented by Malaise traps at one site. Trichoptera exhibited the highest family-level richness among captured taxa, and the genus Micrasema showed a clear exponential decay in abundance with distance from the stream, consistent with lateral dispersal theory. Our findings contribute empirical evidence on the spatial extent of aquatic insect emergence and dispersal, informing future studies on stream-riparian energy flow across larger spatial and temporal scales.

Waterfalls have not been thoroughly studied as a habitat for freshwater macroinvertebrates, although they appear to be an exclusive environment for taxa with traits suited to these unique physical habitat conditions. To better understand the role of waterfalls as aquatic habitats in Costa Rica, macroinvertebrates were collected within the flow and spray zones of 38 waterfalls across the country, spanning an altitudinal range of 55 to 2,660 m above sea level, either by climbing up from the base or using rappel techniques from above. Additionally, in 11 of the waterfalls, corresponding river samples were taken to compare the associated assemblages. Caddisfly larvae were found at all waterfalls sampled, with a total of 10,642 individuals collected from 10 families and 24 identified genera. The family Hydroptilidae, with 12 genera, accounted for half of the individuals collected and was present in 37 of the 38 waterfalls. Metrichia (Hydroptilidae) and Calosopsyche (Hydropsychidae) were the most abundant genera, in terms of the highest number of individuals, and were most frequently collected, indicating a strong preference for this habitat. Larvae of Atanatolica (Leptoceridae) and Xiphocentronidae were quite common in spray zones. In contrast, Wormaldia (Philopotamidae), Contulma (Anomalopsychidae), Cerasmatrichia, and Alisotrichia (Hydroptilidae), although uncommon in rivers throughout the country, were also found abundantly in waterfalls, particularly the latter, which were especially abundant in intermittent and karstic waterfalls. Assemblages of Trichoptera in waterfalls were generally similar, with some differences associated with specific site characteristics, such as elevation or rock composition, and chemical factors like conductivity. This research constitutes the first systematic study of caddisfly larvae associated with waterfalls in the Neotropics. The results provide an important baseline for identifying new collection sites of adult caddisflies and for generating associations and descriptions of their larval stages, which may be unknown due to the understudied nature of this habitat.

In 1939, Margery and Lorus Milne published a creative figure that illustrated the evolutionary history of caddisflies. Here, we pay tribute to that paper by generating a new figure in the style of the original, updated with our most recent knowledge of caddisfly evolution, informed by phylogenomic inference and a statistical treatment of ancestral states. Our analysis infers that the ancestral larval caddisfly was a free-living detritivore, living in flowing water. It spun a cocoon prior to pupation within a dome-shaped pupal shelter. In subsequent lineages, caddisflies evolved a variety of larval construction behaviors, which enabled unprecedented ecological diversification, allowing them to become one of the most diverse lineages of freshwater animals.

Glaridoglanis verruciloba sp. nov. is described from the Zayul River in southeastern Tibet, China. It has long been misidentified as G. andersonii. This new species is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: an enlarged lower lip bearing 4-7 verruciform lobes on the central-posterior margin; an anus situated close to the origin of the anal fin; the ventral surface at the base of maxillary barbels densely covered with striae; 11 branched pectoral-fin rays; 5-6 branched anal-fin rays; and relatively short mandibular barbels. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences further supported the validity of this new species, which is within a well-supported clade with substantial genetic divergence from G. andersonii.

A total of 1,510 caddisfly species representing 28 families and 155 genera are reported from the 63 states and provinces of Canada and the United States of America (USA). These species have been described over a period of nearly 270 years, with the most prolific period occurring during the 1930-1940s. The families Hydroptilidae (307), Limnephilidae (255), and Hydropsychidae (159) contain the most species, whereas six families contain less than five species each. Canada and the USA host 644 and 1,487 species, respectively. The states and provinces with the greatest species richness are Tennessee (384), Virginia (383), and Alabama (378), and those with the least are Rhode Island (27), Prince Edward Island (23), and Nunavut (15). Differences in state species assemblages largely followed a geographic pattern, with a non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination suggesting six regions of caddisfly diversity corresponding to the central, far north, northeastern, northwestern, southeastern, and southwestern portions of the study area. Caddisfly species richness was highest in the southeastern region, despite being the smallest region of the six, and lowest in the far north. Species rarefaction predicted 129-181 species remain to be discovered within the two countries, while multiple linear regression modeling using common environmental variables suggested 17 states and provinces with at least 50 species remaining to be found in each.

Recent phylogenomic studies have concluded that the ancestor of order Trichoptera and suborder Integripalpia probably had a larva that was "free living," without a portable case or fixed retreat. Phylogenies inferred from those investigations regarding hypotheses for other probable functional traits of larvae and pupae of the Trichoptera ancestor and its immediate descendants were considered, especially with reference to the extant amphiesmenopteran sister lineage Lepidoptera. To test our hypotheses an Ancestral Character State Reconstruction by Parsimony Analysis was performed to explore functional traits for five habitat and behavioral traits. Like the larva of Micropterigidae, the basal lineage of Lepidoptera, the ancestral caddisfly larva was not only "free living" but also was a shredding herbivore of bryophytes. Like that larva, it may have been often submerged, perhaps as a semi-aquatic sprawler in madicolous or hygropetric habitats, but it could also have been a clinger in lotic-erosional habitats. Also, the characteristics of the pupal cocoon are not clear; it may have been closed and permeable like that of Micropterigidae, or it was closed and semipermeable like that of Hydroptilidae, or it was open in a long-dome shelter like that of the Annulipalpia ancestor.

The Amazon is one of the most diverse biomes on Earth, and most of its area is in the territory of Brazil. Even though it harbors most of Earth's diversity, species remain to be described. Therefore, knowing the biodiversity of the Amazon is of utmost importance, and this must be done quickly because the biome is severely under threaten by deforestation. Currently, the Brazilian Amazon has around 340 caddisfly species records, many endemic. To fill gaps in biodiversity knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon, we describe a new species of Oecetis and expand the known distributions of eight species of caddisflies. Oecetis amplicauda sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other species in the O. testacea group by the cylindrical dorsal portion of tergum X, longer than the preanal appendage, and by the inferior appendage with a distinctly enlarged dorsal lobe with stout setae. Four other species of Trichoptera are recorded for the first time for Brazil: Nectopsyche taleola Flint, 1974, Oecetis inflata Flint, 1974, Polyplectropus alienus Bueno-Soria, 1990, and Polyplectropus flintorum Chamorro & Holzenthal, 2010. Three valid species are recorded for the first time in the state of Pará: Marilia paraguassu Rocha & Souza, 2018, Nectopsyche splendida (Navás, 1917), and Polyplectropus rondoniensis Chamorro & Holzenthal, 2010. These results highlight that some caddisfly taxa still lack thorough studies in critical biomes, such as the Amazon, and that imperative actions towards conserving these areas are necessary.