B. Kippelen, K. Meerholz, B. Volodin, Sandalphon, N. Peyghambarian
The processibility and structural flexibility of photorefractive polymers give them an important technological potential and have driven intensive research efforts to improve the performance of this new class of PR materials. Since the first proof of principle of photorefractivity in a polymer [1], numerous PR polymeric materials have been synthesized by using different approaches [2], but significant performance improvement was obtained by using the photoconductive polymer poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as the composite host and by doping it with nonlinear optical molecules referred to as chromophores [3,4]. In plasticized PVK-based polymer composites doped with the chromophore 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazo)anisole) (DMNPAA) [4], we recently demonstrated [5] that PR polymeric materials can exhibit light-induced refractive index modulation amplitudes as high as Δn = 7 × 10-3 at 1 W/cm2 writing intensity, and applied field of 90 V/µm. As shown in Fig. 1, such a high index modulation leads to complete diffraction and periodic energy transfer between the probe and diffracted beams in four-wave mixing (FWM) experiments and also, to net gain coefficients in excess of 200 cm-1 in two-beam coupling (TBC) experiments [5]. These results demonstrate that PR polymeric materials can reach performance levels that are competing with those of the best inorganic crystals, but with better processing capabilities.
{"title":"High Efficiency Photorefractive Polymers","authors":"B. Kippelen, K. Meerholz, B. Volodin, Sandalphon, N. Peyghambarian","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wgg.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wgg.2","url":null,"abstract":"The processibility and structural flexibility of photorefractive polymers give them an important technological potential and have driven intensive research efforts to improve the performance of this new class of PR materials. Since the first proof of principle of photorefractivity in a polymer [1], numerous PR polymeric materials have been synthesized by using different approaches [2], but significant performance improvement was obtained by using the photoconductive polymer poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as the composite host and by doping it with nonlinear optical molecules referred to as chromophores [3,4]. In plasticized PVK-based polymer composites doped with the chromophore 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazo)anisole) (DMNPAA) [4], we recently demonstrated [5] that PR polymeric materials can exhibit light-induced refractive index modulation amplitudes as high as Δn = 7 × 10-3 at 1 W/cm2 writing intensity, and applied field of 90 V/µm. As shown in Fig. 1, such a high index modulation leads to complete diffraction and periodic energy transfer between the probe and diffracted beams in four-wave mixing (FWM) experiments and also, to net gain coefficients in excess of 200 cm-1 in two-beam coupling (TBC) experiments [5]. These results demonstrate that PR polymeric materials can reach performance levels that are competing with those of the best inorganic crystals, but with better processing capabilities.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132137706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growing needs for processing and transmission of information have led to the increasing use of optical fibers for high speed communication. Although most long-haul communication has utilized single-mode glass fibers, inorganic glasses are not a universally ideal material especially for fiber connection and handling problem. The large core polymer optical fibers (POFs) will solve such problems because of great flexibility.
{"title":"High speed polymer optical fiber and amplifier","authors":"Y. Koike","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.ma.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.ma.1","url":null,"abstract":"Growing needs for processing and transmission of information have led to the increasing use of optical fibers for high speed communication. Although most long-haul communication has utilized single-mode glass fibers, inorganic glasses are not a universally ideal material especially for fiber connection and handling problem. The large core polymer optical fibers (POFs) will solve such problems because of great flexibility.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124044646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenshen Wang, Datong Chen, H. Fetterman, Yongqian Shi, J. Bechtel, S. Kalluri, W. Steier, L. Dalton
Organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have the potential to become very important for making photonic devices that are inexpensive to produce, capable of being integrated with other electronics, and suitable for ultrahigh frequency broadband operation [1]. 40 GHz electro-optic (E-O) modulation from a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator has been demonstrated with thermal plastic polymers [2]. We have reported fabrication of traveling wave E-0 phase modulators using a thermally cross-linked NLO polymer, PURDR 19 [3, 4]. Our devices have exhibited good temporal stability and optical power handling capability, and were tested up to 40 GHz [5]. In this paper, we report our new measurement results up to 60 GHz obtained with an optical heterodyne detection technique. This is the highest modulation frequency reported so far for polymer E-0 modulators.
{"title":"60 GHz Electro-optic Modulation by Polymer Waveguide Phase Modulators","authors":"Wenshen Wang, Datong Chen, H. Fetterman, Yongqian Shi, J. Bechtel, S. Kalluri, W. Steier, L. Dalton","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wa.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wa.4","url":null,"abstract":"Organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have the potential to become very important for making photonic devices that are inexpensive to produce, capable of being integrated with other electronics, and suitable for ultrahigh frequency broadband operation [1]. 40 GHz electro-optic (E-O) modulation from a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator has been demonstrated with thermal plastic polymers [2]. We have reported fabrication of traveling wave E-0 phase modulators using a thermally cross-linked NLO polymer, PURDR 19 [3, 4]. Our devices have exhibited good temporal stability and optical power handling capability, and were tested up to 40 GHz [5]. In this paper, we report our new measurement results up to 60 GHz obtained with an optical heterodyne detection technique. This is the highest modulation frequency reported so far for polymer E-0 modulators.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127858464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently we reported1,2 on a technique for measuring the decay of the second order optical susceptibility χ(2) as a function of temperature and pressure in poled nonlinear optical (NLO) polymeric materials. This approach utilizes second harmonic generation (SHG) to monitor the rotational reorientation of the NLO chromophores in such systems and yields structural information directly related to the reorientation process in poled polymers.
{"title":"Towards a physical interpretation of the activation volume for chromophore reorientation in corona poled polymers","authors":"S. Brower, L. Hayden","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.the.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.the.4","url":null,"abstract":"Recently we reported1,2 on a technique for measuring the decay of the second order optical susceptibility χ(2) as a function of temperature and pressure in poled nonlinear optical (NLO) polymeric materials. This approach utilizes second harmonic generation (SHG) to monitor the rotational reorientation of the NLO chromophores in such systems and yields structural information directly related to the reorientation process in poled polymers.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129183406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Controlable thickness, surface uniformity and a high degree of orientational order of self-assembled organic films raise the problem of direct calculation of their macroscopic optical characteristics in terms of isolated molecule parameters. The two-dimensional character of the problem requires rethinking of the standard approach to the local field effects which in a three-dimensional case are given by the Lorentz-Lorenz formula.
{"title":"Nonlocal Field Effects and Macroscopic Optical Properties of Self-Assembled Films","authors":"A. V. Ghiner, G. Surdutovich","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.23","url":null,"abstract":"Controlable thickness, surface uniformity and a high degree of orientational order of self-assembled organic films raise the problem of direct calculation of their macroscopic optical characteristics in terms of isolated molecule parameters. The two-dimensional character of the problem requires rethinking of the standard approach to the local field effects which in a three-dimensional case are given by the Lorentz-Lorenz formula.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129281842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an attempt to design molecular arrays with adjustable periodicity in two dimension, fluoroaluminum tetraphenylporphyrin (FA1TPP) molecules were synthesized and fabricated into thin film forms. This paper describes our preliminary results on structure and properties of FA1TPP thin films.
{"title":"Structure and Properties of Fluoro-Aluminum Tetraphenyl-porphyrin (FA1TPP) Thin Films","authors":"Yuji Yakura, R. Shia, Tomikazu Sasaki, F. Ohuchi","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.20","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to design molecular arrays with adjustable periodicity in two dimension, fluoroaluminum tetraphenylporphyrin (FA1TPP) molecules were synthesized and fabricated into thin film forms. This paper describes our preliminary results on structure and properties of FA1TPP thin films.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114520674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The second molecular hyperpolarizability, γ, has been determined at 1064 nm by Third- Harmonic Generation (THG) using the Maker fringe technique, for a family of triarylmethyl cations and for a familiy of organic Nickel complexes as guests in PMMA thin films. For the metal complexes it is a well established notion that the low-lying transition with ligand to metal charge transfer character is important for the nonlinear optical properties(1). However, ambiguity arises due to large discrepancies between different measurements(2-5), as well as difficulties in assessing the exact contribution to γ of the ligand to metal charge transfer transition(2,6). To assess the latter question by experimental means, we present here a comparison between a family of Nickel complexes, and triarylmethyl cations. The electronic structure of the triarylmethyl cations resemble that of the metal complexes in the sense that intramolecular charge transfer from the periphery to the central atom takes place upon excitation in the first electronic band. This is shown by semi-empirical PM3 calculations on the three members of the family shown in figure 1. For the amino substituted compound 1 the calculations reveal a significant charge transfer from the amino moiety to the central carbon atom. For the molecules 2 and 3 this effect decreases due to the less efficient donor substituents (2) or forced planarity (3) resulting in more delocalized electronic states both in the HOMO and the LUMO. The observed γ values (table 1) can be correlated with the PM3 calculations in the way that the greater the amount of charge moved and the longer the spatial distance over wich it is moved, the greater is γ. The calculated static γ values, using the semi-empirical PM3/Finite-Field method follow the same trend although much smaller values are obtained.
{"title":"Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Effects in Organic Nickel Complexes and Triarylmethyl Cations","authors":"D. Greve, T. Geisler, T. Bjørnholm, J. Petersen","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.23","url":null,"abstract":"The second molecular hyperpolarizability, γ, has been determined at 1064 nm by Third- Harmonic Generation (THG) using the Maker fringe technique, for a family of triarylmethyl cations and for a familiy of organic Nickel complexes as guests in PMMA thin films. For the metal complexes it is a well established notion that the low-lying transition with ligand to metal charge transfer character is important for the nonlinear optical properties(1). However, ambiguity arises due to large discrepancies between different measurements(2-5), as well as difficulties in assessing the exact contribution to γ of the ligand to metal charge transfer transition(2,6). To assess the latter question by experimental means, we present here a comparison between a family of Nickel complexes, and triarylmethyl cations. The electronic structure of the triarylmethyl cations resemble that of the metal complexes in the sense that intramolecular charge transfer from the periphery to the central atom takes place upon excitation in the first electronic band. This is shown by semi-empirical PM3 calculations on the three members of the family shown in figure 1. For the amino substituted compound 1 the calculations reveal a significant charge transfer from the amino moiety to the central carbon atom. For the molecules 2 and 3 this effect decreases due to the less efficient donor substituents (2) or forced planarity (3) resulting in more delocalized electronic states both in the HOMO and the LUMO. The observed γ values (table 1) can be correlated with the PM3 calculations in the way that the greater the amount of charge moved and the longer the spatial distance over wich it is moved, the greater is γ. The calculated static γ values, using the semi-empirical PM3/Finite-Field method follow the same trend although much smaller values are obtained.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126607891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that strong second order nonlinearity can be induced in polymer/dye systems (blends or copolymers) by the poling technique. Application of a strong electrostatic field at elevated temperature causes partial orientational alignment of the dipolar dye molecules, leading to asymmetry nonlinearity along the direction of the applied field.
{"title":"Creation of Strong Second Order Nonlinearity in Polymers by Asymmetric Injection of Electrical Charges","authors":"G. Berkovic, R. Cohen","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.9","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that strong second order nonlinearity can be induced in polymer/dye systems (blends or copolymers) by the poling technique. Application of a strong electrostatic field at elevated temperature causes partial orientational alignment of the dipolar dye molecules, leading to asymmetry nonlinearity along the direction of the applied field.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126609762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A decade of research in organic and polymeric nonlinear optical (NLO) materials and devices has now begun to reach fruition. In this paper we will concentrate on the progress that has been made in the application of organic materials, both passive and active, to integrated optic waveguide devices. Similar organic polymers can be used to fabricate passive waveguide devices, such as splitters or filters, and active devices based on the thermo-optic (TO) or the electro-optic (EO) effects. Proof-of-principle experiments have demonstrated that polymer materials offer potential advantages for integrated optics applications in the areas of process, fabrication, and performance. Work has now begun to utilize these advantages in specific applications in a wide variety of industries, including telecom, datacom and CATV. We will first give an introduction to polymeric waveguides, followed by an overview of the current performance achievable with Akzo electro-optic polymers, and then briefly describe how components derived from these materials can be used in specific applications.
{"title":"Applications of Electro-Optic Polymer Integrated Optic Devices","authors":"G. F. Lipscomb, R. Lytel, A. Ticknor","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.fc.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.fc.3","url":null,"abstract":"A decade of research in organic and polymeric nonlinear optical (NLO) materials and devices has now begun to reach fruition. In this paper we will concentrate on the progress that has been made in the application of organic materials, both passive and active, to integrated optic waveguide devices. Similar organic polymers can be used to fabricate passive waveguide devices, such as splitters or filters, and active devices based on the thermo-optic (TO) or the electro-optic (EO) effects. Proof-of-principle experiments have demonstrated that polymer materials offer potential advantages for integrated optics applications in the areas of process, fabrication, and performance. Work has now begun to utilize these advantages in specific applications in a wide variety of industries, including telecom, datacom and CATV. We will first give an introduction to polymeric waveguides, followed by an overview of the current performance achievable with Akzo electro-optic polymers, and then briefly describe how components derived from these materials can be used in specific applications.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125792875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The orientational stability of nonlinear optical chromophores in polymer systems has been the subject of extensive research.1-8 A new experimental method of observing chromophore dynamics has been developed. The method is similar to dielectric relaxation measurements where the linear polarization of the material is induced by a sinusoidal electric field. However, this new method probes the orientation of just the chromophores through second harmonic generation (SHG). This method is unique because it yields information about chromophore dynamics in the frequency domain, whereas the bulk of the work is done in the time domain. The method is dynamic and the chromophores are in steady-state motion in response to a time varying electric field, as opposed to studies such as Boyd et al.4 where measurements are made with a static electric field. A description of the experimental method and a discussion of the results follows.
{"title":"Chi-electric Relaxation: Frequency Domain Chromophore Dynamics in Nonlinear Optical Polymers","authors":"J. A. Cline, W. Herman","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.39","url":null,"abstract":"The orientational stability of nonlinear optical chromophores in polymer systems has been the subject of extensive research.1-8 A new experimental method of observing chromophore dynamics has been developed. The method is similar to dielectric relaxation measurements where the linear polarization of the material is induced by a sinusoidal electric field. However, this new method probes the orientation of just the chromophores through second harmonic generation (SHG). This method is unique because it yields information about chromophore dynamics in the frequency domain, whereas the bulk of the work is done in the time domain. The method is dynamic and the chromophores are in steady-state motion in response to a time varying electric field, as opposed to studies such as Boyd et al.4 where measurements are made with a static electric field. A description of the experimental method and a discussion of the results follows.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126241932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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