Applied Energy最新文献_第5页

Optimization of heating curves for heat pumps in operation: Outdoor temperature ranges for energy-efficient heating curve shifts

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125725

Ugne Potthoff , Tobias Brudermueller , Konstantin Hopf , Felix Wortmann

In the light of global sustainability efforts, heat pumps offer environmental benefits, but their complexity and potential misconfigurations often lead to homeowner dissatisfaction due to inaccurate heating and lower-than-expected efficiency. Among the most important and complex settings is the heating curve and yet there are no easy-to-use methods to optimize it after its initial set-up. This study aims to develop ready-to-use guidelines for optimizing the heating curve with energy-efficient adjustments that improve room comfort and prevent suboptimal user changes, all without requiring additional sensors like room thermostats. Based on interpretable linear models, estimated on 3995 air-to-water heat pumps, located in Central Europe, we select the least energy-intensive heating curve shift for each outdoor temperature, needed to meet room thermal comfort. We find that the standard parallel shift of the heating curve is only the optimal approach when the average outdoor temperature is between 2

^{\circ}

C and 5

^{\circ}

C. Outside this range, the heating curve should be moved at its starting or the endpoint. Simulation shows that by translating user input to the room controller with our proposed changes, 84.42 % of the heating curves can be improved, reducing the share of misconfigured heating curves from 24.01 % to 7.08 %. This leads to an average reduction in yearly energy consumption of 4.02 % and an increase in the seasonal coefficient of performance by 2.59 % on average. By introducing ready-to-use heating curve improvement guidelines, we aim to increase efficiency and confidence in heat pump technology, ensuring its adoption to meet carbon emission targets.

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引用次数: 0

Study on performance enhancement and modeling of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell for different runner structure

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125794

Chen Zhao , Yaru Han , Shuang Xing , Zhijun Deng , Kunxiang Liu , Wenchao Xiao

A long, rectangular shape is typically used to model the cathode runner of an air-cooled open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel (AO-PEMFC) cell in order to supply air and dissipate heat. It is true that modifications to the cathode runner structure can impact hydrothermal control, which consequently affects the cell's output performance. The present research put forward an enhanced design for a suction-type annular bipolar plate structure and devised a 3D non-isothermal model to explore the consequences of modifying the cathode runner structural parameters of annular bipolar plate on the cell's performance output as well as the internal dispersion of heat, water, and oxygen. In addition, three cathode runner configurations—straight runner/fan-shaped rib, fan-shaped runner/straight rib, and fan-shaped runner/fan-shaped rib—were designed and their effects examined. The findings showed that the fan-shaped runner/straight rib configuration displayed the best temperature control capability (Hot spot temperature at cathode side exit: 36.3 °C, average temperature at the center surface of the film: 302.4 K, uniformity inside the cathode flow channel: 99.8 %) and achieved the maximum power density (contact resistance: 0.098 Ω-cm²) at the same current density conditions (0.8 A/cm²). The performance of the straight runner/fan-shaped rib was marginally inferior to that of the fan-shaped runner/straight rib, while the fan-shaped runner/fan-shaped rib configuration presented the poorest performance. Owing to the interaction of high air velocity and high electro-osmotic resistance inside the cathode runner, the fan-shaped runner/fan-shaped rib bipolar plate (relative humidity: 82.2 %) was prone to water loss from the fuel cell membrane electrode, thereby having an impact on the cell performance. Conversely, the fan-shaped runner/straight rib setup (relative humidity: 46.2 %) manifested the most excellent performance and kept an optimal water content. Overall, the findings of this investigation can be used as a significant source of guidance for optimization direction of AO-PEMFC.

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引用次数: 0

Performance analysis of a novel CPV/T system with curved CIGS modules: Comparison with traditional flat modules 采用弧形 CIGS 太阳能电池组件的新型 CPV/T 系统的性能分析：与传统平面组件的比较

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125738

Hao Xie, Zhiying Song, Yayun Tang, Jie Ji

Concentrating photovoltaic/thermal technology is a high-efficiency but low-cost approach for power generation and high-temperature heat extraction by utilizing solar energy. However, the high temperature, uneven light spot and temperature distribution are the core issues causing electrical efficiency degradation and cell damage, seriously affecting the reliability of the concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system. Although efforts have been made to address the problems by efficient cooling or concentrator improvement, the receivers are always crystalline silicon modules with flat surface. This is the first time to propose the novel concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system employing curved CIGS (CuIn_xGa_1−xSe₂) receiver. After particle swarm optimization, the standard deviation of local concentration ratio drops from 4.75 to 3.00. On the selected day, the illumination uniformity is optimized by 58.22 %, the maximum temperature difference drops from 24.9 °C to 14.79 °C, and the standard deviation of surface temperature is reduced from 5.61 °C to 2.71 °C, meaning the temperature uniformity is optimized by 51.69 %. With a smaller shading area, the curved receiver also saved 0.3 MJ solar energy, resulting in higher final water temperature at 87 °C. Although the reference efficiencies of CIGS at 16 % is lower than that of c-Si at 17.8 %, the proposed system still produces 4.3 % more electricity than traditional system and generates 6.8 % more electricity than the system with flat CIGS receiver. Over the whole day, the overall efficiency is 68.92 %.

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引用次数: 0

Degradation behavior of ionomer in the cathode catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125759

Yan Xiao, Weibo Zheng, Jue Wang, Bing Li, Pingwen Ming, Cunman Zhang

Ensuring the durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks is crucial for their commercial viability. Dynamic loading conditions can significantly accelerate the aging of the fuel cell's catalyst layer (CL), and ionomers play a pivotal role in maintaining both proton transport performance and the durability of this layer. A 1 kW PEMFC stack was subjected to a rigorous 3000-h New European Driving Cycle accelerated stress test to assess the relationship between the evolution of ionomer characteristics and the loss of proton transport performance of the cell. Extensive analyses revealed that degradation within the CL occurs in both in-plane and through-plane directions. The rapid deterioration of ionomers is closely linked to the decline in performance of the membrane electrode assembly. Following degradation, we observed a reduction in the mechanical strength of the ionomers and deterioration of their chemical structure, with side chains degrading more significantly than the main chains. Moreover, the average thickness of the ionomer layer on the catalyst surface decreased, leading to reduced coverage of the catalyst. This study reveals how ionomer degradation contributes to the loss of proton transport networks and pore structures within the CL. These insights will provide a theoretical foundation for the design of more durable CL.

确保质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）堆的耐用性对其商业可行性至关重要。动态负载条件会显著加速燃料电池催化剂层（CL）的老化，而离子聚合物在保持质子传输性能和催化剂层耐久性方面发挥着关键作用。对 1 kW PEMFC 堆进行了严格的 3000 小时新欧洲驾驶循环加速应力测试，以评估离子膜特性的演变与电池质子传输性能损失之间的关系。广泛的分析表明，CL 内的降解发生在平面内和贯穿平面两个方向。离子膜的快速退化与膜电极组件性能的下降密切相关。降解后，我们观察到离子聚合物的机械强度降低，化学结构恶化，侧链比主链降解得更明显。此外，催化剂表面离子膜层的平均厚度减少，导致催化剂的覆盖率降低。这项研究揭示了离子膜降解如何导致 CL 内质子传输网络和孔隙结构的丧失。这些见解将为设计更耐用的 CL 提供理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic decision-making in offshore oil and gas platform-to-wind turbine conversion: An integrated analysis of structural integrity into retrofit lifecycle costs and climate change impacts

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125728

Mohammadsaeid Bagheri Nia, Pedram Edalat

The conversion of offshore oil and gas platforms into offshore wind turbines presents a viable and complex solution for extending the lifecycle of existing infrastructures at their decommissioning stage while contributing to renewable energy production. However, the retrofit process involved in conversion projects poses significant challenges for decision-makers in resource allocation and strategic planning. These challenges mainly lie in balancing the structural feasibility and economic viability of retrofit processes with their environmental sustainability. This study proposes an analytical decision-making framework that integrates structural integrity assessment into the retrofit life cycle cost and its associated climate change impact analyses. Utilizing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process methodology, the study evaluates the impact of structural integrity criteria of the integrated existing infrastructure-offshore wind turbine on key retrofit cost components and its climate change implications. This framework provides insights into how variations in structural integrity directly influence the distribution of life cycle cost main contributors in retrofit process and its climate change impact across various life cycle stages. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine retrofit cost distributions and environmental effects across different structural safety threshold scenarios, providing strategic insights into sustainable resource allocation and strategic planning optimization in offshore platform conversion projects.

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引用次数: 0

Categorizing experiences of misrecognition in energy contexts: A recognition justice typology

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125730

Nynke van Uffelen , Lara M. Santos Ayllón

Within energy justice, distinct categories or “tenets” of justice are distinguished, such as procedural, distributive, and recognition justice. However, many tensions still surround the concept of recognition justice. By going back to the philosophical roots of the concept, Van Uffelen distinguishes between three modes of recognition: love, law, and status order (Van Uffelen, 2022). Although this is a valuable analytical tool for understanding grievances of misrecognition, its categories are wide-ranging and, at first sight, abstract and distant from the energy space. Because of this, it remains difficult to analyse qualitative data in energy contexts from a recognition lens. In this paper, we pose the following research question: how can experiences of misrecognition in the energy context be categorised? This paper proposes a more granular typology of recognition justice, building on literature on recognition justice in critical theory and taxonomies of human needs. We test the typology to see (1) whether it is sufficiently comprehensive and (2) whether its subcategories are relevant in energy contexts. To do so, we analyse a small sample of interviews in which participants express various experiences of misrecognition in relation to energy policies or infrastructure. In this, we adopt methodological triangulation, as Researcher One coded the interviews deductively through the framework, while Researcher Two conducted an inductive, thematic analysis of the same data. The resulting typology for recognition justice can support researchers and decision-makers in identifying and analysing experiences of misrecognition in energy contexts.

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of transcritical CO2 mixture power cycle with dual heat sources

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125758

Jingyu Wang , Zhaohui Xing , Yiwei Yin , Liuchang Sun , Xuanang Zhang , Ligeng Li , Hua Tian , GequnShu

The CO₂ transcritical power cycle is a prominent technology for utilizing low- and medium-temperature heat sources. To enhance CO₂ cycle performance, CO₂ mixture working fluids are employed to address harsh operating conditions and high pressures. However, comparative experiments on the performance of different additives under various operating conditions have not been conducted. The mechanisms behind performance improvements in real-world environments remain validated. Therefore, this work conducted an experimental investigation on three additives at two mass fractions and pure CO₂. The test bench utilized two heat sources, hot water and hot air, and the selected working fluids were tested under varying maximum temperatures and pressures. The results demonstrate that the CO₂ mixture working fluids are less suitable for hot water with high specific heat and low temperature, leading to reduced heat absorption and mass flow rate. Nevertheless, the CO₂ mixture working fluids can significantly reduce condensing pressure by up to 20 % under identical condensing conditions. Compared to pure CO₂, the mixture working fluids show relative improvements of 2.45 % in maximum net power output and 19.46 % in thermal efficiency. CO₂ mixture working fluids exhibit a greater performance advantage over pure CO₂ at lower maximum pressure. Recommendations for selecting working fluid to maximize net power output are provided. This work provides operational data for CO₂ mixture working fluids in real-world environments, demonstrates their effect on the matching of heat and cold sources, verifies the potential of CO₂ mixtures to replace pure CO₂, and offers motivation for future research and component development.

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引用次数: 0

Modeling CCS policy support: Implications for market performance, net emissions, and welfare

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125613

Joseph E. Duggan Jr. , Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand , Richard S. Middleton

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is critical for addressing climate change. While governments are increasingly exploring different policy tools to incentivize its adoption, this topic has been under explored in the academic literature from a game-theoretic perspective. We examine a stylized model of CCS given different regulatory and market structure regimes to examine the incentive effects and social welfare implications of proposed policy interventions. Specifically, we examine a simple linear economy model of a wholesale electricity market in the context of a Cournot duopoly where one firm’s generation process entails CO₂ emissions while the second firm’s process does not. The first firm can capture and sequester 90 % of its generated emissions with CCS. We consider two possible policy interventions: a tax on net emissions and a subsidy for CCS where a firm that undertakes CCS receives a subsidy payment based on the amount of CO₂ sequestered. We find that CCS decreases CO₂ emissions relative to the case of no CCS, but without a strong enough CO₂ tax, a high enough sequestration subsidy can increase net emissions, relative to a lower subsidy, because of the imperfect capture rate. Interestingly, we find that CCS can lead to increases in both producer and consumer welfare while reducing net emissions. As such, we suggest that the adoption of CCS may provide a unique tool in simultaneously addressing two market failures characteristic of wholesale electricity markets: the exercise of market power and the negative externality of CO₂ emissions.

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引用次数: 0

Modelling and analysis of V-shaped bifacial PV systems for agrivoltaic applications: A Python-based approach for energy optimization

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125785

Stefania Guarino , Alessandro Buscemi , Christian Chiaruzzi , Valerio Lo Brano

Agrivoltaic systems integrate photovoltaic (PV) energy production with agricultural activities, addressing the critical challenges of land use optimization and sustainable energy generation in the context of climate changes and food security. These systems are pivotal in offering a promising solution in mitigating the environmental and social impacts of utility-scale PV installations, such as habitat disruption and competition with agricultural land. This study evaluates a patented V-shaped bifacial photovoltaic system with a single-axis solar tracking, designed to optimize energy capture but also to minimize shading effects on crops like vineyards. A custom Python-based algorithm using PVlib was developed to simulate the performance of the system, accounting for mutual shading, multiple solar radiation reflections, and dynamic tilt adjustments. Simulations conducted for Palermo, Italy, revealed that the system collects 5.2 % less solar irradiation than traditional side-by-side configurations but achieves an annual energy output of 2089.3 kWh per pair of panels, along with 24 % reduction in land use. These results highlight the system capability to optimize spatial efficiency while maintaining high energy production. The novelty of this work lies in its tailored simulation approach, addressing the unique geometry and operational dynamics of the V-shaped configuration, and its potential adaptability to diverse agrivoltaics scenarios. Unlike existing tools and methodologies in the literature, this work introduces a customized Python-based model specifically designed to analyse the performance of this innovative structure, which is of recent conception and lacks precedent in both academic studies and commercial software solutions. By advancing the methodological framework for integrating renewable energy with agriculture, this study contribute to the broader goals of sustainable development and climate resilience.

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引用次数: 0

Biomass supply chain network design: Integrating fixed and portable preprocessing depots for cost efficiency and sustainability

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy

Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125757

Gaurav Bhatt , Amit Upadhyay , Kamalakanta Sahoo

Bioenergy, as part of a broader renewable energy strategy, can significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and combating climate change. However, high logistics costs remain a significant barrier to the growth of the bioenergy industry. This study introduces a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to optimize the biomass supply chain (BMSC) by integrating both fixed depots (FDs) and portable depots (PDs) for biomass preprocessing. The model optimizes the collection, transportation, and preprocessing of forest residue as biomass feedstock by determining the optimal number and location of both FDs and PDs, balancing costs associated with transportation, processing, and facility setup. Unlike traditional BMSCs, which rely exclusively on FDs, the inclusion of PDs provides the flexibility of relocating preprocessing units according to the availability of biomass. Scenario analysis and numerical experiments demonstrate that the integration of PDs can reduce total costs by up to 26.94 %, primarily through savings in transportation from biomass collection points to preprocessing facilities. This approach also enhances the efficiency of BMSC, enabling it to respond better to variable biomass availability and reduce environmental impacts. Further, the applicability of the optimization model is demonstrated through a real-life case study of a power plant in the state of Oregon, USA. This model provides valuable quantitative decision support for policymakers and energy stakeholders aiming at optimizing BMSC and contributing to global renewable energy targets.

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引用次数: 0