A survey work on the benefits of entomophagous insects was carried out in four Local Government Areas of Central Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria to assess the most preferred and most consumed edible insect species. Three communities were selected from each Local Government Area. Three hundred and twenty (320) structured questionnaires were administered to the selected sampling population. The data were processed and subjected to statistical analysis such as descriptive and percentages as well analysis of variance. The result showed that insects consumed (bug, beetle, termite, bee, caterpillar, grasshopper and cricket) cut across the following Orders: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Lepidotera, Hemiptera and Diptera. The Order Coleoptera had the highest number of species followed closely by the Orders Isoptera and Orthoptera. The insects were harvested/collected by the consumers from the wild at different periods of the year and prepared for consumption either by boiling, frying, roasting or sun drying while some were consumed raw. Rural dwellers majorly children are the major consumers of edible insects. These insects form an integral part of the diet of the people of the Central Part of the State. Keywords : Entomophagy, rural dwellers, Cross River, Local Government Area
{"title":"Edible insects value chain in Cross River State, Nigeria\"","authors":"S. Okweche, Victor Abanyam Atah","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"A survey work on the benefits of entomophagous insects was carried out in four Local Government Areas of Central Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria to assess the most preferred and most consumed edible insect species. Three communities were selected from each Local Government Area. Three hundred and twenty (320) structured questionnaires were administered to the selected sampling population. The data were processed and subjected to statistical analysis such as descriptive and percentages as well analysis of variance. The result showed that insects consumed (bug, beetle, termite, bee, caterpillar, grasshopper and cricket) cut across the following Orders: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Lepidotera, Hemiptera and Diptera. The Order Coleoptera had the highest number of species followed closely by the Orders Isoptera and Orthoptera. The insects were harvested/collected by the consumers from the wild at different periods of the year and prepared for consumption either by boiling, frying, roasting or sun drying while some were consumed raw. Rural dwellers majorly children are the major consumers of edible insects. These insects form an integral part of the diet of the people of the Central Part of the State. Keywords : Entomophagy, rural dwellers, Cross River, Local Government Area","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131472786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa, Hochst. Ex A. Rich, Harms) is an indigenous legume in tropical Africa. This food crop legume is highly under-exploited and very little scientific information is available in literature. In this study, the chemical composition (proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional profile) of raw and processed African yambean (AYB) seeds was investigated. Seeds of brown seed coat landraces of African yambean were collected from various locations in the Northern part of Cross River State. The seed characteristics were noted and subjected to boiling and toasting for one hour and thereafter evaluated for proximate composition, gross energy, mineral and antinutritional properties. Results showed that boiling significantly (P<0.05) increased crude Protein (CP) (22.10%), ether extract (EE) (7.53%) and gross energy (GE) (5.23 Kcal/g) compared to the raw (21.61% CP, 5.12% EE and 4.88 Kcal/g GE) as well as toasted seeds (21.41% CP, 5.195 EE and 4.51 Kcal/g GE). Toasting significantly (P<0.05) increased nitrogen free extract (NFE) (50.65%) and ash values. Processing (boiling/toasting) had significant (P<0.05) effect on mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe) of the seeds except for phosphorus. Boiling significantly (P<0.05) reduced phytate (0.68%), alkaloid (0.70%) and trypsin-inhibitor (0.08 IU/mg) contents. Results have shown that African yambean seeds are rich sources of nutrients but have low human preference for food. But have a high potential as an energy/protein source in livestock feeds. The boiled AYB seeds had highest CP, mineral and lowest in anti-nutrient contents. Hence, boiling was the preferred processing method for AYB seeds. Keywords : Boiling, legume, nutrient profile, toasting, yambean
{"title":"Proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions of raw and processed African Yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) seeds in Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Anya, P. O. Ozung","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa, Hochst. Ex A. Rich, Harms) is an indigenous legume in tropical Africa. This food crop legume is highly under-exploited and very little scientific information is available in literature. In this study, the chemical composition (proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional profile) of raw and processed African yambean (AYB) seeds was investigated. Seeds of brown seed coat landraces of African yambean were collected from various locations in the Northern part of Cross River State. The seed characteristics were noted and subjected to boiling and toasting for one hour and thereafter evaluated for proximate composition, gross energy, mineral and antinutritional properties. Results showed that boiling significantly (P<0.05) increased crude Protein (CP) (22.10%), ether extract (EE) (7.53%) and gross energy (GE) (5.23 Kcal/g) compared to the raw (21.61% CP, 5.12% EE and 4.88 Kcal/g GE) as well as toasted seeds (21.41% CP, 5.195 EE and 4.51 Kcal/g GE). Toasting significantly (P<0.05) increased nitrogen free extract (NFE) (50.65%) and ash values. Processing (boiling/toasting) had significant (P<0.05) effect on mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe) of the seeds except for phosphorus. Boiling significantly (P<0.05) reduced phytate (0.68%), alkaloid (0.70%) and trypsin-inhibitor (0.08 IU/mg) contents. Results have shown that African yambean seeds are rich sources of nutrients but have low human preference for food. But have a high potential as an energy/protein source in livestock feeds. The boiled AYB seeds had highest CP, mineral and lowest in anti-nutrient contents. Hence, boiling was the preferred processing method for AYB seeds. Keywords : Boiling, legume, nutrient profile, toasting, yambean","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125280786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study compared the chemical composition of fermented and toasted Icacina manni meal and evaluated their feeding and economic values using broiler chickens. The harvested roots were processed under two methods: the first involved peeling, chopping and fermentation of the roots for 48hours, while in second method, peeled tubers were grated and the liquid component squeezed out prior to toasting. Three diets each were formulated at starter and finisher phase of production, with diet one as the control. Diets two and three had 30% of maize replaced by fermented I. Manni and toasted I. manni meals, respectively. One hundred and thirty five day old broiler chicks were divided into three groups of forty five chicks, randomly allocated to the three experimental diets in a completely randomized design and fed for 28 days each of starter and finisher phase. Data generated were analysed using the general linear models procedure of SPSS options, Version 18.00 (SPSS Inc., 2010). The result revealed that I. manni samples were similar (P>0.05) to maize in ash and carbohydrate components. The processing methods significantly (P 0.05) influenced by the treatment. The dietary inclusion of I. manni meals reduced the cost of feed production by 50%, the cost of feed consumed from ₦ 135.96 to ₦ 42.35 and ₦ 57.41 in toasted and fermented I. manni diets, respectively and the cost of producing a kilogram of meal at the starter phase. From the economic perspective, it was concluded that toasting could serve as an alternative method of processing I. manni meal for poultry feeding. Key words : Anti-nutritional factors, toasting, fermentation, Icacina manni, performance, carcass characteristics.
{"title":"Chemical composition of toasted and fermented earth ball (Icacinia manni) meals: Determination of their feeding value using broiler chickens","authors":"O. Effiong, N. Jimmy","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The study compared the chemical composition of fermented and toasted Icacina manni meal and evaluated their feeding and economic values using broiler chickens. The harvested roots were processed under two methods: the first involved peeling, chopping and fermentation of the roots for 48hours, while in second method, peeled tubers were grated and the liquid component squeezed out prior to toasting. Three diets each were formulated at starter and finisher phase of production, with diet one as the control. Diets two and three had 30% of maize replaced by fermented I. Manni and toasted I. manni meals, respectively. One hundred and thirty five day old broiler chicks were divided into three groups of forty five chicks, randomly allocated to the three experimental diets in a completely randomized design and fed for 28 days each of starter and finisher phase. Data generated were analysed using the general linear models procedure of SPSS options, Version 18.00 (SPSS Inc., 2010). The result revealed that I. manni samples were similar (P>0.05) to maize in ash and carbohydrate components. The processing methods significantly (P 0.05) influenced by the treatment. The dietary inclusion of I. manni meals reduced the cost of feed production by 50%, the cost of feed consumed from ₦ 135.96 to ₦ 42.35 and ₦ 57.41 in toasted and fermented I. manni diets, respectively and the cost of producing a kilogram of meal at the starter phase. From the economic perspective, it was concluded that toasting could serve as an alternative method of processing I. manni meal for poultry feeding. Key words : Anti-nutritional factors, toasting, fermentation, Icacina manni, performance, carcass characteristics.","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"952 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121308974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined profitability and credit accessibility among garri processors in Epe, Lagos State. Nigeria. It examined the profitability of garri processing enterprise and determined factors militating against credit access by garri processors in Epe. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the study area, first stage was the purposive selection of Epe, second stage was the random selection of two communities from each of the three zones in Epe LGA while the third stage involved random selection of 20garri processors from each community, totalling 120 processors. Ten (10) improperly filled question naires reduced the total to 110 Respondents sampled. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, profitability analysis and Logit model. The study revealed that more females (89.1%) than male (10.9%) were garri processors, as many as 68.2% married and 4.5% unmarried Respondents, and average household size of 6.The mean year of experience in garri processing is16. The average weekly total cost incurred by the Respondents was ₦33,531.39 while total revenue was ₦51,211.82. The Rate of Return on Investment (RRI) of 53% showed an earning of 53% profit on every naira invested. About 68.2% of Respondents did not belong to cooperative society. There was a low probability of credit acquisition to increase the production level of garri in the study area. The problems militating against credit accessibility in the study area include high interest rate, low income, no savings, non-membership in cooperative groups, and lack of information on credit availability. It is recommended that government should subsidize the cost of inputs for garri processors. The local government through Extension agents should embark on enlightenment programmes to educate the processors on modalities for credit accessibility and modern processing methods. There is also need for financial institutions to look into the conditions for obtaining credit by processors. Key words : Garri, Garri processors, Credit access, Profitability
{"title":"Analysis of the profitability and credit accessibility among Garri processors in Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"C. F. Abasilim, O. Balogun, A. Adeyemi","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined profitability and credit accessibility among garri processors in Epe, Lagos State. Nigeria. It examined the profitability of garri processing enterprise and determined factors militating against credit access by garri processors in Epe. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the study area, first stage was the purposive selection of Epe, second stage was the random selection of two communities from each of the three zones in Epe LGA while the third stage involved random selection of 20garri processors from each community, totalling 120 processors. Ten (10) improperly filled question naires reduced the total to 110 Respondents sampled. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, profitability analysis and Logit model. The study revealed that more females (89.1%) than male (10.9%) were garri processors, as many as 68.2% married and 4.5% unmarried Respondents, and average household size of 6.The mean year of experience in garri processing is16. The average weekly total cost incurred by the Respondents was ₦33,531.39 while total revenue was ₦51,211.82. The Rate of Return on Investment (RRI) of 53% showed an earning of 53% profit on every naira invested. About 68.2% of Respondents did not belong to cooperative society. There was a low probability of credit acquisition to increase the production level of garri in the study area. The problems militating against credit accessibility in the study area include high interest rate, low income, no savings, non-membership in cooperative groups, and lack of information on credit availability. It is recommended that government should subsidize the cost of inputs for garri processors. The local government through Extension agents should embark on enlightenment programmes to educate the processors on modalities for credit accessibility and modern processing methods. There is also need for financial institutions to look into the conditions for obtaining credit by processors. Key words : Garri, Garri processors, Credit access, Profitability","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128281902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The productivity of agriculture in Nigeria over the years has relied extensively on the scientific innovations transferred to farmers from research institutes via extension services. Thus, technology development most often has been based on scientific research approach, with little or no collaboration with the indigenous people. This is based on the argument that indigenous people are ignorant, fatalistic and have nothing to offer as solutions to their problems. Incidentally, the imposition of scientific technology development framework, without the incorporation of the indigenous knowledge systems of local communities to a large extent, is believed to have contributed to failures in sustainable resource use and erosion of biodiversity. It is evident that indigenous societies have profound and detailed knowledge of the system, environment and species (plants and animals) which they are in contact with for generations and have developed strategies based on their own indigenous technical knowledge to solve their own problems. Therefore, full recognition of indigenous knowledge system of the “supposed users” of technology, their local traditions and technology endowment capabilities are central to the issue of sustainable and equitable technology development and utilization. This paper examines critically the technology development processes and suggest framework for enhancing the integration and use of indigenous knowledge system in technology development
{"title":"A frame work for enhancing the use of indigenous knowledge system in technology development and utilization in developing economy","authors":"K. I. Ogbonna","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V18I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The productivity of agriculture in Nigeria over the years has relied extensively on the scientific innovations transferred to farmers from research institutes via extension services. Thus, technology development most often has been based on scientific research approach, with little or no collaboration with the indigenous people. This is based on the argument that indigenous people are ignorant, fatalistic and have nothing to offer as solutions to their problems. Incidentally, the imposition of scientific technology development framework, without the incorporation of the indigenous knowledge systems of local communities to a large extent, is believed to have contributed to failures in sustainable resource use and erosion of biodiversity. It is evident that indigenous societies have profound and detailed knowledge of the system, environment and species (plants and animals) which they are in contact with for generations and have developed strategies based on their own indigenous technical knowledge to solve their own problems. Therefore, full recognition of indigenous knowledge system of the “supposed users” of technology, their local traditions and technology endowment capabilities are central to the issue of sustainable and equitable technology development and utilization. This paper examines critically the technology development processes and suggest framework for enhancing the integration and use of indigenous knowledge system in technology development","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115010629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research is a comparative cost and return analysis of cassava production by adopters and non-adopters of improved cassava varieties among farmers in Ibesikpo Asutan LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents in a ratio of 50 adopters and 50 non- adopters. Data were collected through questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Gross margin was carried out to estimate cost and return. Results revealed that females (68 % and 64 %) were dominant for both groups of cassava farmers. Majority (88 %) of the farmers were educated, implying that they would be more amenable to adopt technologies. The cost and return analysis shows that, total variable cost per hectare was N56,455.00 and N36,850.00 with a gross margin of N77,550.00 and N36,560.00 for adopters and non- adopters respectively, indicating that, cassava farming is profitable. Determinants of cassava production for both groups of farmers were farm size, cassava cuttings, fertilizer use and extension contact. Whereas increased farm size, cassava cuttings and extension contact significantly and positively influenced output of both groups of farmers, fertilizer use had a negative but significant influence on output of adopters, implying that fertilizer use resulted in decrease output of the adopters. The adopters are advice to discontinue the use of fertilizer. Furthermore, lack of awareness and high cost of inputs were among the major constraints to full adoption of improved cassava varieties in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended that policies aimed at improving farmer’s education and awareness should be redesign for proper implementation. Keywords: Comparative, cost and return, profitability, cassava, improved varieties, production, adopters, nonadopters
{"title":"Comparative cost and return analysis of cassava production by adopters and non-adopters of improved cassava varieties among farmers in Ibesikpo Asutan LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"K. Itam, Eucharia Agom Ajah, Mediong John Udoeyop","doi":"10.4314/gjass.v17i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v17i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This research is a comparative cost and return analysis of cassava production by adopters and non-adopters of improved cassava varieties among farmers in Ibesikpo Asutan LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents in a ratio of 50 adopters and 50 non- adopters. Data were collected through questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Gross margin was carried out to estimate cost and return. Results revealed that females (68 % and 64 %) were dominant for both groups of cassava farmers. Majority (88 %) of the farmers were educated, implying that they would be more amenable to adopt technologies. The cost and return analysis shows that, total variable cost per hectare was N56,455.00 and N36,850.00 with a gross margin of N77,550.00 and N36,560.00 for adopters and non- adopters respectively, indicating that, cassava farming is profitable. Determinants of cassava production for both groups of farmers were farm size, cassava cuttings, fertilizer use and extension contact. Whereas increased farm size, cassava cuttings and extension contact significantly and positively influenced output of both groups of farmers, fertilizer use had a negative but significant influence on output of adopters, implying that fertilizer use resulted in decrease output of the adopters. The adopters are advice to discontinue the use of fertilizer. Furthermore, lack of awareness and high cost of inputs were among the major constraints to full adoption of improved cassava varieties in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended that policies aimed at improving farmer’s education and awareness should be redesign for proper implementation. Keywords: Comparative, cost and return, profitability, cassava, improved varieties, production, adopters, nonadopters","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122523633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was performed to analyze the genotype x environment (G×E) interaction for fruit yield of 5 genotypes in four environments; Ikom, Calabar, Obubra and Obudu located at different agro-ecological zones of Cross River State. The cucumber genotypes were grown in randomized complete block design in three replicates in 2015 cropping season. The yield data was analyzed using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance showed statistically significant effect of genotypes, environments and the genotype x environment interaction (P < 0.01%). The environment explained 59.59%which showed high differences in variety response to different locations tested. Genotype (G) and genotype x environment interaction (G x E) accounted 15.83% and 11.89% respectively. The first interaction principal component axis (IPCA1) was significant (P < 0.01) except the (IPCA 2) and explained 11.50% and 0.36% of the G X E sum of squares respectively. The Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction stability value (ASV) showed that significant difference existed in the G x E component. Based on the stability parameters, it revealed that none of the genotypes were stable for fruit yield, however according to ASV, and GGE Bi-plot graphical representation, Ashley genotype in relative terms was stable. The genotypes Poinsett (48.43 t ha -1 ) , Ashley(47.49 t ha -1 ) and Marketer (41.66 t ha -1 ) were considered to have adaptability to favorable environments, while Market More (MM 13.97t ha -1 ) and Super Marketer (SM 16.66 t ha -1 ) adapted to unfavorable conditions for fruit yield. Based on AMMI and GGE bi-plot, ASL had the widest adaptation and was considered as the ideal genotype, whereas P.ST showed specific adaptation. The ideal environments were IKOM (66.85 t ha -1 ) and OBURA (56.93 t ha -1 ). Through the GGE bi-plot and AMMI analysis, the superior genotypes identified could serve as references for genotype evaluation and inclusion in further testing in other seasons and environments. Keywords: Environment, Genotype, Interaction, Stability and Yield
本研究分析了5个基因型在4种环境下与环境(G×E)互作对果实产量的影响;Ikom、Calabar、Obubra和Obudu位于克罗斯河州不同的农业生态区。采用随机完全区组设计，分3个重复在2015年种植季进行黄瓜基因型培养。采用可加性主效应和乘法互作(AMMI)和基因型加环境基因型(GGE)对产量数据进行分析。加性主效应和乘法互作(AMMI)方差分析显示基因型、环境和基因型x环境互作的影响有统计学意义(P < 0.01%)。环境解释了59.59%，表明品种对不同地点的响应存在较大差异。基因型(G)和基因型x环境互作(G x E)分别占15.83%和11.89%。第一互作主成分轴(IPCA1)除ipca2外均极显著(P < 0.01)，分别解释gxe平方和的11.50%和0.36%。加性主效应和乘性相互作用稳定值(ASV)表明，G x E组分存在显著差异。稳定性参数表明，所有基因型对果实产量都不稳定，但根据ASV和GGE双图表示，Ashley基因型相对稳定。Poinsett (48.43 t ha -1)、Ashley(47.49 t ha -1)和Marketer (41.66 t ha -1)基因型对有利环境具有适应性，而Market More (MM 13.97t ha -1)和Super Marketer (SM 16.66 t ha -1)基因型对不利环境具有适应性。基于AMMI和GGE双图，ASL具有最广泛的适应性，被认为是理想的基因型，而P.ST具有特异性的适应性。理想环境为IKOM (66.85 t / -1)和OBURA (56.93 t / -1)。通过GGE双图和AMMI分析，鉴定出的优势基因型可作为其他季节和环境下进一步检测的基因型评价和纳入参考。关键词:环境，基因型，互作，稳定性和产量
{"title":"Genotype x environment interaction for fruit yield of some cucumber (Cucumissativus) genotypes","authors":"A. Iwo, O. E. Odor","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V17I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V17I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was performed to analyze the genotype x environment (G×E) interaction for fruit yield of 5 genotypes in four environments; Ikom, Calabar, Obubra and Obudu located at different agro-ecological zones of Cross River State. The cucumber genotypes were grown in randomized complete block design in three replicates in 2015 cropping season. The yield data was analyzed using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance showed statistically significant effect of genotypes, environments and the genotype x environment interaction (P < 0.01%). The environment explained 59.59%which showed high differences in variety response to different locations tested. Genotype (G) and genotype x environment interaction (G x E) accounted 15.83% and 11.89% respectively. The first interaction principal component axis (IPCA1) was significant (P < 0.01) except the (IPCA 2) and explained 11.50% and 0.36% of the G X E sum of squares respectively. The Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction stability value (ASV) showed that significant difference existed in the G x E component. Based on the stability parameters, it revealed that none of the genotypes were stable for fruit yield, however according to ASV, and GGE Bi-plot graphical representation, Ashley genotype in relative terms was stable. The genotypes Poinsett (48.43 t ha -1 ) , Ashley(47.49 t ha -1 ) and Marketer (41.66 t ha -1 ) were considered to have adaptability to favorable environments, while Market More (MM 13.97t ha -1 ) and Super Marketer (SM 16.66 t ha -1 ) adapted to unfavorable conditions for fruit yield. Based on AMMI and GGE bi-plot, ASL had the widest adaptation and was considered as the ideal genotype, whereas P.ST showed specific adaptation. The ideal environments were IKOM (66.85 t ha -1 ) and OBURA (56.93 t ha -1 ). Through the GGE bi-plot and AMMI analysis, the superior genotypes identified could serve as references for genotype evaluation and inclusion in further testing in other seasons and environments. Keywords: Environment, Genotype, Interaction, Stability and Yield","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122583246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was carried out to characterize the physico-chemical properties and micronutrients status of soil developed on Anantigha coastal marine sediment in Calabar. Four profile pits were dug along the coastal area and soil samples taken from identified horizons were subjected to laboratory routine analysis. The data obtained were subjected to one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The predominant colours observed for the study were mostly; dark greys (2.5YR 4/1) and black (10YR 2/1). The soil were massive in structure and has very sticky and very plastic in consistence and the boundary observed was mostly diffuse smooth and clear smooth. Percent sand fraction was the dominant particle size fraction except in profile 4. Soil in profile 1 was made up of sandy loam, silt loam loamy sand, loam and sandy clay loam, while soil in profiles 2, 3 and 4 were predominantly sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silt loam, respectively. Soil pH measured in water and calcium chloride were very strongly acidic and increases with horizon depth with pH mean values of 2.5 in H 2 O and 2.2 in CaCl 2 for surface soil and 2.7 in H 2 O and 2.4 in CaCl 2 for sub- surface soils. The organic carbon and organic matter content of the surface soils were high and those of the subsurface soils were moderate. The mean electrical conductivity was 2.0 and 2.3 dsm -1 for surface and subsurface soils respectively. The exchangeable cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and Na + ) were moderate to high in both surface and subsurface soils. The exchangeable acidity (Al 3+ and H + ) were high. CEC was low in surface soils and high in subsurface soils. Base saturation in both surface and subsurface soils was below 50 %. The results obtained for available micronutrients showed that the mean values for Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn were 1.43, 0.92, 134.65 and 5.05 mg/kg for surface soil and 1.89, 1.89, 121.29 and 1.48 mg/kg for subsurface soil. Zn and Cu were generally “low” to “medium” in all the horizons of the pedons while Fe and Mn values were “high”. Agronomic practice such as liming that will raise soil pH is recommended so that levels of nutrients that are below the critical levels will be made available in the soil. Keywords: Morphology, micronutrients, physicochemical, marine sediment
{"title":"Characterization of physico-chemical properties and micronutrients status of soil developed on Anantigha Coastal Marine Sediment in Calabar","authors":"E. Aki, I. A. Isong","doi":"10.4314/GJASS.V17I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJASS.V17I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out to characterize the physico-chemical properties and micronutrients status of soil developed on Anantigha coastal marine sediment in Calabar. Four profile pits were dug along the coastal area and soil samples taken from identified horizons were subjected to laboratory routine analysis. The data obtained were subjected to one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The predominant colours observed for the study were mostly; dark greys (2.5YR 4/1) and black (10YR 2/1). The soil were massive in structure and has very sticky and very plastic in consistence and the boundary observed was mostly diffuse smooth and clear smooth. Percent sand fraction was the dominant particle size fraction except in profile 4. Soil in profile 1 was made up of sandy loam, silt loam loamy sand, loam and sandy clay loam, while soil in profiles 2, 3 and 4 were predominantly sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silt loam, respectively. Soil pH measured in water and calcium chloride were very strongly acidic and increases with horizon depth with pH mean values of 2.5 in H 2 O and 2.2 in CaCl 2 for surface soil and 2.7 in H 2 O and 2.4 in CaCl 2 for sub- surface soils. The organic carbon and organic matter content of the surface soils were high and those of the subsurface soils were moderate. The mean electrical conductivity was 2.0 and 2.3 dsm -1 for surface and subsurface soils respectively. The exchangeable cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and Na + ) were moderate to high in both surface and subsurface soils. The exchangeable acidity (Al 3+ and H + ) were high. CEC was low in surface soils and high in subsurface soils. Base saturation in both surface and subsurface soils was below 50 %. The results obtained for available micronutrients showed that the mean values for Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn were 1.43, 0.92, 134.65 and 5.05 mg/kg for surface soil and 1.89, 1.89, 121.29 and 1.48 mg/kg for subsurface soil. Zn and Cu were generally “low” to “medium” in all the horizons of the pedons while Fe and Mn values were “high”. Agronomic practice such as liming that will raise soil pH is recommended so that levels of nutrients that are below the critical levels will be made available in the soil. Keywords: Morphology, micronutrients, physicochemical, marine sediment","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116926676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examines the costs and returns analysis of fish farming in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State. A twostage sampling technique was used to select 30 fish farmers from two local government areas in the Calabar metropolis. Data for the study were sourced via structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics alongside budgetary techniques. Results showed that more men (70%) were involved in fish farming and that 33% were between the age brackets of 40 – 49 years, operating majorly (56,70%) on small scale basis with 40% of them having a family size of 2 - 4 persons and most (83.3%) being literates. The results of the budgetary analysis show that average total cost (TC) of ₦525,000 was incurred and total revenue (TR) of ₦650,000 was realized giving a returning gross margin (GM) of ₦425,000 with a Net farm income (NFI) of ₦125,000 per cycle. This is an indication that fish farming is profitable in the study area using a minimum of 1000 fingerlings for a start. From the results, feeds cost, production systems, education level and stocking density were important factors that influence fish output. Constraints perceived by most of the farmers include: high cost of fish feeds, lack of awareness and skilled personnel were identified ab initio that hindered fish production in the area. The study, therefore, recommended that the development of nutritive research institute for the development of fish feeds is a sine qua none for enhanced productivity in the fishery subsector in Nigeria. Keywords: Fish farming, fingerlings, returns, revenue, total cost
{"title":"Costs and return analysis of fish farming in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State Nigeria","authors":"E. Edet, P. O. Udoe, E. Uwah","doi":"10.4314/gjass.v17i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v17i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the costs and returns analysis of fish farming in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State. A twostage sampling technique was used to select 30 fish farmers from two local government areas in the Calabar metropolis. Data for the study were sourced via structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics alongside budgetary techniques. Results showed that more men (70%) were involved in fish farming and that 33% were between the age brackets of 40 – 49 years, operating majorly (56,70%) on small scale basis with 40% of them having a family size of 2 - 4 persons and most (83.3%) being literates. The results of the budgetary analysis show that average total cost (TC) of ₦525,000 was incurred and total revenue (TR) of ₦650,000 was realized giving a returning gross margin (GM) of ₦425,000 with a Net farm income (NFI) of ₦125,000 per cycle. This is an indication that fish farming is profitable in the study area using a minimum of 1000 fingerlings for a start. From the results, feeds cost, production systems, education level and stocking density were important factors that influence fish output. Constraints perceived by most of the farmers include: high cost of fish feeds, lack of awareness and skilled personnel were identified ab initio that hindered fish production in the area. The study, therefore, recommended that the development of nutritive research institute for the development of fish feeds is a sine qua none for enhanced productivity in the fishery subsector in Nigeria. Keywords: Fish farming, fingerlings, returns, revenue, total cost","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134413154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study assessed the resource use efficiency of groundnut farmers in Bekwara Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of groundnut farmers, determine the cost and returns of groundnut production, determine the technical efficiency of groundnut farmers, identify the socio-economic factors influencing technical efficiency of groundnut production. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select groundnut farmers in the area. Data were obtained using a set of structured questionnaire. Descriptive, gross margin analysis and stochastic frontier were used for data analyses. Result from the study showed that majority (51.02%) of the respondents fall within age ranged of 31 – 40 years, with a mean age of 34 years. Females dominated groundnut production, 67.4% were married, 89.9% had family sizes of 1-10 persons per households, 94.9% had one form of education or the other. The result further shows that majority (79.60%) had 6 – 11 years of farming experience, 58% had farm sizes of between 1 – 1.5 hectares. The gross margin analysis shows that groundnut production was a profitable business with a gross margin and net farm income of ₦338, 019.249 and ₦330, 407.51 respectively. The result also revealed that quantity of seed used and farm size had positive and significant relationship with groundnut production. The mean technical efficiency was 0.97 with minimum and maximum efficiencies of 0.85 and 0.99. The inefficiency model showed that educational level, membership to co-operative, access to credit and the amount received were the significant variables that increased the technical efficiency of the respondents. It is recommended that policies by the government and non-governmental agencies should be geared towards encouraging farmers’ education on farm management practices so that they would be able to allocate production resources more efficiently especially agrochemicals for optimum yield. Keywords: Groundnut farmers, Resource efficiency, technical efficiency, inefficiency
{"title":"Resource use efficiency of groundnut farmers in Bekwara Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Edet, P. O. Udoe, E. D. Ifang","doi":"10.4314/gjass.v17i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v17i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed the resource use efficiency of groundnut farmers in Bekwara Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of groundnut farmers, determine the cost and returns of groundnut production, determine the technical efficiency of groundnut farmers, identify the socio-economic factors influencing technical efficiency of groundnut production. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select groundnut farmers in the area. Data were obtained using a set of structured questionnaire. Descriptive, gross margin analysis and stochastic frontier were used for data analyses. Result from the study showed that majority (51.02%) of the respondents fall within age ranged of 31 – 40 years, with a mean age of 34 years. Females dominated groundnut production, 67.4% were married, 89.9% had family sizes of 1-10 persons per households, 94.9% had one form of education or the other. The result further shows that majority (79.60%) had 6 – 11 years of farming experience, 58% had farm sizes of between 1 – 1.5 hectares. The gross margin analysis shows that groundnut production was a profitable business with a gross margin and net farm income of ₦338, 019.249 and ₦330, 407.51 respectively. The result also revealed that quantity of seed used and farm size had positive and significant relationship with groundnut production. The mean technical efficiency was 0.97 with minimum and maximum efficiencies of 0.85 and 0.99. The inefficiency model showed that educational level, membership to co-operative, access to credit and the amount received were the significant variables that increased the technical efficiency of the respondents. It is recommended that policies by the government and non-governmental agencies should be geared towards encouraging farmers’ education on farm management practices so that they would be able to allocate production resources more efficiently especially agrochemicals for optimum yield. Keywords: Groundnut farmers, Resource efficiency, technical efficiency, inefficiency","PeriodicalId":250072,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128931100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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