Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909818
P. Grangier
Summary form only given. The present techniques allow one to perform continuous or discrete quantum measurements at or even beyond the standard "quantum noise" level, even on single quantum objects. In this context, Kip Thorne and Vladimir Braginsky introduced in the seventies the concept of "Quantum Non Demolition (QND) measurement", which was initially meant to be applied to mechanical harmonic oscillators designed for detecting gravitational waves, the so-called "Weber's bars". But the QND ideas encountered a real success in quantum optics, where quantum fluctuations are readily accessible, and can also be circumvented. We review the state of the art of QND measurements, in this broad sense of sub-shot-noise optical information processing. Most of the initial objectives of QND measurements have now been successfully reached through proof-of-principle experiments. The domain is now opening on future perspectives related to quantum information processing (e.g. quantum cryptography), either with "discrete" or "continuous" quantum variables. In this context the close relationship between QND measurements and controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates are discussed and illustrated.
{"title":"Quantum nondemolition measurements","authors":"P. Grangier","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909818","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The present techniques allow one to perform continuous or discrete quantum measurements at or even beyond the standard \"quantum noise\" level, even on single quantum objects. In this context, Kip Thorne and Vladimir Braginsky introduced in the seventies the concept of \"Quantum Non Demolition (QND) measurement\", which was initially meant to be applied to mechanical harmonic oscillators designed for detecting gravitational waves, the so-called \"Weber's bars\". But the QND ideas encountered a real success in quantum optics, where quantum fluctuations are readily accessible, and can also be circumvented. We review the state of the art of QND measurements, in this broad sense of sub-shot-noise optical information processing. Most of the initial objectives of QND measurements have now been successfully reached through proof-of-principle experiments. The domain is now opening on future perspectives related to quantum information processing (e.g. quantum cryptography), either with \"discrete\" or \"continuous\" quantum variables. In this context the close relationship between QND measurements and controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates are discussed and illustrated.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115993725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909991
A. Kurkov, E. Dianov, O. Medvedkov, G. A. Ivanov, V. Aksenov, V. Paramonov, S. A. Vasiliev, E. Pershina
Summary form only. We pump the Ho/sup 3+/-doped fiber laser into the core using a high-power double-clad Yb/sup 3+/-doped fiber laser operating at 1.15 /spl mu/m. This wavelength corresponds to a sufficiently strong absorption band of Ho/sup 3+/ ions due to the laser transition. Also we use a Bragg grating with a resonance wavelength of 2 /spl mu/m as the input mirror of the laser.
只有摘要形式。我们使用高功率双包层Yb/sup 3+/掺杂光纤激光器将Ho/sup 3+/掺杂光纤激光器泵入核心，工作功率为1.15 /spl mu/m。由于激光跃迁，该波长对应于一个足够强的Ho/sup 3+/离子吸收带。采用谐振波长为2 /spl μ m /m的布拉格光栅作为激光器的输入反射镜。
{"title":"Efficient CW Ho/sup 3+/-doped silica fibre laser operating at 2 /spl mu/m","authors":"A. Kurkov, E. Dianov, O. Medvedkov, G. A. Ivanov, V. Aksenov, V. Paramonov, S. A. Vasiliev, E. Pershina","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909991","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only. We pump the Ho/sup 3+/-doped fiber laser into the core using a high-power double-clad Yb/sup 3+/-doped fiber laser operating at 1.15 /spl mu/m. This wavelength corresponds to a sufficiently strong absorption band of Ho/sup 3+/ ions due to the laser transition. Also we use a Bragg grating with a resonance wavelength of 2 /spl mu/m as the input mirror of the laser.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116176086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910174
C. Rose-Petruck
Summary form only given. Recently developed ultrafast laser-driven X-ray sources enable the observation of atomic motions in crystals and in solutions on the timescale of chemical bond formation and breakage. Using such a laboratory-based X-ray source the propagation of coherent phonon wave packets through GaAs(111) crystals after photo excitation has been imaged by ultrafast X-ray difraction. While ultrafast x-ray diffraction measures the structural dynamics of crystals, ultrafast extended x-ray absorption line structure (UEXAFS) can, in principle, measure the structural dynamics of atoms during a chemical process in solution.
{"title":"Ultrafast X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy","authors":"C. Rose-Petruck","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910174","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Recently developed ultrafast laser-driven X-ray sources enable the observation of atomic motions in crystals and in solutions on the timescale of chemical bond formation and breakage. Using such a laboratory-based X-ray source the propagation of coherent phonon wave packets through GaAs(111) crystals after photo excitation has been imaged by ultrafast X-ray difraction. While ultrafast x-ray diffraction measures the structural dynamics of crystals, ultrafast extended x-ray absorption line structure (UEXAFS) can, in principle, measure the structural dynamics of atoms during a chemical process in solution.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116315949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910217
T. Itatani, M. Murakawa, Y. Kasai, H. Kikkawa, T. Higuchi
Summary form only given. This paper describes auto-aligned femtosecond lasers controlled by genetic algorithms (GAs). We made a system based on precise and compact positioning actuators with /spl mu/m resolution. The initial experiments for CW oscillation for a Ti:sapphire laser obtained 1.66 times higher output power with 3 hours, compared to a hill-top-climbing method which corresponds to manual alignment procedure. We have made and demonstrated an auto-alignment femtosecond laser system including a SESAM mirror. This system can be optimized by GA utilizing signals from a two-photon-absorption detector.
只提供摘要形式。本文介绍了一种由遗传算法控制的飞秒自对准激光器。我们制作了一个基于精密紧凑的定位执行器的系统，其分辨率为/ sp1 μ m /m。在连续振荡的初始实验中，Ti:蓝宝石激光器的输出功率在3小时内提高了1.66倍，这与手动校准过程对应的爬坡方法相比。我们已经制作并演示了一个自动对准飞秒激光系统，其中包括一个SESAM反射镜。该系统可以利用双光子吸收探测器的信号进行遗传优化。
{"title":"Auto-aligned femtosecond lasers with a SESAM controlled by genetic algorithms","authors":"T. Itatani, M. Murakawa, Y. Kasai, H. Kikkawa, T. Higuchi","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910217","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. This paper describes auto-aligned femtosecond lasers controlled by genetic algorithms (GAs). We made a system based on precise and compact positioning actuators with /spl mu/m resolution. The initial experiments for CW oscillation for a Ti:sapphire laser obtained 1.66 times higher output power with 3 hours, compared to a hill-top-climbing method which corresponds to manual alignment procedure. We have made and demonstrated an auto-alignment femtosecond laser system including a SESAM mirror. This system can be optimized by GA utilizing signals from a two-photon-absorption detector.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123216527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910149
A.V. Shturbin, V.A. Shalygyn, I. Titkov, V.L. Zerova
Summary form only. At present the better part of coordinate-sensitive photodetectors is based on longitudinal photo-voltage effect in p-n junction. The linear range of their sensitivity via coordinate of illuminated region is limited by the diffusion length of non-equilibrium carriers for the semiconductor sensitive cell and does not exceed 2 mm. We present a new coordinate-sensitive photodetector design. Our device is based on detecting a magnetic part of the electromagnetic radiation from the semiconductor surface illuminated by interband light. The electromagnetic radiation is produced by currents of non-equilibrium carriers moving outside the region of the light excitation and separated by a surface barrier.
{"title":"Wide range coordinate-sensitive photodetector for laser controlled systems","authors":"A.V. Shturbin, V.A. Shalygyn, I. Titkov, V.L. Zerova","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910149","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only. At present the better part of coordinate-sensitive photodetectors is based on longitudinal photo-voltage effect in p-n junction. The linear range of their sensitivity via coordinate of illuminated region is limited by the diffusion length of non-equilibrium carriers for the semiconductor sensitive cell and does not exceed 2 mm. We present a new coordinate-sensitive photodetector design. Our device is based on detecting a magnetic part of the electromagnetic radiation from the semiconductor surface illuminated by interband light. The electromagnetic radiation is produced by currents of non-equilibrium carriers moving outside the region of the light excitation and separated by a surface barrier.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123474608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909920
C. D. de Matos, M. Pugnet
Summary form only given. Non-linear semiconductor materials coupled to Fabry-Perot (FP) microcavity are promising devices for the implementation of ultrafast and sensitive two-dimensional optical information processing systems such as optical spatial reconfigurable interconnections, coherent optical gate or optical time demultiplexing. A common means of obtaining fast semiconductor modulators is to modulate the dielectric function by exploiting the presence of free photogenerated earners which have a short lifetime. However, these structures require a relatively high free-carrier density and so the high-bit-rate processing is limited by thermal problems. One way of avoiding such problems would be to use non-dissipative physical effects, which although weak can be enhanced using microcavities. In this communication, we present an ultrafast all-optical modulator, based on the Optical Stark Effect.
{"title":"Low dissipative ultrafast all-optical switching in quantum-well semiconductor microcavity","authors":"C. D. de Matos, M. Pugnet","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909920","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Non-linear semiconductor materials coupled to Fabry-Perot (FP) microcavity are promising devices for the implementation of ultrafast and sensitive two-dimensional optical information processing systems such as optical spatial reconfigurable interconnections, coherent optical gate or optical time demultiplexing. A common means of obtaining fast semiconductor modulators is to modulate the dielectric function by exploiting the presence of free photogenerated earners which have a short lifetime. However, these structures require a relatively high free-carrier density and so the high-bit-rate processing is limited by thermal problems. One way of avoiding such problems would be to use non-dissipative physical effects, which although weak can be enhanced using microcavities. In this communication, we present an ultrafast all-optical modulator, based on the Optical Stark Effect.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123675944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910254
M. Laschek, E. Poirot, F. Korte, C. Fallnich, H. Welling
Summary form only given. In trace gas detection on absorption spectroscopy there is a need for widely tunable narrow bandwidth mid infrared light sources. To our knowledge, we report on the first continuously tunable difference frequency generation spectrometer with a mode hop free tuning range of more than 200 nm. The spectrometer consists of a continuously tunable external cavity laser.
{"title":"Widely tunable difference frequency spectrometer with 200 nm continuously tuning range @ 3.2 up to 3.6 /spl mu/m","authors":"M. Laschek, E. Poirot, F. Korte, C. Fallnich, H. Welling","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910254","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. In trace gas detection on absorption spectroscopy there is a need for widely tunable narrow bandwidth mid infrared light sources. To our knowledge, we report on the first continuously tunable difference frequency generation spectrometer with a mode hop free tuning range of more than 200 nm. The spectrometer consists of a continuously tunable external cavity laser.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123728526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909866
M. Maeda, Y. Oki, T. Yoshiura, Y. Chisaki
Summary form only given. The size, the reliability, the stability and the cost of tunable lasers will be improved very much by taking integrated waveguide structure. We have developed solid-state distributed-feedback (DFB) dye lasers with a dye-doped PMMA waveguide. The DFB laser action can be attained by following two methods; 1) fixed-type DFB using photo-etched grating along the waveguide, and 2) tunable DFB using two-beam interaction of pumping laser.
{"title":"Multi-stripe tunable waveguide DFB laser for new type of laser spectroscopy","authors":"M. Maeda, Y. Oki, T. Yoshiura, Y. Chisaki","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909866","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The size, the reliability, the stability and the cost of tunable lasers will be improved very much by taking integrated waveguide structure. We have developed solid-state distributed-feedback (DFB) dye lasers with a dye-doped PMMA waveguide. The DFB laser action can be attained by following two methods; 1) fixed-type DFB using photo-etched grating along the waveguide, and 2) tunable DFB using two-beam interaction of pumping laser.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120865813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910131
Y. Glick, R. Zaibel, G. Bar-Tal, Y. Bar-Sagi
Summary form only given. Atmospheric turbulence was measured using a one station scheme, over a flat beach parallel to the Mediterranean sea shore. A diffusive white target situated at a distance of 1500 m was illuminated with a 5 mJ Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam at a rep-rate of 500 Hz. The laser spot on the target had a diameter of about 0.5 m and the height of the path was 1.2 m. The reflected beam was imaged near the laser by a Cassegrain lens system (f=1000 mm D=91 mm) onto a horizontal linear array detector with eight 50/spl times/250 /spl mu/m (width/spl times/height) elements. At the same time the system measures cross wind speeds, this is reported elsewhere. This scheme was used to measure the turbulence based on two separate principles. The first is based on the intensity scintillations measured on the detectors. The second principle is based on the angle of arrival (AOA) fluctuations of the beam, measured on the detector array as a linear displacement.
{"title":"Atmospheric turbulence measurements by angle of arrival fluctuations and intensity scintillations with large aperture","authors":"Y. Glick, R. Zaibel, G. Bar-Tal, Y. Bar-Sagi","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910131","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Atmospheric turbulence was measured using a one station scheme, over a flat beach parallel to the Mediterranean sea shore. A diffusive white target situated at a distance of 1500 m was illuminated with a 5 mJ Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam at a rep-rate of 500 Hz. The laser spot on the target had a diameter of about 0.5 m and the height of the path was 1.2 m. The reflected beam was imaged near the laser by a Cassegrain lens system (f=1000 mm D=91 mm) onto a horizontal linear array detector with eight 50/spl times/250 /spl mu/m (width/spl times/height) elements. At the same time the system measures cross wind speeds, this is reported elsewhere. This scheme was used to measure the turbulence based on two separate principles. The first is based on the intensity scintillations measured on the detectors. The second principle is based on the angle of arrival (AOA) fluctuations of the beam, measured on the detector array as a linear displacement.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125867675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-10DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910019
C. Liguda, R. Bimm, G. Botiger, A. Kuligh, M. Eich, W. Morgenroth, H. Roth, H. Elsner, H. Meyer
Summary form only. We have simulated 2D lattices in slab and channel waveguide structures by 3D FDTD methods. Low loss dielectric materials (e.g. polymers) were used on low index substrate (fluorinated polymers) layers on silicon wafers. Simulation shows that TE and TM bandgaps are formed for appropriate designs. Wavelengths within the bandgaps are effectively suppressed whereas transmitted waves stay well confined in the waveguide Using novel 3 layer process, high aspect ratio (1:7) sub micron structures were realized by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. We will present polarization and wavelength dependent transmission measurements results at NIR telecom wavelengths for various photonic bandgap waveguide designs.
{"title":"Calculation and fabrication of 2D photonic bandgap structures in polymer slab waveguides","authors":"C. Liguda, R. Bimm, G. Botiger, A. Kuligh, M. Eich, W. Morgenroth, H. Roth, H. Elsner, H. Meyer","doi":"10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.910019","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only. We have simulated 2D lattices in slab and channel waveguide structures by 3D FDTD methods. Low loss dielectric materials (e.g. polymers) were used on low index substrate (fluorinated polymers) layers on silicon wafers. Simulation shows that TE and TM bandgaps are formed for appropriate designs. Wavelengths within the bandgaps are effectively suppressed whereas transmitted waves stay well confined in the waveguide Using novel 3 layer process, high aspect ratio (1:7) sub micron structures were realized by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. We will present polarization and wavelength dependent transmission measurements results at NIR telecom wavelengths for various photonic bandgap waveguide designs.","PeriodicalId":250878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Digest. 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (Cat. No.00TH8505)","volume":"7 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126004233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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