Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654348
M. Gross, S. Martin, N. Pearsall
The potential enhancement of output from the use of AC modules on a partially shaded building integrated PV array has been investigated for the PV facade demonstration project at the University of Northumbria in the UK. The system currently has an annual shading loss of about 25% and the study has shown that this could be reduced to about 19.5% by changing the electrical design. The paper describes the calculation method, using operational data from the system, and discusses the implications for the design of BIPV systems in urban areas where partial shading is likely.
{"title":"Estimation of output enhancement of a partially shaded BIPV array by the use of AC modules","authors":"M. Gross, S. Martin, N. Pearsall","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654348","url":null,"abstract":"The potential enhancement of output from the use of AC modules on a partially shaded building integrated PV array has been investigated for the PV facade demonstration project at the University of Northumbria in the UK. The system currently has an annual shading loss of about 25% and the study has shown that this could be reduced to about 19.5% by changing the electrical design. The paper describes the calculation method, using operational data from the system, and discusses the implications for the design of BIPV systems in urban areas where partial shading is likely.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124262896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654252
E. Fairbanks, M. Gates
The anticipated deployment of large numbers of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) for global telecommunications networks renews interest in producing solar power systems that are lightweight, robust, resistant to radiation damage and relatively inexpensive. Promising near term thin-film candidates are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). The authors discuss the modifications that are necessary to adapt terrestrial thin-film technology for use in space. They characterize expected module performance and present results of tests performed on sample cells. They consider the possibility of achieving aggressive cost, weight and performance targets through the use of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology.
{"title":"Adaptation of thin-film photovoltaic technology for use in space","authors":"E. Fairbanks, M. Gates","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654252","url":null,"abstract":"The anticipated deployment of large numbers of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) for global telecommunications networks renews interest in producing solar power systems that are lightweight, robust, resistant to radiation damage and relatively inexpensive. Promising near term thin-film candidates are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). The authors discuss the modifications that are necessary to adapt terrestrial thin-film technology for use in space. They characterize expected module performance and present results of tests performed on sample cells. They consider the possibility of achieving aggressive cost, weight and performance targets through the use of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126751769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654092
K. Ramanathan, R. Bhattacharya, J. Granata, J. Webb, D. Niles, M. Contreras, H. Wiesner, F. Hasoon, R. Noufi
This paper summarizes the research of the CIS Team at NREL in three major areas: absorber deposition; understanding the role of chemical bath deposited (CBD) CdS in CIS junctions; and in the development of devices without CdS. Low cost, scaleable processes chosen for absorber fabrication include sputtering, electrodeposition (ED), and close spaced sublimation (CSS). The interaction between the CBD and the CIS has been investigated and the results show that Cd might be instrumental in shaping the interface. We have also developed a process to fabricate a 13.5% efficiency ZnO/CulnGaSe/sub 2/ device without CdS or other buffer layers.
{"title":"Advances in the CIS research at NREL","authors":"K. Ramanathan, R. Bhattacharya, J. Granata, J. Webb, D. Niles, M. Contreras, H. Wiesner, F. Hasoon, R. Noufi","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654092","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the research of the CIS Team at NREL in three major areas: absorber deposition; understanding the role of chemical bath deposited (CBD) CdS in CIS junctions; and in the development of devices without CdS. Low cost, scaleable processes chosen for absorber fabrication include sputtering, electrodeposition (ED), and close spaced sublimation (CSS). The interaction between the CBD and the CIS has been investigated and the results show that Cd might be instrumental in shaping the interface. We have also developed a process to fabricate a 13.5% efficiency ZnO/CulnGaSe/sub 2/ device without CdS or other buffer layers.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133797970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654057
E. van Kerschaver, J. Nijs, R. Mertens, M. Ghannam
In this work, the authors present a circuit model to perform multidimensional solar cell simulations. This model allows for incorporating effects of lateral current flows in solar cells, keeping the required time and computer resources relatively low. The use and sensitivity of the model are described based on its application towards the design of metallisation patterns for locally passivated back surface structures. As a second application, they present the usage of the model to study the influence of different cell parameters such as surface recombination velocities and cell thickness on its performance.
{"title":"Twodimensional solar cell simulations by means of circuit modelling","authors":"E. van Kerschaver, J. Nijs, R. Mertens, M. Ghannam","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654057","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the authors present a circuit model to perform multidimensional solar cell simulations. This model allows for incorporating effects of lateral current flows in solar cells, keeping the required time and computer resources relatively low. The use and sensitivity of the model are described based on its application towards the design of metallisation patterns for locally passivated back surface structures. As a second application, they present the usage of the model to study the influence of different cell parameters such as surface recombination velocities and cell thickness on its performance.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130831508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654321
W. Wallace, Y. Tsuo
Rapid growth in economic development, coupled with the absence of an electric grid in large areas of the rural countryside, has created a need for new energy sources both in urban centers and rural areas in China. The most critical need for rural electrification exists in northern and western China, where 80 million people had no access to grid electricity at the end of 1995. In February 1995, the US Department of Energy signed an Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Protocol Agreement with the Chinese State Science and Technology Commission in Beijing. Under this agreement, NREL is providing assistance to several central government and provincial government agencies in China to develop photovoltaic and photovoltaic hybrid applications for rural electrification.
{"title":"Photovoltaics for rural electrification in the People's Republic of China","authors":"W. Wallace, Y. Tsuo","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654321","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid growth in economic development, coupled with the absence of an electric grid in large areas of the rural countryside, has created a need for new energy sources both in urban centers and rural areas in China. The most critical need for rural electrification exists in northern and western China, where 80 million people had no access to grid electricity at the end of 1995. In February 1995, the US Department of Energy signed an Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Protocol Agreement with the Chinese State Science and Technology Commission in Beijing. Under this agreement, NREL is providing assistance to several central government and provincial government agencies in China to develop photovoltaic and photovoltaic hybrid applications for rural electrification.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125475748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654166
C. Hebling, S. Reber, K. Schmidt, R. Ludemann, F. Lutz
A zone melting heater (ZMH) was used for oriented recrystallization of thin Si layers which were deposited on different encapsulated ceramic as well as on graphite substrates. The encapsulation consisted of high quality SiO/sub 2/ and SiN/sub x/ layers deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The mechanical stability of such SiO/sub 2/ and SiN/sub x/ layer systems as well as the diffusion of electrically active impurities out of the substrate through these layers were investigated. A newly designed moveable large area heater (LAH) with halogen lamps mounted perpendicular to the scanning direction was used to recrystallize thin Si layers deposited on various mc- and ribbon-Si substrates covered with perforated SiO/sub 2/ intermediate layers. An algorithm to detect the melting point automatically was developed and homogeneous recrystallization out of these seeding holes could be achieved.
{"title":"Oriented recrystallization of silicon layers for silicon thin-film solar cells","authors":"C. Hebling, S. Reber, K. Schmidt, R. Ludemann, F. Lutz","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654166","url":null,"abstract":"A zone melting heater (ZMH) was used for oriented recrystallization of thin Si layers which were deposited on different encapsulated ceramic as well as on graphite substrates. The encapsulation consisted of high quality SiO/sub 2/ and SiN/sub x/ layers deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The mechanical stability of such SiO/sub 2/ and SiN/sub x/ layer systems as well as the diffusion of electrically active impurities out of the substrate through these layers were investigated. A newly designed moveable large area heater (LAH) with halogen lamps mounted perpendicular to the scanning direction was used to recrystallize thin Si layers deposited on various mc- and ribbon-Si substrates covered with perforated SiO/sub 2/ intermediate layers. An algorithm to detect the melting point automatically was developed and homogeneous recrystallization out of these seeding holes could be achieved.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127918956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654328
T. Lepley, P. Nath
Photovoltaic covered parking systems have been identified as a high-value application of PV. For certain applications the shade/weather protection can be more valuable than the electricity. Modular PV covered parking systems have been designed using United Solar thin-film silicon roofing products and both Omnion and Trace inverters. This paper discusses the merits of using PV for this application, and preliminary results from the first field installation.
{"title":"Photovoltaic covered-parking systems using lightweight, thin-film PV","authors":"T. Lepley, P. Nath","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654328","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic covered parking systems have been identified as a high-value application of PV. For certain applications the shade/weather protection can be more valuable than the electricity. Modular PV covered parking systems have been designed using United Solar thin-film silicon roofing products and both Omnion and Trace inverters. This paper discusses the merits of using PV for this application, and preliminary results from the first field installation.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132848138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654317
R. Ducey, R. Chapman, S. Edwards
In the early spring of 1997, a 900-kVA, utility-tied photovoltaic power station was installed at the US Army Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), in the southwest corner of Arizona. The system will be used to offset peak demand and serve as an emergency power system for YPG's water treatment plant. The power station includes 450-kWp of Siemens M-55 modules, 5600-kWh of C&D motive power batteries, and a 900-kVA power processing and control system from Trace Technologies. Enhanced by the battery load leveling system, the power station has the capacity to reliably provide from 450- up to 825-kVA to YPG's utility grid during the summer peak demand season. The YPG system has three basic operating modes: (1) daytime utility-tied, (2) night-time utility-tied, and (3) stand-alone. The amount of power delivered to the grid is governed by either available power from the PV array or by a power level defined by the user, whichever is greater.
{"title":"The US Army Yuma Proving Ground 900-kVA photovoltaic power station","authors":"R. Ducey, R. Chapman, S. Edwards","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654317","url":null,"abstract":"In the early spring of 1997, a 900-kVA, utility-tied photovoltaic power station was installed at the US Army Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), in the southwest corner of Arizona. The system will be used to offset peak demand and serve as an emergency power system for YPG's water treatment plant. The power station includes 450-kWp of Siemens M-55 modules, 5600-kWh of C&D motive power batteries, and a 900-kVA power processing and control system from Trace Technologies. Enhanced by the battery load leveling system, the power station has the capacity to reliably provide from 450- up to 825-kVA to YPG's utility grid during the summer peak demand season. The YPG system has three basic operating modes: (1) daytime utility-tied, (2) night-time utility-tied, and (3) stand-alone. The amount of power delivered to the grid is governed by either available power from the PV array or by a power level defined by the user, whichever is greater.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133165132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.653932
Ingo Steinbach, H. Hofs
The microstructural evolution of multicrystalline silicon ribbons produced by the RGS process (ribbon growth on substrate) is analysed by numerical simulation. The crystallization model takes into account the facetted growth structure of silicon, thermal supercooling in front of the crystallization front and nucleation dependent on the thermal supercooling. The thermal conditions for the crystallization of the ribbon are taken from a macroscopic finite element simulation of the RGS process, as it is realized at Bayer AG, Germany. Different crystallization morphologies-single crystal, columnar multicrystal or dendritic-are discussed in their dependence on the process and nucleation conditions. The numerical results are compared to morphologies of silicon ribbons, grown on the pilot plant of Bayer AG, Germany.
{"title":"Microstructural analysis of the crystallization of silicon ribbons produced by the RGS process","authors":"Ingo Steinbach, H. Hofs","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.653932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.653932","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructural evolution of multicrystalline silicon ribbons produced by the RGS process (ribbon growth on substrate) is analysed by numerical simulation. The crystallization model takes into account the facetted growth structure of silicon, thermal supercooling in front of the crystallization front and nucleation dependent on the thermal supercooling. The thermal conditions for the crystallization of the ribbon are taken from a macroscopic finite element simulation of the RGS process, as it is realized at Bayer AG, Germany. Different crystallization morphologies-single crystal, columnar multicrystal or dendritic-are discussed in their dependence on the process and nucleation conditions. The numerical results are compared to morphologies of silicon ribbons, grown on the pilot plant of Bayer AG, Germany.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124008609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654309
T. Shigekuni, M. Kumano
To clarify the mechanism of the yellowing reaction in encapsulant used for photovoltaic (PV) modules, a low molecular weight substance in EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) under accelerated weathering tests (Dew cycle test, 1000 hours) with yellow change and virgin EVA were extracted with methanol. Extracts were chemically analyzed by GCIR (gas chromatography infrared-ray spectroscopic analysis), GC-AED (gas chromatography atomic emission detector), and FDMS (field desorption mass spectroscopy). The conditions of this accelerated test were based on JIS-K9117. The analysis results showed that 2,6 di-t-butyl-4-methyl phenol of antioxidant and 2-hydroxy-4-octoxy-benzophenone of UV absorbent were consumed after the weathering test and that 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde having yellow color was newly produced. A mechanism of the yellowing reaction in encapsulant was presented here that 2,6 di-t-butyl-4-methyl-phenol was oxidized by the N-O from Bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-Piperidinyl sebacate to produce 3,5 di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde.
{"title":"Yellowing reaction in encapsulant of photovoltaic modules","authors":"T. Shigekuni, M. Kumano","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654309","url":null,"abstract":"To clarify the mechanism of the yellowing reaction in encapsulant used for photovoltaic (PV) modules, a low molecular weight substance in EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) under accelerated weathering tests (Dew cycle test, 1000 hours) with yellow change and virgin EVA were extracted with methanol. Extracts were chemically analyzed by GCIR (gas chromatography infrared-ray spectroscopic analysis), GC-AED (gas chromatography atomic emission detector), and FDMS (field desorption mass spectroscopy). The conditions of this accelerated test were based on JIS-K9117. The analysis results showed that 2,6 di-t-butyl-4-methyl phenol of antioxidant and 2-hydroxy-4-octoxy-benzophenone of UV absorbent were consumed after the weathering test and that 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde having yellow color was newly produced. A mechanism of the yellowing reaction in encapsulant was presented here that 2,6 di-t-butyl-4-methyl-phenol was oxidized by the N-O from Bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-Piperidinyl sebacate to produce 3,5 di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132362454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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